Nutritional Requirements and Management Strategies for Farmed Deer - Review -

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 561-573

  Shin, H T ^a   Hudson, R J ^a,b   Gao, X H ^a,c   Suttie, J M ^a,d  

^a Sungkyunkwan University   (South Korea)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^c INSTITUTE OF PLANT PROTECTION   (China)

^d INVERMAY AGRICULTURAL CENTRE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Farmed Deer; Management Strategies; Nutritional Requirements

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347018733     PISSN: 10112367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2000.561     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Adam, C. L. 1994. Feeding, In: Management and Disease of Deer, 2nd Ed. (Ed. T. L. Alexander and D. Buxton). The Veterinary Deer Society. London, Great Britain. pp. 44-54.
2. Adam, C. L. and T. J. Fletcher. 1994. Orphan calves. In : Management and Disease of Deer, 2nd Ed. (Ed. T. L. Alexander and D. Buxton). The Veterinary Deer Society. London, Great Britain pp. 55-58.
3. Adam, C. L., I. McDonald, C. E. Moir and R. I. Smart. 1988. Foetal development in red deer (Cervus elaphus). 2. Chemical composition of the Fetus and associated tissues. Anim. Prod. 46:139-146.
4. Alexander, T. L. and D. Buxton. (Ed.) 1994. Management and Diseases of Deer : A Handbook for the Veterinary Surgeon (2nd Ed.). The Veterinary Deer Society. London, Great Britain.
5. Anderson, R. 1984. Deer farming in Australia. Deer Refresher Course 72:55-71.
6. Arman, P., R. N. B. Kay, E. D. Goodall and G. A. M. Sharman. 1974. The composition and yield of milk from captive red deer (Cervus elaphus). J. Reprod. Fertil. 37:67-84.
7. Blaxter, K. L., R. N. B. Kay, G. A. M. Sharman, J. M. M. Cunningham and W. J. Hamilton. 1974. Farming the Red Deer. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Edinburgh, Great Britain.
8. Brady, P. S., L. J. Brady, P. A. Whetter, D. E. Ullrey and L. D. Fay. 1978. The effect of dietary selenium and vitamin E on biochemical parameters and survival of young among white-tailed deer. J. Nutr. 108:1439-1448.
9. Brown, R. D. (Ed.) 1991. The Biology of Deer. Springer-Verlag. New York, USA.
10. Denholm, L. J. 1984. The nutrition of farmed deer. Deer Refresher Course 72:662-707.
11. Doshier, S. L. 1991. A discussion on elk nutrition. The Quarterly J. North American Elk Breeders Association. (Spring).
12. Drew, K. R. 1985. Meat production from farmed deer. In : Biology of Deer Production (Ed. P. F. Fennessy and K. Drew). The Royal Society of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand. pp. 285-290.
13. Drew, K. R. and G. J. Greer. 1977. Venison production and carcass composition of red deer. New Zealand Agric. Sci. 11:187.
14. English, A. W. 1984. The production and harvesting of velvet antler in Australia. Deer Refresher Course. 72:305-323.
15. Fennessy, P. F. 1982. Growth and nutrition. In: The Farming of Deer: World Trends and Modern Techniques (Ed. D. Yerex). Agricultural Promotion Associates Ltd. Wellington, New Zealand. pp. 105-114.
16. Fennessy, P. F. and K. R. Drew. (Ed.) 1985. Biology of Deer Production. The Royal Society of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.
17. Fennessy, P. F., G. H. Moore and I. D. Corson. 1981. Energy requirements of red deer. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 41:167-173.
18. Fennessy, P. F., A. J. Pearse and K. R. Drew. 1993. Deer farming: development, progress and perspectives. World Conference on Animal Production 7:205-223.
19. Friedel, C. and R. J. Hudson. 1994. Canadian processed alfalfa for Asian deer. Deer Seminar. The Canadian Dehydrators Association. Sungwhan, Korea. pp. 77-90.
20. Gao, X. H., S. D. Jin, F. H. Yang and F. Wang. 1993. Effects of different levels of dietary protein and energy on the antler yield and weight during the antler growth period for two years old male sika deer. Acta Zoonutrimenta Sinca. 5(2):43-47.
21. Giles, K. 1982. Herd management. In: The Farming of Deer: World Trends and Modern Techniques (Ed. D. Yerex). Agricultural Promotion Associates Ltd. Wellington, New Zealand. pp. 161-166.
22. Haigh, J. C. and R. J. Hudson. 1993. Farming Wapiti and Red Deer. Mosby. St Louis, USA.
23. Hudson, R. J., K. R. Drew and L. M. Baskin, 1989. Wildlife Production Systems : Economic Utilization of Wild Ungulates. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Great Britain.
24. Jones, D. G. 1994. Trace element deficiencies. In: Management and Disease of Deer, 2nd Ed. (Ed. T. L. Alexander and D. Buxton). The Veterinary Deer Society. London, Great Britain. pp. 182-191.
25. Kay, R. N. B. and B. W. Staines. 1981. The nutrition of the red deer (Cervus elaphus). Nutr. Abst. Rev. (B) 51: 601-612.
26. Koo, B. H. 1997. Studies on the development of deer compound feeds and establishment of deer feeding systems in Korea.. Ph.D. Dissertation. Sung Kyun Kwan University, Suwon, Korea.
27. Linderman, B. 1982. Calf rearing. In: The Farming of Deer: World Trends and Modern Techniques (Ed. D. Yerex). Agricultural Promotion Associates Ltd. Wellington, New Zealand. pp. 151-156.
28. Magruder, N. D., C. E. French, L. C. McEwen and R. W. Swift. 1957. Nutrient requirements of white-tailed deer for growth and antler development. Pennsylvania State Univ. Bull. 628.
29. Maloiy, G. M. O., R. N. B. Kay, E. D. Goodall and J. H. Topps. 1970. Digestion and nitrogen metabolism in sheep and red deer given large or small amounts of water and protein. Br. J. Nutr. 24:843-855.
30. McAllurn, H. J. F. 1985. Winter death syndrome : Exposure and starvation. New Zealand Ministry of Agric. and Fisheries Information Service AST 92:2/3000/3.
31. Milne, J. A., J. C. MacRae, A. M. Spence and S. Wilson. 1978. A comparison of the voluntarily intake and digestion of a range of forages at different times of the year by the sheep and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Br. J. Nutr. 40:347-357.
32. Milne, J. A., A. M. Sibbald, H. A. McCormack and A. S. I. Loudon. 1987. The influence of nutrition and management on the growth of red deer claves from weaning to 16 months of age. Anim. Prod. 43:511-522.
33. Nagy, J. G. and W. L. Regelin. 1975. Comparison of digestive organ size of three deer species. Wildl. J. Manage. 39:621-624.
34. NRC. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (6th Ed.). National Academy Press. Washington, DC, USA.
35. NRC. 1985. Nutrient Requirements of Sheep (6th Ed.). National Academy Press. Washington, DC, USA.
36. Paynter, D. I., C. G. Halpin and P. J. A. Presidente. 1984. Trace element biochemistry of farmed and free-ranging deer in Victoria. Deer Refresher Course. 72:651-658.
37. Prins, R. A. and M. J. H. Geleen, 1971. Rumen characteristics of red deer, fallow deer and roe deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 35:673-680.
38. Puntenney, S. 1995. Health and feeding needs for wapiti. Foster Mills, Delta, Colorado.
39. Ried, H. W. (Ed.) 1987. The Management and Health of Farmed Deer. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Boston, USA.
40. Robbins, C. T. (Ed.) 1993. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition (2nd Ed.). Academic Press. San Diego, USA.
41. Shin, H. T. 1987. Nutrient requirements and feeding system of deer. Korean J. Anim. Nutr. Feed. 11:68-106.
42. Simpson, A. M., A. J. F. Webster, J. S. Smith and C. A. Simpson. 1978. The efficiency of utilization of dietary energy for growth in sheep (Ovis areis) and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 59A:95-99.
43. Smits, J. E. and J. C. Haigh. 1990. Game Farming Practice : Notes for the Fallow Farmer.
44. Suttie, J. M. and R. N. B. Kay. 1983. The influence of nutrition and pholdperiod on the growth of antlers of young red deer. In: Antler Development in Cervidae (Ed. R. D. Brown). Texas A & M University. Kingsville, Texas, USA. pp. 61-71.
45. Suttie, J. M., J. R. Webster, R. P. Littlejohn, P. F. Fennessy and I. D. Corson. 1996. Increasing velvet production by improved nutrition. Proc. New Zealand Veterinary Association, Deer Branch. 13:149-153.
46. Ullrey, D. E., W. O. Youatt, H. E. Johnson, A. B. Cowan, L. D. Fay, R. L. Covert, W. T. Magee and K. K. Keuhey. 1975. Phosphorus requirements for weaned white-tailed deer fawns. J. Wildl. Manage. 39:670-673.
47. Ullrey, D. E., W. G. Youatt, H. E. Johnson, L. D. Fay, B. L. Schoepke and W. T. Magee. 1970. Digestible and metabolizable energy requirements for winter maintennce of Michigan white-tailed does. J. Wildl. Manage. 34: 863-869.
48. Ullrey, D. E., W. G. Youatt, H. E. Johnson, L. D. Fay, B. L. Schoepke, W. T. Magee and K. K. Keahey. 1973. Calcium requirements of weaned white-tailed deer fawns. J. Wildl. Manage. 37:670-673.
49. Verme, L. J. and D. E. Ullrey. 1972. Feeding and nutrition of deer. In: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants, Volume 3 - Practical Nutrition (Ed. D. C. Church). The OSU. Bookstores, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon, USA. pp. 275-291.
50. Wallach, J. D. 1972. The nutrition and feeding of captive ruminants in zoo. In: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants. Volume 3-Practical Nutrition (Ed. D. C. Church). The OSU. Bookstores, Inc. Corvallis, Oregon, USA. pp. 292-307.
51. Wemmer, C. M. 1987. Biology and Management of the Cervidae (Research Symposia of the National Zoological Park). Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA.
52. Wilson, P. R. 1984. Blood parameters, serology and trace elements in deer. Deer Refresher Course 72:353-366.
53. Wohlbier, W. 1974. Supplementary feeding of game animals and fowl. Roche Publication Index 1463.
54. Woodhouse, I. 1993. A Salute to World Deer Farming (Proc. of the 1st World Deer Congress). New Zealand Deer Farmers Association. Christchurch, New Zealand.
55. Yerex, D. (Ed.) 1982. The Farming of Deer : World Trends and Modern Techniques. Agricultural Promotion Associates Ltd. Wellington, New Zealand.
56. Yerex, D. and I. Spiers. 1987. Modern Deer Farm Management. Ampersand Publishing Associates Ltd. Carterton, New Zealand.