Taking note of the paper industry

Monthly Labor Review

Volumn 120, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 32-40

  Engel, Cynthia ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0347137436     PISSN: 00981818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. "1996 Statistics. Data through 1995" (American Forest and Paper Association, November 1996), p. 2.
2. Employment data are from the Current Employment Statistics survey and appear in various issues of Employment, Hours, and Earnings. Data are expressed in annual averages unless otherwise noted.
3. See Paper Task Force Report (at p. 172), a voluntary, private-sector initiative sponsored by the Environmental Defense Fund, which developed recommendations for purchasing paper that reduce environmental impact while meeting business needs.
4. American Museum of Papermaking.
5. Technology and Labor in Pulp, Paper, Paperboard, and Selected Converted Industries, Bulletin 2443 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1994), p. 3.
6. Using recycled newspapers from an average residential recycling program saved 11.4 million BTU per ton of material compared to using virgin materials, according to The Role of Recycling in Integrated Solid Waste Management to the Year 2000 (Stamford, CT, Franklin Associates, Ltd. for Keep America Beautiful, Inc., September 1994), pp. 6-12, appendix I-49.
7. "What's the Outlook for Paper?" Biocycle, June 96, pp. 78-80.
8. SIC 261 manufactures pulp, SIC 262 manufactures paper, and SIC 263 produces paperboard. SIC 265 produces paperboard containers and boxes from purchased paperboard. SIC 267 produces various forms of converted paper products, such as sanitary paper products, paper and plastic bags, coated laminated paper, and others, from purchased paper and paperboard.
9. Recycling is a large component of SIC 5093, but this category includes metals and minerals as well as other scrap materials.
10. "MRF Growth was substantial in 1995," World Wastes, February 1996, p.6
11. "Materials recovery facilities: A 1996 Update," Biocycle, August 1996, pp. 83-84
12. Ibid., p. 83.
13. Ibid., p. 84.
14. "1996 Statistics. Data through 1995"; and monthly statistical summaries of the American Forest and Paper Association.
15. Source Reduction. It's a Bare Necessity, (North Carolina Recycling Association and North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction, 1995), p. 46.
16. RISI Long-Term Pulp and Paper Review (Bedford, MA, Resource Information Systems, Inc., July 1995), p. 52.
17. According to "1996 Statistics," production of newsprint is also growing. In 1980, we produced approximately 40 percent of newsprint consumed, while today we are producing over one-half.
18. More efficient use of paper by publishers may explain growing circulation coincident to reductions in the tonnage of newsprint consumed.
19. According to data compiled by McCann-Erickson, a prominent research and information consulting firm in the advertising industry, the print-related share of advertising expenditures has ranged from 56.5 percent in 1980 to 57.2 percent in 1994.
20. "In so Many Words; How Technology Reshapes the Reading Habit," American Demographics, March 1997.
21. Ibid.
22. "1996 Statistics," p. 2; and U.S. Department of Commerce, National Trade Data Bank.
23. "1996 Statistics," p. 2; and U.S. Department of Commerce, National Trade Data Bank.
24. "Global Growth in U.S. Pulp and Paper Exports," American Papermaker, June 1995; and "1995 Statistics," p. 81.
25. "Global Growth in U.S. Pulp and Paper Exports," American Papermaker, June 1995; and "1995 Statistics," p. 81.
26. "'95 another banner year for exports," Journal of Commerce Special Report , Mar. 11, 1996.
27. Measured by product value, not tons. Data are from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Trade Data Bank.
28. "Exports Fuel Paper Firms' Sales," Investors Business Daily, Mar. 15, 1995, p. A3.
29. "Global Growth in U.S. Pulp and Paper Exports," American Papermaker, June 1995, pp. 43-49.
30. Market barriers should be gradually reduced over this period as the result of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (most recently, the Uruguay Round), NAFTA, , and the USA-Japan Paper Agreement.
31. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, paper and paper products accounted for 37.6 percent of landfill waste in 1993.
32. See the 1995 and 1996 data summaries of the American Forest and Paper Association, p. 57.
33. The most important uses for recycled paperboard are folding cartons, corrugated containers, paper tubes, wallboard facings, book covers and binders, and insulation board. See "Recycled paperboard: market pricing reacts to weaker demand and lower wastepaper costs," Pulp and Paper, vol. 70, no. 6, p. 13.
34. The Environmental Defense Fund developed a task force including institutions such as Duke University, Johnson & Johnson, NationsBank Corporation, McDonald's, the Prudential Insurance Co., and Time, Inc., which together purchase more than $1 billion in printing and writing papers and share the common goal of finding ways to use environmentally preferable paper.
35. "Buying Recycled: Investing Dollars to Close the Loop," World Wastes, January 1994, p. 38.
36. "Banner Year for Paper Recovery at U.S. Mills," Biocycle, August 1997, p.11.
37. Published since 1960, Biocycle is a prominent magazine on composting and recycling.
38. "1995 Statistics. Data through 1994" (American Forest and Paper Association, September 1995), p. 66
39. Paper Task Force Report.
40. Paper Task Force Report, table A-1-A-5. Most grades show a significant savings in energy used in production compared to virgin manufacturing processes.
41. According to "Advantage Recycle: Assessing the Full Costs and Benefits of Curbside Recycling," a report by the Environmental Defense Fund, 31 percent of the savings was attributable to newspaper versus other recyclable products.
42. See Paper Task Force Report, ch. 3, p. 68. Refers to linerboard, corrugating medium, newsprint, specialty uncoated printing and writing paper, among others. However, unsorted office paper is an example of one type which is more costly to produce using recycled pulp.
43. "What's the Outlook for Paper?" Biocycle, June 1996, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 78-80.