The Confederate Medical Laboratories

Southern Medical Journal

Volumn 96, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 1221-1230

  Hasegawa, Guy R ^a   Hambrecht, F Terry ^b  

^a AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEALTH SYSTEM PHARMACISTS   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Confederate States of America; Drug manufacturing; History of medicine

Indexed keywords

CHLOROFORM; ETHER; OPIATE;

ARMY; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG RESEARCH; HEALTH SERVICE; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HOSPITAL; LABORATORY; LABORATORY PERSONNEL; MILITARY PHENOMENA; PHARMACEUTICS; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW;

DRUG COMPOUNDING; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; LABORATORIES; MILITARY MEDICINE; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; PORTRAITS; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES; WAR;

EID: 0347090251     PISSN: 00384348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.SMJ.0000056664.19435.DB     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Franke NH. Pharmaceutical Conditions and Drug Supply in the Confederacy. Madison, WI, American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1955, p 13.
2. Cunningham HH. Doctors in Gray: The Confederate Medical Service. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1960, ed 2, pp 146-148.
3. Crowell LA Jr. Confederate laboratory for preparation of medicines near Lincolnton. South Med Surg 1933;95:343-344.
4. Hasegawa GR. Pharmacy in the American Civil War. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:475-489.
5. Johns EW. Commutation of rations for Sengstack CP (1 Mar 1862). Record group 109 (War Department Collection of Confederate Records, hereafter RG 109), microfilm M324 (compiled service records of Confederate soldiers who served from Virginia; hereafter M324), roll 360 (file for Sengstack, Charles P, 1st Virginia Infantry, Company E), National Archives, Washington, DC (hereafter NA).
6. General Directions for Collecting and Drying Medicinal Substances of the Vegetable Kingdom. List and Descriptions of Indigenous Plants, etc; Their Medicinal Properties; Forms of Administration and Doses. Richmond, VA, Surgeon General's Office, 1862.
7. Moore SP. Circular (2 Apr 1862). The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1870-1901 (hereafter OR), ser 4, vol 1, p 1041 (in The Civil War CD-ROM, Carmel, IN, Guild Press of Indiana, 1996).
8. Moore SP. Circular (2 Apr 1862). The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1870-1901 (hereafter OR), ser 4, vol 1, p 1041 (in The Civil War CD-ROM, Carmel, IN, Guild Press of Indiana, 1996).
9. Chisolm JJ to Johns EW (30 Jul 1862). Letter book of Dr JJ Chisolm, Medical Purveyor, CSA, Columbia, SC, May 24 to November 14, 1862. Wessels Library, Newberry College, Newberry, SC [hereafter Chisolm letters].
10. Smith H. Attention all (advertisement). Arkansas Gaz 1862; Oct 25.
11. Hindman TC. Reports of operations (19 Jun 1863). OR, ser 1, vol 13, p 32.
12. Albaugh WA III. Tyler, Texas. Harrisburg, PA, Stackpole, 1958, pp 30-42.
13. Army intelligence-official. Conf States Med Surg J 1864;1:176.
14. Moore SP to Blackie GS (7 May 1863). RG 109, ch 6 (Medical Department), vol 750 (letters, telegrams, orders, and circulars issued and received, Medical Purveyor, Army of Tennessee, 1862-1865), NA.
15. Prioleau WH to Johns EW (30 Oct 1862). RG 104, ch 6, vol 573 (letters sent, Medical Purveyor's Office, Savannah, GA, Depot, 1862), NA.
16. Ramseur DP. Requisition for fuel (26 Nov 1862). RG 109, microfilm M331 (compiled service records of Confederate generals and staff officers, and nonregimental enlisted men; hereafter M331), roll 205 (file for Ramseur, David P, Surgeon), NA.
17. Special orders, no 267, para 7 (10 Nov 1863). Special Orders of the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, Confederate States, 1863, no publisher, no date.
18. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (23 Feb 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 1 (letters, orders, and circulars sent, Surgeon General's Office, Richmond, VA, 1863), NA.
19. Anderson WH to Blackie GS (11 Feb 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 750, NA.
20. Special orders, no 288, para 3 (9 Sept 1862). Special Orders of the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, Confederate States, 1862, no publisher, no date.
21. Return of a company of ordnance at the Tyler ordinance works for the Month of Nov 1863. RG 109, ch 4 (Ordnance Department), vol 148 (Miscellaneous record book, Little Rock Arsenal, AR, and Tyler, TX, ordnance works, 1862-65), NA.
22. Moore SP to Potts R (3 Jun 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 1, NA.
23. Special orders, no 79, para 6 (8 Apr 1862). Special Orders of the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, Confederate States, 1862, no publisher, no date.
24. General orders, no 23, para 2 (25 Feb 1863). General Orders from the Adjutant and Inspector-General's Office, Confederate States Army, from January 1862 to December, 1863. Charleston, SC, 1864.
25. Wilson JW Jr. Some aspects of medical services in the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States of America, 1863-1865. J North La Hist Assoc 1981;12:123-146.
26. Curtman CO to Moore SP (extract, 20 Apr 1863, in Moore SP to Blackie GS, 18 May 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 750, NA.
27. Johnston WR to Smith H (18 May 1864). RG 109, M331, roll 142 (file for Johnston WR, Assistant Surgeon), NA.
28. Johns EW to Piggot AS (20 Jun 1862). Papers of Aaron Snowden Piggot, collection of Piggot family, Washington, DC [hereafter Piggot papers].
29. Moore SP to Potts R (4 Nov 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 2 (letters, orders, and circulars sent, Surgeon General's Office, Richmond, VA, 1863), NA.
30. Prioleau WH to Moore SP (29 Oct 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 573, NA.
31. Piggot AS to Morton R (18 Feb 1864). RG 109, M331, roll 198 (file of Piggott [sic], AS, Surgeon), NA.
32. Piggot AS to Moore SP (21 Apr 1864). Piggot papers.
33. LeConte J. The Autobiography of Joseph LeConte. New York, Appleton, 1903, p 184.
34. Woodrow MW (ed). Dr. James Woodrow as Seen by His Friends. Columbia, SC, RL Bryan, 1909, pp 20-21.
35. Waring JI. A History of Medicine in South Carolina 1825-1900. Columbia, SC, South Carolina Medical Association, 1967, p 129.
36. Hoch JH. History of Pharmacy in South Carolina. Charleston, SC, Nelsons' Southern Printing, 1951, p 38.
37. Rohmer FJB. Confederate States Laboratory Formulae. Mobile, AL, Spring Hill College Archives.
38. Karl Theodor Mohr: Eine biographische Skizze. Pharm Rundsch 1887; 5(2):4-12 (translation of German original).
39. Sengstack CP to unidentified addressee (23 Jul 1863). RG 109, M324, roll 360 (file for Sengstack, Charles P, 1st Virginia Infantry, Company E), NA.
40. Prioleau WH to Moore SP (7 Nov 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 627 (letters and telegrams sent, Medical Purveyor's Office, Macon, GA, Depot, 1862-63), NA.
41. Stewart AP to Moore SP (13 Mar 1863). Piggot papers.
42. Harris IG to Moore SP (15 Mar 1863). Piggot papers.
43. Moore SP to Breckinridge JC (9 Feb 1865). OR, ser 4, vol 3, pp 1073-1076.
44. Prioleau WH to Secretary of War (11 Dec 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 627, NA.
45. Special orders, no 61, para 7, Adjutant and Inspector General's Office (extract, 14 Mar 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 135, NA.
46. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (6 Apr 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 628 (letters and telegrams received, Medical Purveyor's Office, Macon, GA, 1863-1865), NA.
47. Chisolm JJ to Prioleau WH (13 Jun 1862). Chisolm letters.
48. Akers JA. Enrolling office order (20 Apr 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 135, NA.
49. Wood GB, Bache F. The Dispensatory of the United States of America. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott, 1858, ed 11.
50. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (16 Sept 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 566 (letters, telegrams, and orders received, Medical Purveyor's Office, Savannah, GA, Depot 1862), NA.
51. Moore SP. Circular (23 Apr 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 135, NA.
52. Johns EW. Circular no 13 (22 Aug 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 135, NA.
53. Johns EW. Circular (12 Apr 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 6 (Letters, telegrams, orders, and circulars received, Medical Purveyor's Office, Savannah, GA, March-June 1862), NA.
54. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (19 Jun 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 1, NA.
55. Prioleau WH to Johns EW (18 Aug 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 572 (Letters sent, Medical Purveyor's Office, Savannah, GA, Depot 1862), NA.
56. Moore SP. Circular (19 Mar 1863). OR, ser 4, vol 2, p 442.
57. Moore SP to Potts R (26 Oct 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 2, NA.
58. Beckwith TS to Piggot AS (5 May 1863). Piggot papers.
59. Piggot AS to Lawton AR (30 Jul 1864). Piggot papers.
60. Blackie GS to Moore SP (10 Jul 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 750, NA.
61. Blackie GS to Moore SP (27 Jun 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 750, NA.
62. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (24 Oct 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 566, NA.
63. Chisolm JJ to Blackie GS (5 Feb 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 750, NA.
64. Piggot AS to Brown TL (22 Feb 1865). Piggot papers.
65. Prioleau WH to Moore SP (24 Sept 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 572, NA.
66. Chisolm JJ to Johns EW (2 Oct 1862). Chisolm letters.
67. Piggot AS to Moore SP (10 Jul 1863). Piggot papers.
68. Piggot AS to Mallory SR (21 Oct 1863). Piggot papers.
69. Mallet JW to Piggot AS (3 Aug 1863). Piggot papers.
70. Prioleau WH to Moore SP (23 Dec 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 627, NA.
71. Chisolm JJ to Johns EW (4 Aug 1862). Chisolm letters.
72. Prioleau WH to Moore SP (27 Apr 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 627, NA.
73. Bond JB to Haden JM (15 Jun 1864). RG 109, M331, roll 27 (file of Bond, John B, Surgeon), NA.
74. Johnston WR. Report of operations CS chemical laboratory Tyler, Texas (23 Jun 1864). RG 109, M331, roll 142 (file for Johnston WR, Assistant Surgeon), NA.
75. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (25 Jul 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 628, NA.
76. Abstract of medical and hospital property issued at Macon, Georgia, in the quarter ending on the 31st day of December 1864 by Surg WH Prioleau, Medical Purveyor. RG 109, ch 6, vol 621 (Abstracts of medical and hospital property issued, Medical Purveyor's Office, Savannah and Macon, GA, 1862-1865), NA.
77. Hyde S. A Captive of War. Shippensburg, PA, Burd Street Press, 1996, ed 2, p 124.
78. Invoice of supplies, Walker Hospital, Columbus, Ga (26 Sept 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 578 (Invoices of hospital and medical supplies, Medical Purveyor's Office, Macon, GA, Depot, 1864-1865), NA.
79. Chisolm JJ. List of ingredients used and results of manufactures, quarter ending 30th Sept 1863. RG 109, M331, roll 54 (file for Chisolm, JJ, Surgeon), NA.
80. On hand Feb 29th 1864. RG 109, ch 6, vol 565 (Inventories of packages shipped and medications on hand, Medical Purveyor's Office, Macon, GA, Depot, 1862-1864), NA.
81. Stock of indigenous remedies on hand July 31st 1863. RG 109, ch 6, vol 565, NA.
82. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (22 Jun 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 741, pt 2 (letters, orders, and circulars sent, Surgeon General's Office, Richmond, VA, June 1864-April 1865), NA.
83. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (9 Jul 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 628, NA.
84. Prioleau WH to Johns EW (15 Aug 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 572, NA.
85. Chisolm JJ to Johns EW (17 Aug 1862). Chisolm letters.
86. Malpass GN. Medicine in the Confederate Army. Am J Pharm 1943; 115:173-177.
87. Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1863. Harrisburg, PA, National Historical Society, 1980, pp 242-55 [reissue (Richmond, VA, J.W. Randolph, 1863)].
88. Prioleau WH to Moore SP (17 Nov 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 627, NA.
89. Moore SP to Potts R (9 Jul 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 2, NA.
90. LeConte J to Piggot AS (28 Sept 1863). Piggot papers.
91. Johns EW. Circular no 16 (9 Sept 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 135, NA.
92. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (17 Oct 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 566, NA.
93. Moore SP. Circular (9 Sept 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 135, NA.
94. Chisolm JJ to Johns EW (12 Jun 1862). Chisolm letters.
95. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (31 Jan 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 1, NA.
96. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (17 Jun 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 628, NA.
97. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (26 Feb 1864). RG 109 ch 6, vol 741, pt 1, NA.
98. Porcher FP. Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. San Francisco, Norman, 1991 [reissue (Charleston, SC, Evans & Cogswell, 1863)].
99. Prioleau WH to Stewart J (14 Aug 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 572, NA.
100. Johns EW to Prioleau WH (7 Aug 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 566, NA.
101. Johns EW. Circular (20 Aug 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 566, NA.
102. Standard Supply Table of the Indigenous Remedies for Field Service, and the Sick in General Hospitals, 1863. Richmond, VA, Surgeon General's Office, 1863.
103. Moore SP to Prioleau WP and Potts R (22 Apr 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 1, NA.
104. Moore SP. Circular (17 Oct 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 135, NA.
105. Johns EW to Prioleau WH (19 Aug 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 566, NA.
106. Confederate medicines. Charleston Mercury 1864; Sept 6.
107. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (6 Jul 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 628, NA.
108. Covey EN. Extracts from inspector's report of the inspection of Medical Purveyor's Dept at Macon GA (9 Jul 1864). RG 109, ch 6, vol 628, NA.
109. Taylor WH. Some experience of a Confederate assistant surgeon. Trans Coll Physicians Phila 1906;28:91-121.
110. Johns EW to Prioleau WH (5 Dec 1862). RG 109, ch 6, vol 739, pt 2 (Letters, orders, and circulars sent, Surgeon General's Office, Richmond, VA, 1861-1862), NA.
111. Cherry ED to Moore SP (3 Oct 1863). John Edward A Davidson papers, PK Yonge Library of Florida History, George A Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville.
112. News item, Brandon, MS (16 May 1863). Savannah [GA] Repub 1863; May 19.
113. Chisolm JJ to Moore SP (17 Feb 1865). Photocopy, JJ Chisolm biographical file, Waring Historical Library, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, from original in Henry E Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, CA.
114. Moore SP to Chisolm JJ (21 Apr 1865). Collection of John J Chisolm III family, Cincinnati, OH (hereafter Chisolm collection).
115. Chisolm RG. Ledger, February 19th to May 1865. Chisolm collection.
116. Chisolm JJ. Report of the public property turned over to Lt Col Haughton Commandant of this post by Surgeon JJ Chisolm, CSA (1 Jun 1865). Chisolm collection.
117. Wheeler WW. Permission for AS Piggot to return home (24 Jul 1865). Piggot papers.
118. Wheeler WW. Permission for AS Piggot to have horse (24 Jul 1865). Piggot papers.
119. Manufacture of medicines. Mobile Regist Advert 1863; Feb 28.
120. Moore SP to Prioleau WH (22 Jun 1863). RG 109, ch 6, vol 740, pt 1, NA.
121. Spotswood WAW to Mallory SR (30 Nov 1863). Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1921, ser 2, vol 2, pp 559-62 (in The Civil War CD-ROM 11. Carmel, IN, Guild Press of Indiana, 1999).
122. Spotswood WAW to Mallory SR (30 Nov 1863). Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1921, ser 2, vol 2, pp 559-62 (in The Civil War CD-ROM 11. Carmel, IN, Guild Press of Indiana, 1999).
123. Bragg JD. Louisiana in the Confederacy. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1969, pp 232-236.