Rocket engines from the Glushko design bureau: 1946-2000

JBIS - Journal of the British Interplanetary Society

Volumn 54, Issue 9-10, 2001, Pages 311-334

  Siddiqi, Asif A ^a  

^a The British Interplanetary Society Limited   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Npo energomash; OKB 456; Russian rocket engines; Soviet rocket engines; Valentin glushko

Indexed keywords

DESIGN BUREAU; ENGINE DESIGN; NPO ENERGOMASH; OKB-456; SOVIET UNION; U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE; VALENTIN GLUSHKO; WORLD WAR II;

MACHINE DESIGN; MILITARY OPERATIONS; ROCKET ENGINES;

CURRICULA;

EID: 0347058626     PISSN: 0007084X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (99)

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2. See for example V. P. Glushko, Raketnyye dvigateli GDL-OKB, Moscow: Novosti, pp. 1-9, 1975.
3. Plant No. 456 had been established in Khimki on 16 April 1942 on the old site of Plant No. 84. Briefly, from 19 January 1946, the factory had been a production branch of the design bureau of S. V. Il'yushin. See Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, pp. 438-439.
4. V. S. Sudakov, R. N. Kotel'nikova, and L. D. Peryshkova, eds., Pamyatnyye daty iz istorii 'NPO Energomash imeni akademika V. P. Glushko' Khimki: OAO 'NPO Energomash imeni akademika V. P. Glushko', p. 16, 1999.
5. Sudakov, Kotel'nikova, and Peryshkova, p. 3. Another source says that the name change was in January 1966. See Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 518.
6. Yu. P. Semenov, ed., Raketno-Kosmicheskaya Korporatsiya "Energiya" imeni S. P. Koroleva (Korolev: RKK Energiya named after S. P. Korolev, 1996), p. 288.
7. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 626.
8. B. I. Katorgin, "NPO 'Energomash'" (in Russian), Vestnik aviatsii i kosmonavtiki nos.5-6, pp. 66-67, 1998.
9. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 502.
10. Glushko, Raketnyye dvigateli GDL-OKB, p. 5.
11. Ibid., p. 5. Specific impulse is a measure of a rocket engine's efficiency and is determined by the amount of thrust obtained from 1 kilogram of fuel expended in 1 second. This value, under calculated conditions, is also numerically equal to the exhaust jet stream velocity.
12. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 381.
13. See for example, the three part article: Olaf Przybilski, "Die Deutschen und die Raketentriebwerksentwicklung in der UdSSSR (1) ", Luft-und Raumfahrt, no. 2, pp. 30-33, 1999;
14. Olaf Przybilski, "Die Deutschen und die Raketentriebwerksentwicklung in der UdSSSR (2) ", Luftund Raumfahrt, no. 3, pp. 28-33, 1999;
15. Olaf Przybilski, "Die Deutschen und die Raketentriebwerksentwicklung in der UdSSSR (3) ", Luft-und Raumfahrt, no. 4, pp. 33-40, 1999.
16. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, pp. 445-446.
17. Ibid., p. 447.
18. See articles by Przybilski and also Mark Wade, "Early Russian Ballistic Missiles", Encyclopedia Astronautica at http://www.friends- partners.org/-mwade/lvfam/earsiles.htm.
19. For Soviet-era descriptions of these two chambers, see V. 1. Prishchepa, "From the History of the Creation of the First Space Rocket Engines (1947-1957) " (in Russian) in B. V. Raushenbakh, ed., Issledovaniya po istorii i teorii razvitiya aviatsionnoy i raketno-kosmicheskoy nauki i tekhniki, Moscow: Nauka, pp. 128-129, 1981;
20. V. I. Prishchepa, "History of Development of First Space Rocket Engines in the USSR", in Frederick I. Ordway, III, ed., History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 9, (San Diego:" AAS, 1989), pp. 98-99. This latter paper was first presented in October 1971 at the Tenth IAA History of Astronautics Symposium, Anaheim, California.
21. Prishchepa, "History of Development of First Space Rocket Engines in the USSR", p. 98.
22. V. A. Volodin, "2 September-80 Years from the Birth of Academician V. P. Glushko (1908) " (in Russian), Iz istorii aviatsii i kosmonavtiki, 59, pp. 82-92, 1989.
23. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, pp. 457-459.
24. Strictly speaking, the fuel for the earlier RD-100 was a solution of 75% ethyl alcohol and 25% water. For later engines such as the RD-101 and RD-103, Glushko used a 92% ethyl alcohol solution.
25. Przybilski, "Die Deutschen und die Raketentriebwerksentwicklung in der UdSSSR (3) ".
26. Ibid. Przybilski, "Die Deutschen und die Raketentriebwerksentwicklung in der UdSSSR 3 "
27. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 236.
28. Yu. P. Maksimov, ed., Raketnyye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya: voyenno-istoricheskiy trud, Moscow: RVSN, p. 61, 1992.
29. J. V. Biriukov, "The R-3 Rocket Project Developed in the U. S. S. R. in 1947-1959 [sic] as a Basis for the First Soviet Space Launchers, " in J. D. Hunley, ed., History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 19, San Diego, CA: Univelt, pp. 193-199, 1997.
30. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 454.
31. Prishchepa, "From the History of the Creation of the First Space Rocket Engines (1947-1957) ", p. 130.
32. Timothy Varfolomeyev, "Soviet Rocketry that Conquered Space: Part 1: From First ICBM to Sputnik Launcher", Spaceflight, 37, pp. 260-263, 1995.
33. Glushko, Raketnyye dvigateli GDL-OKB, pp. 3-4.
34. S. V. Belyayev, ed., Aviatsionno-kosmicheskiy spravochnik stran SNG i Baltii, 2nd ed., Moscow: AKS-Konversalt, pp. 173, 177, 1998.
35. Korolev proposed two alternate versions of the R-9, one called the R-9V (with first stage engines from OKB-2) and the other called the R-9M (with first stage engines from OKB-276). For a discussion of the debate over the R-9, see Asif A. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974, Washington, D. C.: NASA SP-4408, pp. 212-219, 2000.
36. Igor Afanas'yev, "From the History of Space Science: The Mysterious Nine" (in Russian), Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika, 8, pp. 34-35, 1992.
37. Igor Afanas'yev, R-12: Sandalovoye derevo, Moscow: EksPrint NV, pp. 24-28, 1997.
38. Afanas'yev, R-12: Sandalovoye derevo, pp. 7-8.
39. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 505;
40. Glushko, Raketnyye dvigateli GDL-OKB, p. 5.
41. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 508.
42. V. Pappo-Korystin, V. Platonov, and V. Pashchenko, Dneprovskiy raketno-kosmicheskiy tsentr, Dnepropetrovsk: PO YuMZ/KBYu, p. 68, 1994.
43. Vladimir Khokhlov, "Interview with NPO PM Director Reshetnev" (in Russian), Vozdushniy transport, 40, p. 6, September 1994.
44. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, pp. 512-513.
45. Pappo-Korystin, Platonov, and Pashchenko, Dneprovskiy raketno-kosmicheskiy tsentr, p. 74.
46. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 514.
47. Sudakov, Kotel'nikova, and Peryshkova, p. 23.
48. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 544;
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50. Belyayev, Aviatsionno-kosmicheskiy spravochnik..., p. 194.
51. The basis of the discord was over a competition to build a new third generation of ICBMs for the Missile Forces. In 1969 as decisions were being made, Yangel's MR UR-100 (SS-17) was pitted directly in opposition to Chelomey's UR-100N (SS-19). Unable to decide between warring factions, Central Committee General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev's final decision led to the complete development and deployment of both missiles, squandering billions of rubles. Approval for the MR UR-100 was granted in September 1970 (by the Ministry of General Machine Building) and for the UR-100N on 19 August 1970 (by the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers). For accounts of the "civil war, " see Yu. A. Mozzhorin et al., eds., Dorogi v kosmos: Moscow: MAI, pp. 149-150, 1992;
52. Roald Z. Sagdeev, The Making of a Soviet Scientist: My Adventures in Nuclear Fusion and Space From Stalin to Star Wars, New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 205-206, 1993;
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54. Vladimir Gubarev, "Southern Launch" (in Russian), Nauka i zhizn', No. 10, pp. 36-45, 1997.
55. Pappo-Korystin, Platonov, and Pashchenko, Dneprovskiy raketno-kosmicheskiy tsentr, p. 85.
56. Ibid., p. 93.
57. Ibid., pp. 101-102. There were two other variants of the R-36M2, differing only in warhead types, which were declared operational on 23 August 1990 and 1991 respectively.
58. E-mail correspondence from Dietrich Haeseler to the author, 15 April 1999.
59. Sudakov, Kotel'nikova, and Peryshkova, p. 23.
60. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 561.
61. Sudakov, Kotel'nikova, and Peryshkova, p. 25.
62. Ibid., p. 23.
63. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 602.
64. Igor Afanas'yev, "N1: Absolutely Secret" (in Russian), Kryl'ya rodiny, 11, pp. 4-5, 1993.
65. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 603.
66. Ibid., pp. 615-625;
67. Mikhail Rudenko, "What He Thought of Jules Verne" (in Russian), Trud, p. 3, September 1, 1993.
68. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, p. 623.
69. Ibid., pp. 545-555.
70. Dietrich Haeseler, "Soviet Rocket Motors on View, " Spacelight, 35, pp. 40-41, 1993. E-mail correspondence from Dietrich Haeseler to the author, 15 April 1999.
71. Phillip Bono and Kenneth Gatland, Frontiers of Space, Blandford Press Ltd., London, p. 234, 1969.
72. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, pp. 562-564.
73. Sudakov, Kotel'nikova, and Peryshkova, p. 19.
74. Rakhmanin and Sterpin, Odnazhdy i navsegda, pp. 564-567. The design bureau appears to have resumed work on nuclear engines on 30 June 1983 when it was named the primary organization in charge of developing "type A" nuclear engines.
75. See Sudakov, Kotel'nikova, and Peryshkova, p. 33.
76. Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz, "Tripropellant Engine Tested for SSTO Role", Aviation Week and Space Technology, p. 54, July 11, 1994.
77. "On the Development of Three-Component Engines" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 22, p. 54, October 22-November 4, 1994.
78. Sudakov, Kotel'nikova, and Peryshkova, pp. 28, 30, 31, 34, 37.
79. V. Sorokin, "New Carriers from Khrunichev Center" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, Nos. 18-19, pp. 60-63, August 25-September 21, 1997.
80. V. Voronin, " 'Angara' RN Family" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 8, pp. 27-30, March 21-April 3, 1998.
81. "Testing of Engines for 'Rus' RN" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 11, p. 32, May 2-15, 1998.
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83. Boris Katorgin and Igor Klepikov, "Methane ZhRDs of NPO 'EnergoMash' Named After V. P. Glushko" (in Russian), Avia Panorama, pp. 58-60, July-August 1997;
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85. O. Shinkovich, "Russian Engines and the American Market" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 15, pp. 36-38, July 16-29, 1995;
86. Craig Covault, "Russia Reveals Booster Design, Signs DASA Pact, " Aviation Week and Space Technology, pp. 26-27, June 19, 1995.
87. O. Shinkovich, "RD-120 Testing in America" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 21, p. 51, October 8-21, 1995;
88. I. Marinin, "Testing of the RD-120 Successfully Concludes" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 22, pp. 37-38, October 22-November 4, 1995.
89. Jeffrey M. Lenorovitz, "Energomash Develops New RD-170 Versions", A viation Weekand Space Technology, p. 64, August 2, 1993;
90. William B. Scott, "Martin Says RD-180/Atlas Looks Promising, " Aviation Week and Space Technology, p. 50, December 5, 1994;
91. I. Marinin, "Russian Engines for American Rockets?" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 11, p. 50, May 21-June 3 1995.
92. O. Shinkovich, "Selection of RD-180" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 2, pp. 30-31, January 15-28 1996.
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94. O. Shinkovich, "Test Firing of the RD-180" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 25, pp. 44-45, December 2-15, 1996;
95. O. Shinkovich, "Testing of Engines" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 4, p. 64, February 10-23, 1997. By the end of 1997, there had been 22 test firings.
96. I. Cherniy, "Status of Work on the Atlas 3A Project" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, Nos. 17-18, p. 51, August 1-21, 1998.
97. I. Lisov, "Manufacture of First Working Model of the RD-180" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 11, p. 31, May 2-15, 1998.
98. L. Rozenblum, "Israeli Carrier-Rocket with Russian Engines" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, 11, p. 48, " 1999.
99. I. Marinin, "Russian Rocket Launch from Australia" (in Russian), Novosti kosmonavtiki, No. 3, pp. 46-47, 1999.