The Beginnings of Arabic Printing by the ABCFM, 1822-1841

Harvard Library Bulletin

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 50-62

  Roper, Geoffrey ^a  

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EID: 0347040295     PISSN: 00178136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (206)

1. J. L. Grabill, Protestant diplomacy and the Near East: missionary influence on American policy, 1810-1927 (Minneapolis, 1971), 22. See also R. Avery, Ink on their thumbs: the antecedents of the Redhouse Press (Istanbul, 1970), passim; F. L. Winger, "Books and the early missionaries in the Near East," Journal of Library History 6 (1971): 26-28; D. H. Partington, "Printing and publishing: Arabic," Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science 24 (1978); 65; G. Endress, "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie und die Ablösung der Handschrift durch den Buchdruck," Grundriss der arabischen Philologie, Bd. I (Wiesbaden, 1982), 293.
2. J. L. Grabill, Protestant diplomacy and the Near East: missionary influence on American policy, 1810-1927 (Minneapolis, 1971), 22. See also R. Avery, Ink on their thumbs: the antecedents of the Redhouse Press (Istanbul, 1970), passim; F. L. Winger, "Books and the early missionaries in the Near East," Journal of Library History 6 (1971): 26-28; D. H. Partington, "Printing and publishing: Arabic," Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science 24 (1978); 65; G. Endress, "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie und die Ablösung der Handschrift durch den Buchdruck," Grundriss der arabischen Philologie, Bd. I (Wiesbaden, 1982), 293.
3. J. L. Grabill, Protestant diplomacy and the Near East: missionary influence on American policy, 1810-1927 (Minneapolis, 1971), 22. See also R. Avery, Ink on their thumbs: the antecedents of the Redhouse Press (Istanbul, 1970), passim; F. L. Winger, "Books and the early missionaries in the Near East," Journal of Library History 6 (1971): 26-28; D. H. Partington, "Printing and publishing: Arabic," Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science 24 (1978); 65; G. Endress, "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie und die Ablösung der Handschrift durch den Buchdruck," Grundriss der arabischen Philologie, Bd. I (Wiesbaden, 1982), 293.
4. J. L. Grabill, Protestant diplomacy and the Near East: missionary influence on American policy, 1810-1927 (Minneapolis, 1971), 22. See also R. Avery, Ink on their thumbs: the antecedents of the Redhouse Press (Istanbul, 1970), passim; F. L. Winger, "Books and the early missionaries in the Near East," Journal of Library History 6 (1971): 26-28; D. H. Partington, "Printing and publishing: Arabic," Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science 24 (1978); 65; G. Endress, "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie und die Ablösung der Handschrift durch den Buchdruck," Grundriss der arabischen Philologie, Bd. I (Wiesbaden, 1982), 293.
5. J. L. Grabill, Protestant diplomacy and the Near East: missionary influence on American policy, 1810-1927 (Minneapolis, 1971), 22. See also R. Avery, Ink on their thumbs: the antecedents of the Redhouse Press (Istanbul, 1970), passim; F. L. Winger, "Books and the early missionaries in the Near East," Journal of Library History 6 (1971): 26-28; D. H. Partington, "Printing and publishing: Arabic," Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science 24 (1978); 65; G. Endress, "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie und die Ablösung der Handschrift durch den Buchdruck," Grundriss der arabischen Philologie, Bd. I (Wiesbaden, 1982), 293.
6. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
7. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
8. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
9. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
10. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
11. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
12. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
13. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
14. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
15. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
16. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820-1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
17. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
18. A.L. Tibawi, American interests in Syria 1800-1901 (Oxford, 1966), 12. The history of American missions in the Middle East, and their presses, has given rise to a considerable literature. What follows is drawn mainly from J. Tracy, History of American missions (Worcester, Mass., 1840); J. O. Choules and T. Smith, The origin and history of missions, 6th ed., (Boston, 1842); Rufus Anderson, History of the missions of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the oriental churches, 2 vols. (Boston, 1872); Thomas Laurie, The Ely volume; or, the contributions of our foreign missions to science and human well-being, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1885); W. E. Strong, The story of the American Board (Boston, 1910); W. J. Burke, "The American mission press at Malta," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 41 (1937): 526-29; Peter Kawerau, Amerika und die orientalischen Kirchen (Berlin, 1958); Tibawi, American interests; J. A. Field, America and the Mediterranean world, 1776-1882 (Princeton, 1969); R. L. Daniel, American philanthropy in the Near East, 1820- 1960 (Athens, Ga., 1970); Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria (Brattleboro 1982; The Search 3 iv). Much the best researched are the contributions of Kawerau and Tibawi, both of whom made extensive use of ABCFM materials.
19. Choules and Smith, Origin and history of missions, 2: 299; Laurie, Ely volume, 206.
20. Choules and Smith, Origin and history of missions, 2: 299; Laurie, Ely volume, 206.
21. Burke, "Mission press," 526.
22. Anderson, Oriental churches, 2: 73.
23. A. Bond, Memoir of the Rev. Pliny Fisk (Edinburgh, 1828), 194.
24. Tibawi, American interests, 52, quoting ABCFM sources. Burke was evidently wrong in giving August as the starting date (p. 526); likewise C. Clair, The spread of printing: eastern hemisphere: Malta (Amsterdam, 1969), 22.
25. Tibawi, American interests, 52, quoting ABCFM sources. Burke was evidently wrong in giving August as the starting date (p. 526); likewise C. Clair, The spread of printing: eastern hemisphere: Malta (Amsterdam, 1969), 22.
26. H. H. Jessup, Fifty-three years in Syria (London, 1910), 1: 47.
27. Quoted by Burke, "Mission press," 527. Wittenberg was the German town from which most of Luther's massive output of printed propaganda emanated.
28. Tibawi, American interests, 22.
29. Bond, Memoir of Fisk, 201-2.
30. For an extended account of its Arabic operations and output, see G. J. Roper, "Arabic printing in Malta 1825-1845: its history and its place in the development of print culture in the Arab Middle East" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Durham, 1988).
31. Archives of the Church Missionary Society, Birmingham University Library: Mediterranean Mission: CM/O39/50, Jowett to Secs., 20 May 1825.
32. CM/O39/8, Jowett to Secs., 22 July 1822.
33. CM/L1/19, Pratt to Jowett, 31 Aug. 1822.
34. CM/O39/14, Jowett to Secs., 7 Jan. 1823.
35. CM/O39/50, 51, Jowett to Secs., 20 May and 7 July 1825.
36. CM/O39/55, 81, Jowett to Secs., 10 Sept. 1825 and 19 Oct. 1826.
37. Jonas King, Widā' Yunus Kīn ilá ahbābihi fī Filastīn wa-Sūrīyah al-yawm al-khāmis min Aylūl 1825 [Farewell of Jonas King to his friends in Palestine and Syria, 5 September 1825, trans. As'ad al-Shidyāq], n.d. [1833]; [Isaac Bird,] Thalātha 'ashara risāla, muharrara min ba'd Masīhīyīn raddan 'ammā hadhara bihi al-Sayyid Butrus Mutrān Bayrūt al-Mārūnī al-kullī al-sharaf wa-'l-ihtirām al- muhāmī 'an diyānat al-Kanisa al-Raumānīya [Thirteen letters written from certain Christians in refutation of the nonsense prattled by the honorable and venerable lord, the Maronite Bishop of Beirut, defender of the religion of the Roman Church], 1834; [Isaac Bird and William Goodell], Ghalabat al-īmān mawjūda fī akhbār mawt al-Sinyūr Fisk al-Amīrīkānī al-mu'allim al-marhūm [The victory of faith, present in the tidings of the death of Mr. Fisk, the late American teacher], 1827.
38. Jonas King, Widā' Yunus Kīn ilá ahbābihi fī Filastīn wa- Sūrīyah al-yawm al-khāmis min Aylūl 1825 [Farewell of Jonas King to his friends in Palestine and Syria, 5 September 1825, trans. As'ad al-Shidyāq], n.d. [1833]; [Isaac Bird,] Thalātha 'ashara risāla, muharrara min ba'd Masīhīyīn raddan 'ammā hadhara bihi al-Sayyid Butrus Mutrān Bayrūt al-Mārūnī al-kullī al-sharaf wa-'l-ihtirām al- muhāmī 'an diyānat al-Kanisa al-Raumānīya [Thirteen letters written from certain Christians in refutation of the nonsense prattled by the honorable and venerable lord, the Maronite Bishop of Beirut, defender of the religion of the Roman Church], 1834; [Isaac Bird and William Goodell], Ghalabat al-īmān mawjūda fī akhbār mawt al-Sinyūr Fisk al-Amīrīkānī al-mu'allim al-marhūm [The victory of faith, present in the tidings of the death of Mr. Fisk, the late American teacher], 1827.
39. Jonas King, Widā' Yunus Kīn ilá ahbābihi fī Filastīn wa- Sūrīyah al-yawm al-khāmis min Aylūl 1825 [Farewell of Jonas King to his friends in Palestine and Syria, 5 September 1825, trans. As'ad al-Shidyāq], n.d. [1833]; [Isaac Bird,] Thalātha 'ashara risāla, muharrara min ba'd Masīhīyīn raddan 'ammā hadhara bihi al-Sayyid Butrus Mutrān Bayrūt al-Mārūnī al-kullī al-sharaf wa-'l-ihtirām al-muhāmī 'an diyānat al-Kanisa al-Raumānīya [Thirteen letters written from certain Christians in refutation of the nonsense prattled by the honorable and venerable lord, the Maronite Bishop of Beirut, defender of the religion of the Roman Church], 1834; [Isaac Bird and William Goodell], Ghalabat al-īmān mawjūda fī akhbār mawt al-Sinyūr Fisk al-Amīrīkānī al-mu'allim al-marhūm [The victory of faith, present in the tidings of the death of Mr. Fisk, the late American teacher], 1827.
40. Jonas King, Widā' Yunus Kīn ilá ahbābihi fī Filastīn wa- Sūrīyah al-yawm al-khāmis min Aylūl 1825 [Farewell of Jonas King to his friends in Palestine and Syria, 5 September 1825, trans. As'ad al-Shidyāq], n.d. [1833]; [Isaac Bird,] Thalātha 'ashara risāla, muharrara min ba'd Masīhīyīn raddan 'ammā hadhara bihi al-Sayyid Butrus Mutrān Bayrūt al-Mārūnī al-kullī al-sharaf wa-'l-ihtirām al- muhāmī 'an diyānat al-Kanisa al-Raumānīya [Thirteen letters written from certain Christians in refutation of the nonsense prattled by the honorable and venerable lord, the Maronite Bishop of Beirut, defender of the religion of the Roman Church], 1834; [Isaac Bird and William Goodell], Ghalabat al-īmān mawjūda fī akhbār mawt al-Sinyūr Fisk al-Amīrīkānī al-mu'allim al-marhūm [The victory of faith, present in the tidings of the death of Mr. Fisk, the late American teacher], 1827.
41. Isaac Bird, The martyr of Lebanon (Boston, 1864), 35; Laurie, Ely volume, 208; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries,", 25.
42. Isaac Bird, The martyr of Lebanon (Boston, 1864), 35; Laurie, Ely volume, 208; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries,", 25.
43. Isaac Bird, The martyr of Lebanon (Boston, 1864), 35; Laurie, Ely volume, 208; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries,", 25.
44. J. King, Extraits d'un ouvrage écrit vers la fin de l'année 1826 et au commencement de 1827 sous le titre Coup d'oeil sur la Palestine et la Syrie, accompagné de quelques réflexions sur les missions évangéliques (Athens, 1859), 156.
45. Letter of Khalil Sarkis, Beirut 1891, published in Le livre et le Liban jusqu'à 1900 (exposition) (Paris, 1982), 333; A. G. Ellis, Catalogue of Arabic books in the British Museum (London, 1894-1901), 2: 860; M. Krek, A gazetteer of Arabic printing (Weston, Mass., 1977), 61. The last- named partly, but not wholly, revises this notion in a later article "Some observations on printing Arabic in America and by Americans abroad," Manuscripts of the Middle East 6/1992 (1994): 81.
46. Letter of Khalil Sarkis, Beirut 1891, published in Le livre et le Liban jusqu'à 1900 (exposition) (Paris, 1982), 333; A. G. Ellis, Catalogue of Arabic books in the British Museum (London, 1894-1901), 2: 860; M. Krek, A gazetteer of Arabic printing (Weston, Mass., 1977), 61. The last- named partly, but not wholly, revises this notion in a later article "Some observations on printing Arabic in America and by Americans abroad," Manuscripts of the Middle East 6/1992 (1994): 81.
47. Letter of Khalil Sarkis, Beirut 1891, published in Le livre et le Liban jusqu'à 1900 (exposition) (Paris, 1982), 333; A. G. Ellis, Catalogue of Arabic books in the British Museum (London, 1894-1901), 2: 860; M. Krek, A gazetteer of Arabic printing (Weston, Mass., 1977), 61. The last- named partly, but not wholly, revises this notion in a later article "Some observations on printing Arabic in America and by Americans abroad," Manuscripts of the Middle East 6/1992 (1994): 81.
48. Letter of Khalil Sarkis, Beirut 1891, published in Le livre et le Liban jusqu'à 1900 (exposition) (Paris, 1982), 333; A. G. Ellis, Catalogue of Arabic books in the British Museum (London, 1894-1901), 2: 860; M. Krek, A gazetteer of Arabic printing (Weston, Mass., 1977), 61. The last-named partly, but not wholly, revises this notion in a later article "Some observations on printing Arabic in America and by Americans abroad," Manuscripts of the Middle East 6/1992 (1994): 81.
49. CM/O4/26, List of publications, May 1842.
50. King, Extraits, 181; Mrs. F. E. H. Haines, Jonas King: missionary to Syria and Greece (New York, 1879), 367.
51. King, Extraits, 181; Mrs. F. E. H. Haines, Jonas King: missionary to Syria and Greece (New York, 1879), 367.
52. Yūsuf Aliyān Sarkīs, Mu'jam al-matbū'āt al-'Arabīya wa-'l-mu'arraba (Cairo, 1346/1928), 1105; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1943- 49, Supplement 1937-42), 868; H. Pérès, "Les premières manifestations de la Renaissance littéraire arabe en Orient au XIXe siècle: Nasif al-Yazigi et Faris aš- Šdyak," Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales 1 (1934- 35): 245; Yusuf As'ad Dāghir, Masādir al-dirāsa al-adabīya (Sidon and Beirut, 1950-56): 474; P. Cachia, "An Arab's view of XIXc. Malta: Shidyaq's 'Al-Wîsitah fî ma'rifat ahwâl Mâlitah'," Maltese Folklore Review 1 (1962-6): 63; Bichara Zein Schidiak, Ahmad Fāris aš-Šidyaq - l'homme et l'œuvre: l'éducateur (D.d'Univ. sout. 77-10, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris III), 1975), 120, no. 1.
53. Yūsuf Aliyān Sarkīs, Mu'jam al-matbū'āt al-'Arabīya wa- 'l-mu'arraba (Cairo, 1346/1928), 1105; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1943-49, Supplement 1937-42), 868; H. Pérès, "Les premières manifestations de la Renaissance littéraire arabe en Orient au XIXe siècle: Nasif al-Yazigi et Faris aš- Šdyak," Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales 1 (1934- 35): 245; Yusuf As'ad Dāghir, Masādir al-dirāsa al-adabīya (Sidon and Beirut, 1950-56): 474; P. Cachia, "An Arab's view of XIXc. Malta: Shidyaq's 'Al-Wîsitah fî ma'rifat ahwâl Mâlitah'," Maltese Folklore Review 1 (1962-6): 63; Bichara Zein Schidiak, Ahmad Fāris aš-Šidyaq - l'homme et l'œuvre: l'éducateur (D.d'Univ. sout. 77-10, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris III), 1975), 120, no. 1.
54. Yūsuf Aliyān Sarkīs, Mu'jam al-matbū'āt al-'Arabīya wa- 'l-mu'arraba (Cairo, 1346/1928), 1105; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1943- 49, Supplement 1937-42), 868; H. Pérès, "Les premières manifestations de la Renaissance littéraire arabe en Orient au XIXe siècle: Nasif al-Yazigi et Faris aš-Šdyak," Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales 1 (1934-35): 245; Yusuf As'ad Dāghir, Masādir al-dirāsa al-adabīya (Sidon and Beirut, 1950-56): 474; P. Cachia, "An Arab's view of XIXc. Malta: Shidyaq's 'Al-Wîsitah fî ma'rifat ahwâl Mâlitah'," Maltese Folklore Review 1 (1962-6): 63; Bichara Zein Schidiak, Ahmad Fāris aš-Šidyaq - l'homme et l'œuvre: l'éducateur (D.d'Univ. sout. 77-10, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris III), 1975), 120, no. 1.
55. Yūsuf Aliyān Sarkīs, Mu'jam al-matbū'āt al-'Arabīya wa- 'l-mu'arraba (Cairo, 1346/1928), 1105; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1943- 49, Supplement 1937-42), 868; H. Pérès, "Les premières manifestations de la Renaissance littéraire arabe en Orient au XIXe siècle: Nasif al-Yazigi et Faris aš- Šdyak," Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales 1 (1934- 35): 245; Yusuf As'ad Dāghir, Masādir al-dirāsa al-adabīya (Sidon and Beirut, 1950-56): 474; P. Cachia, "An Arab's view of XIXc. Malta: Shidyaq's 'Al-Wîsitah fî ma'rifat ahwâl Mâlitah'," Maltese Folklore Review 1 (1962-6): 63; Bichara Zein Schidiak, Ahmad Fāris aš-Šidyaq - l'homme et l'œuvre: l'éducateur (D.d'Univ. sout. 77-10, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris III), 1975), 120, no. 1.
56. Yūsuf Aliyān Sarkīs, Mu'jam al-matbū'āt al-'Arabīya wa- 'l-mu'arraba (Cairo, 1346/1928), 1105; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1943- 49, Supplement 1937-42), 868; H. Pérès, "Les premières manifestations de la Renaissance littéraire arabe en Orient au XIXe siècle: Nasif al-Yazigi et Faris aš- Šdyak," Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales 1 (1934- 35): 245; Yusuf As'ad Dāghir, Masādir al-dirāsa al-adabīya (Sidon and Beirut, 1950-56): 474; P. Cachia, "An Arab's view of XIXc. Malta: Shidyaq's 'Al-Wîsitah fî ma'rifat ahwâl Mâlitah'," Maltese Folklore Review 1 (1962-6): 63; Bichara Zein Schidiak, Ahmad Fāris aš-Šidyaq - l'homme et l'œuvre: l'éducateur (D.d'Univ. sout. 77-10, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris III), 1975), 120, no. 1.
57. Yūsuf Aliyān Sarkīs, Mu'jam al-matbū'āt al-'Arabīya wa- 'l-mu'arraba (Cairo, 1346/1928), 1105; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1943- 49, Supplement 1937-42), 868; H. Pérès, "Les premières manifestations de la Renaissance littéraire arabe en Orient au XIXe siècle: Nasif al-Yazigi et Faris aš- Šdyak," Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales 1 (1934- 35): 245; Yusuf As'ad Dāghir, Masādir al-dirāsa al-adabīya (Sidon and Beirut, 1950-56): 474; P. Cachia, "An Arab's view of XIXc. Malta: Shidyaq's 'Al-Wîsitah fî ma'rifat ahwâl Mâlitah'," Maltese Folklore Review 1 (1962-6): 63; Bichara Zein Schidiak, Ahmad Fāris aš-Šidyaq - l'homme et l'œuvre: l'éducateur (D.d'Univ. sout. 77-10, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris III), 1975), 120, no. 1.
58. Bird, Martyr, 63.
59. "Public statement of Asaad Shidiak," Missionary Herald 23 (1827): 71-76, 97-101; Ellis, Arabic books in the B.M., 1: 323; Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria, 89 n.18.
60. "Public statement of Asaad Shidiak," Missionary Herald 23 (1827): 71-76, 97-101; Ellis, Arabic books in the B.M., 1: 323; Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria, 89 n.18.
61. "Public statement of Asaad Shidiak," Missionary Herald 23 (1827): 71-76, 97-101; Ellis, Arabic books in the B.M., 1: 323; Abu-Ghazaleh, American missions in Syria, 89 n.18.
62. Bird, Martyr, 63-100.
63. Tracy, American missions, 145; Haines, Jonas King, 200- 201; Burke, "Mission press," 528; Kawerau, Amerika, 207-208; Tibawi, American interests, 52.
64. Tracy, American missions, 145; Haines, Jonas King, 200-201; Burke, "Mission press," 528; Kawerau, Amerika, 207-208; Tibawi, American interests, 52.
65. Tracy, American missions, 145; Haines, Jonas King, 200- 201; Burke, "Mission press," 528; Kawerau, Amerika, 207-208; Tibawi, American interests, 52.
66. Tracy, American missions, 145; Haines, Jonas King, 200- 201; Burke, "Mission press," 528; Kawerau, Amerika, 207-208; Tibawi, American interests, 52.
67. Tracy, American missions, 145; Haines, Jonas King, 200- 201; Burke, "Mission press," 528; Kawerau, Amerika, 207-208; Tibawi, American interests, 52.
68. Bond, Memoir of Fisk, 209.
69. Daniel, American philanthropy, 22, 32; Clair, Spread of printing, 22; Tibawi, American interests, 49.
70. Daniel, American philanthropy, 22, 32; Clair, Spread of printing, 22; Tibawi, American interests, 49.
71. Daniel, American philanthropy, 22, 32; Clair, Spread of printing, 22; Tibawi, American interests, 49.
72. CM/O39/121, Temple to Jowett, 25 July 1828.
73. A. Bigelow, Travel in Malta and Sicily, with sketches of Gibraltar, in MDCCCXXVII (Boston, 1831), 203.
74. Missionary Herald 23 (1827): 372; Tracy, American missions, 159.
75. Missionary Herald 23 (1827): 372; Tracy, American missions, 159.
76. CM/O65/1, 4, Schlienz to Secs., 24 May 1827 and 20 May 1828; CM/O39/99, Jowett to Secs., 8 Dec.1827; Missionary Register 1827: 432.
77. Choules and Smith, Origin and history of missions, 2: 300; Burke, "Mission press," 528; Kawerau, Amerika, 206.
78. Choules and Smith, Origin and history of missions, 2: 300; Burke, "Mission press," 528; Kawerau, Amerika, 206.
79. Choules and Smith, Origin and history of missions, 2: 300; Burke, "Mission press," 528; Kawerau, Amerika, 206.
80. Tibawi, American interests, 50.
81. CM/O39/110, Jowett to Schlienz, 24 Apr. 1828.
82. CM/O39/121, Temple to Jowett, 23 July 1828.
83. CM/O39/120, Temple to Jowett, 12 June 1828; CM/O65/6, Schlienz to Secs., 18 June1828; CM/965/8B, Schlienz to Secs., 20 Oct. 1828; Samuel Woodruff, Journal of a tour to Malta, Greece, Asia Minor, Carthage, Algiers, Port Mahon, and Spain, in 1828 (Hartford, 1831), 47.
84. Roper, "Arabic printing in Malta," 214-30.
85. CM/O39/121, Temple to Jowett, 25 July 1828
86. Choules and Smith, Origin and history of missions, 2: 302.
87. Ibid., 302; Tracy, American missions, 213; Burke, "Mission press," 528-9.
88. Ibid., 302; Tracy, American missions, 213; Burke, "Mission press," 528-9.
89. Ibid., 302; Tracy, American missions, 213; Burke, "Mission press," 528-9.
90. Emerson, The journals and miscellaneous notebooks, ed. A.R. Ferguson, vol. 4 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), 118. The "Turkish" would have been Armeno-Turkish.
91. Eli Smith, Missionary sermons and addresses (Boston, 1833), 167.
92. Tibawi, American interests, 61.
93. Burke, "Mission press," 529; Clair, Spread of printing, 25.
94. Burke, "Mission press," 529; Clair, Spread of printing, 25.
95. Strong, Story of the American Board, 85.
96. Kawerau, Amerika, 209 n. 216.
97. Tracy, American missions, 237. See also above, p. 52.
98. Kawerau, Amerika, 209 n. 216.
99. Tibawi, American interests, 71.
100. The one exception (Dalīl wādih ilá 'l-tabīb al-sālih [A clear guide to the good physician], n.d. [1840?], 16pp.) is printed with the types cast in Malta for the CMS in 1838 (more than four years after the Americans had left), and was probably inadvertently left off the lists.
101. Recent examples of it are the article "Printing and publishing: Arabic" by D. H. Partington in Encyclopaedia of library and information science, vol. 24 (1978): 65; the guide to an exhibition entitled "Early Arabic printing" at the British Library, London 1979, p.[2]; P. Lunde, "Arabic and the art of printing," ARAMCO World Magazine 32 ii (1981): 34; the large-scale exhibition catalogue entitled Le livre et le Liban (Paris, 1982), 308-13; and the contribution of Prof. G. Endress on "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie," Grerdriss der arabishen Philologie, 1: 293.
102. Recent examples of it are the article "Printing and publishing: Arabic" by D. H. Partington in Encyclopaedia of library and information science, vol. 24 (1978): 65; the guide to an exhibition entitled "Early Arabic printing" at the British Library, London 1979, p.[2]; P. Lunde, "Arabic and the art of printing," ARAMCO World Magazine 32 ii (1981): 34; the large-scale exhibition catalogue entitled Le livre et le Liban (Paris, 1982), 308-13; and the contribution of Prof. G. Endress on "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie," Grerdriss der arabishen Philologie, 1: 293.
103. Recent examples of it are the article "Printing and publishing: Arabic" by D. H. Partington in Encyclopaedia of library and information science, vol. 24 (1978): 65; the guide to an exhibition entitled "Early Arabic printing" at the British Library, London 1979, p.[2]; P. Lunde, "Arabic and the art of printing," ARAMCO World Magazine 32 ii (1981): 34; the large-scale exhibition catalogue entitled Le livre et le Liban (Paris, 1982), 308-13; and the contribution of Prof. G. Endress on "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie," Grerdriss der arabishen Philologie, 1: 293.
104. Recent examples of it are the article "Printing and publishing: Arabic" by D. H. Partington in Encyclopaedia of library and information science, vol. 24 (1978): 65; the guide to an exhibition entitled "Early Arabic printing" at the British Library, London 1979, p.[2]; P. Lunde, "Arabic and the art of printing," ARAMCO World Magazine 32 ii (1981): 34; the large-scale exhibition catalogue entitled Le livre et le Liban (Paris, 1982), 308-13; and the contribution of Prof. G. Endress on "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie," Grerdriss der arabishen Philologie, 1: 293.
105. Recent examples of it are the article "Printing and publishing: Arabic" by D. H. Partington in Encyclopaedia of library and information science, vol. 24 (1978): 65; the guide to an exhibition entitled "Early Arabic printing" at the British Library, London 1979, p.[2]; P. Lunde, "Arabic and the art of printing," ARAMCO World Magazine 32 ii (1981): 34; the large-scale exhibition catalogue entitled Le livre et le Liban (Paris, 1982), 308-13; and the contribution of Prof. G. Endress on "Die Anfänge der arabischen Typographie," Grerdriss der arabishen Philologie, 1: 293.
106. Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 2: 514.
107. Tibawi, American interests, 62.
108. Laurie, Ely volume, 208. This was not strictly untrue, because, as mentioned above, several of the CMS Arabic publications were done primarily for the Americans and distributed by them; but he failed to state that the ABCFM press did not itself do the printing.
109. Jessup, Fifty-three years in Syria, 1: 45. Several subsequent accounts of American missionary and educational activities in the Middle East, relying on these sources, have perpetuated the error, e.g. Avery, Ink on their thumbs; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 26-28.
110. Jessup, Fifty-three years in Syria, 1: 45. Several subsequent accounts of American missionary and educational activities in the Middle East, relying on these sources, have perpetuated the error, e.g. Avery, Ink on their thumbs; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 26-28.
111. Jessup, Fifty-three years in Syria, 1: 45. Several subsequent accounts of American missionary and educational activities in the Middle East, relying on these sources, have perpetuated the error, e.g. Avery, Ink on their thumbs; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 26-28.
112. Lūwīs Shaykhū, "Tārīkh fann al-tiba'a fī 'l-Mashriq," Al-Mashriq 3 (1900): 504.
113. G. Graf, Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur (Rome, 1944-53; Studi e Testi, 118;133;146;147;172), 3: 47 and 4: 273.
114. G. Graf, Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur (Rome, 1944-53; Studi e Testi, 118;133;146;147;172), 3: 47 and 4: 273.
115. G. Graf, Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur (Rome, 1944-53; Studi e Testi, 118;133;146;147;172), 3: 47 and 4: 273.
116. G. Graf, Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur (Rome, 1944-53; Studi e Testi, 118;133;146;147;172), 3: 47 and 4: 273.
117. J. Nasrallah, L'imprimerie au Liban (Beirut, 1948), 50.
118. A. Demeerseman, L'imprimerie en Orient et au Maghreb: une étape décisive de la culture et de la psychologie islamiques (Tunis, 1954; previously published in the periodical IBLA 17 (1954): 2 n.10.
119. A. Demeerseman, L'imprimerie en Orient et au Maghreb: une étape décisive de la culture et de la psychologie islamiques (Tunis, 1954; previously published in the periodical IBLA 17 (1954): 2 n.10.
120. H. Boubakeur, "La prensa árabe," Cuadernos de estudios africanos 14 (1951): 19; Abu 'l-Futūh Ridwān, Tārīkh Matba'at Būlāq wa-lamha fī tārīkh al-tibā'a fī buldān al- Sharq al-Awsat (Cairo, 1953), 25; Khalīl Sābāt, Tārīkh al- tibā'a fī 'l-Sharq al-'Arabī (2nd ed. Cairo, 1966), 47-48.
121. H. Boubakeur, "La prensa árabe," Cuadernos de estudios africanos 14 (1951): 19; Abu 'l-Futūh Ridwān, Tārīkh Matba'at Būlāq wa-lamha fī tārīkh al-tibā'a fī buldān al-Sharq al-Awsat (Cairo, 1953), 25; Khalīl Sābāt, Tārīkh al- tibā'a fī 'l-Sharq al-'Arabī (2nd ed. Cairo, 1966), 47-48.
122. H. Boubakeur, "La prensa árabe," Cuadernos de estudios africanos 14 (1951): 19; Abu 'l-Futūh Ridwān, Tārīkh Matba'at Būlāq wa-lamha fī tārīkh al-tibā'a fī buldān al- Sharq al-Awsat (Cairo, 1953), 25; Khalīl Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tibā'a fī 'l-Sharq al-'Arabī (2nd ed. Cairo, 1966), 47-48.
123. G. Antonius, The Arab awakening (London, 1938), 37ff.
124. Tibawi, American interests, 82. The tendency to overestimate the importance of the American missions in this field clearly incensed this author, who has gone into the subject at some length in this work and also in his "Al- lugha al-'Arabīya fi kutub al-mubashshirīn al-awwalīn," Majallat Majma' al-Lugha al-'Arabīya U-Dimashq 47 (1392/1972): 772-84, and in his Arabic and Islamic themes (London, 1976).
125. Tibawi, American interests, 82. The tendency to overestimate the importance of the American missions in this field clearly incensed this author, who has gone into the subject at some length in this work and also in his "Al-lugha al-'Arabīya fi kutub al-mubashshirīn al-awwalīn," Majallat Majma' al-Lugha al-'Arabīya U-Dimashq 47 (1392/1972): 772-84, and in his Arabic and Islamic themes (London, 1976).
126. Tibawi, American interests, 82. The tendency to overestimate the importance of the American missions in this field clearly incensed this author, who has gone into the subject at some length in this work and also in his "Al- lugha al-'Arabīya fi kutub al-mubashshirīn al-awwalīn," Majallat Majma' al-Lugha al-'Arabīya U-Dimashq 47 (1392/1972): 772-84, and in his Arabic and Islamic themes (London, 1976).
127. The Ottoman state press at Istanbul also published some Arabic works in this period, mainly grammatical and legal. But it is not clear to what extent, if at all, they were distributed in the Arab world: [J.T.] Reinaud, Notice des ouvrages arabes, persans, turcs et français, imprimés à Constantinople (Paris, 1831); also in Bulletin Universel des Sciences (1831): 2-5.
128. The Ottoman state press at Istanbul also published some Arabic works in this period, mainly grammatical and legal. But it is not clear to what extent, if at all, they were distributed in the Arab world: [J.T.] Reinaud, Notice des ouvrages arabes, persans, turcs et français, imprimés à Constantinople (Paris, 1831); also in Bulletin Universel des Sciences (1831): 2-5.
129. Tibawi, American interests, 120.
130. W. Jowett. Christian researches in Syria and the Holy Land in 1823 and 1824 (London, 1825), 220-24; Graf, Geschichte, 3: 159-61; Kawerau, Amerika, 202, 381.
131. W. Jowett. Christian researches in Syria and the Holy Land in 1823 and 1824 (London, 1825), 220-24; Graf, Geschichte, 3: 159-61; Kawerau, Amerika, 202, 381.
132. W. Jowett. Christian researches in Syria and the Holy Land in 1823 and 1824 (London, 1825), 220-24; Graf, Geschichte, 3: 159-61; Kawerau, Amerika, 202, 381.
133. Roper, "Arabic printing in Malta," 112, 136-37.
134. Numbers in square brackets refer to the list of publications in the Appendix below.
135. For a brief account of his life, and bibliography of his writings, see Graf, Geschichte, vol. 4 no. 219, pp. 318-23.
136. Archives of the ABCFM, Houghton Library, letter books: ABC 16.8.1 vol. 1 no. 28, undated; ABCFM Report 1844, p. 253.
137. Archives of the ABCFM, Houghton Library, letter books: ABC 16.8.1 vol. 1 no. 28, undated; ABCFM Report 1844, p. 253.
138. Roper, "Arabic printing in Malta," 287-97.
139. ABC 16.9 vol. 1 no. 94, Hallock to Anderson, 10 Sept. 1830.
140. ABC: 16.8.1 vol. 01 no. 71, Smith (Malta) to Anderson, 9 Dec.1833.
141. ABC: 16.9 vol. 1 no. 44, Temple to Anderson, 10 Sept.1832; CMS Archives: CM/O65/32, Schlienz to Secs., 2 Oct. 1834.
142. The Board's 1833 Report refers to "a young man of promising talents" trained by Hallock: this is almost certainly Badger.
143. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 01 no. 71, Smith to Anderson, 9 Dec. 1833
144. ABC 16.9 vol. 1, Smith to Anderson, 10 Nov. 1834.
145. Ibid., Smith to Anderson, 17 Feb. 1835.
146. ABC 16.8-1.vol. 01 no.16, Smith and Thomson to Secs., 31 Dec. 1835.
147. Ibid. no. 97, Smith to Anderson, 1 Dec. 1835.
148. Ibid. no. 16, Smith and Thomson to Secs., 31 Dec. 1835.
149. Ibid. nos. 91, 92, 99, 16, Smith to Anderson, 22 Aug., 31 Aug. 1835, 24 Jan. 1836; and Smith and Thomson to Secs., 31 Dec. 1835.
150. Anderson, Missions to oriental churches, 1: 228; Kawerau, Amerika, 264 n. 359; Tibawi, American interests, 71.
151. Anderson, Missions to oriental churches, 1: 228; Kawerau, Amerika, 264 n. 359; Tibawi, American interests, 71.
152. Anderson, Missions to oriental churches, 1: 228; Kawerau, Amerika, 264 n. 359; Tibawi, American interests, 71.
153. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 01 no. 99, Smith to Anderson, 24 Jan. 1836.
154. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 1 no. 48, General letter from Beyroot, 31 Dec. 1836.
155. Cf. Roper, "Arabic printing in Malta," 158-63.
156. For further information on Badger's life and career, see G. Roper, "George Percy Badger (1815-1888)," British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin 11 (1984): 140-55; idem, "Arabic printing in Malta"; J. F. Coakley, The Church of the East and the Church of England (Oxford, 1992).
157. For further information on Badger's life and career, see G. Roper, "George Percy Badger (1815-1888)," British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin 11 (1984): 140- 55; idem, "Arabic printing in Malta"; J. F. Coakley, The Church of the East and the Church of England (Oxford, 1992).
158. For further information on Badger's life and career, see G. Roper, "George Percy Badger (1815-1888)," British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin 11 (1984): 140- 55; idem, "Arabic printing in Malta"; J. F. Coakley, The Church of the East and the Church of England (Oxford, 1992).
159. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 1 no. 48, General letter from Beyroot, 31 Dec. 1836.
160. Ibid. no. 50, Smith to Secs., 24 Apr. 1837. Unfortunately his name is not revealed.
161. P. 99, cited by Tibawi, American interests, 87.
162. Tibawi, American interests, chapter IV.
163. Tibawi, American interests, 113; ABC 6.5.3 vol. 2 no. 133.
164. Tibawi, American interests, 113; ABC 6.5.3 vol. 2 no. 133.
165. Missionary Herald 1841, cited in Kawerau, Amerika, 242- 43, 264.
166. Missionary Herald 1841, cited in Kawerau, Amerika, 242-43, 264.
167. Missionary Herald 1841: 343, quoted in Tibawi, American interests, 104.
168. Missionary Herald 1841: 343, quoted in Tibawi, American interests, 104.
169. Missionary Herald 1842, cited in Kawerau, Amerika, 265.
170. Missionary Herald 1842, cited in Kawerau, Amerika, 265.
171. G. Roper, "Arabic printing and publishing in England before 1820," British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin 12 (1985): 22-24.
172. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 01 no. 89, Smith to Anderson, 13 July 1835.
173. Ibid. nos. 81, 83, 89, Smith to Anderson, 10 Nov.1834, 17 Feb. 1835, 13 July 1835.
174. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 1 no. 48, General letter from Beyroot, 31 Dec. 1836.
175. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 01 no. 89, Smith to Anderson, 13 July 1835.
176. Ibid. no. 92, Smith to Anderson, 22 Aug. 1835.
177. J. Muller and E. Róth, Aussereuropäische Druckereien im 16. Jahrhundert (Baden-Baden, 1969), 57.
178. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 01 no. 91, Smith to Anderson, 31 Aug.1835.
179. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 1 no. 48, 31 Dec. 1836.
180. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 01 no. 16, 31 Dec.1835.
181. Roper, "Arabic printing in Malta," 261.
182. I.H. Hall, "The Arabic Bible of Drs. Eli Smith and Cornelius V.A. Van Dyck," Journal of the American Oriental Society 11 (1885): 284. in Kawerau, Amerika, 261.
183. I.H. Hall, "The Arabic Bible of Drs. Eli Smith and Cornelius V.A.
184. ABC 16.8.1vol. 01 no. 99, Smith to Anderson, 24 Jan. 1836.
185. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
186. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
187. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
188. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
189. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
190. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
191. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
192. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
193. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
194. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
195. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
196. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
197. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
198. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
199. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
200. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
201. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
202. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
203. By, among others: Isaac Bird, Bible work in Bible lands (Philadelphia, 1872), 322; R. Anderson, Memorial volume of the first fifty years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Boston, 1861), 376; Thomas Laurie, Historical sketch of the Syria Mission (Boston, [1866]), 18-19; Anderson, Missions to the oriental churches, 1: 233; Hall, "Arabic Bible," 284-85; E. M. Bliss, ed., The encyclopaedia of missions (New York, 1891) 1: 92; H. Hallock, "Manufacture of Arabic type," Inland Printer 6 (1899): 164ff.; Julius Richter, A history of Protestant missions in the Near East (New York 1910), 190; T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical catalogue of the printed editions of Holy Scripture in the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (London, 1911), 2: 72; H. Hallock, The new Arabic type (privately printed; New York, 1929); A. J. Arberry, Arabic printing types: a report made to the Monotype Corporation Limited (n. d. [Cambridge, 1937.]), 26; S. B. L. Penrose and C. J. Caldwell, "Ties that bind," The Asian legacy and American life, ed. A. E. Christy (New York. 1945), 121; J. Batal, Assignment - Near East (New York, 1950), 33; Kawerau, Amerika, 261-3; Sābāt, Tārīkh al-tiba'a, 49-50; Tibawi, American interests, 81, 104; Avery, Ink on their thumbs, 11; Winger, "Books and the early missionaries," 28; D. Glass, Malta, Beirut, Leipzig and Beirut again: Eli Smith, the American Syria Mission and the spread of Arabic typography in 19th-century Lebanon (Beirut, 1997), passim.
204. Hallock, The new Arabic type, 4, 8 (including an illustration of the pantograph).
205. Ibid., 4.
206. ABC 16.8.1 vol. 1 no. 28, Mr. Smith's report [c. 1844].