A Constitutional Pied Piper: The Northern Irish Good Friday Agreement

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 114, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 613-637

  Reynolds, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346995786     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657786     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. I use the terms Unionist and Loyalist interchangeably to identify that part of the Northern Irish community, predominantly Protestant, that supports the retention of the six counties of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. Similarly, I use interchangeably the terms Nationalist and Republican to identify that community, predominantly Catholic, that seeks increased Irish government engagement in the administration of the six counties.
2. For representative works, see Timothy D. Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996); Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry Into Structures, Incentives, and Outcomes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
3. For representative works, see Timothy D. Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996); Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry Into Structures, Incentives, and Outcomes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
4. For representative works, see Timothy D. Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996); Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry Into Structures, Incentives, and Outcomes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
5. For representative works, see Timothy D. Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996); Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry Into Structures, Incentives, and Outcomes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
6. Paul Arthur, "Political Parties: Elections and Strategies" in Arthur Aughey and Duncan Morrow, eds., Northern Ireland Politics (London: Longman, 1996), 68.
7. Tim Pat Coogan, The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal 1966-1996 and the Search for Peace (London: Arrow, 1996), 29.
8. Ibid., 38.
9. Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies, 25.
10. Arend Lijphart, Power-Sharing in South Africa (Berkeley: Institute for International Studies, University of California, 1985), 119-126.
11. Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies, 137.
12. Ibid., 137-141; and Arend Lijphart, "The Framework Document on Northern Ireland and the Theory of Power-Sharing," Government and Politics 31 (Summer 1996): 268.
13. Ibid., 137-141; and Arend Lijphart, "The Framework Document on Northern Ireland and the Theory of Power-Sharing," Government and Politics 31 (Summer 1996): 268.
14. See Ian Lustick, "Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism versus Control," World Politics 31 (1979): 325-344.
15. Arend Lijphart, "The Framework Document on Northern Ireland," 267.
16. Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies, 137.
17. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions to Democracy: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 37.
18. See Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 114.
19. This is Huntington's term for Linz's concept. See Juan Linz, "Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration" in Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, eds., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1978), 35.
20. See Donald Share and Scott Mainwaring, "Transitions Through Transaction: Democratization in Brazil and Spain" in Wayne Selcher, ed., Political Liberalization in Brazil: Dynamics, Dilemmas, and Future Prospects (Boulder. CO: Westview Press, 1986), 177-179.
21. Huntington, The Third Wave, 151-163.
22. See Coogan, The Troubles.
23. Henry Patterson, "Northern Ireland 1921-1968" in Arthur Aughey and Duncan Morrow, eds., Northern Ireland Politics (London: Longman, 1996), 4.
24. Jonathan Haughton, "The Dynamics of Economic Change" in William Crotty and David E. Schmitt, eds., Ireland and the Politics of Change (London: Longman, 1996), 30.
25. Author's interview with Michael McLoughlin of the AIB Bank, Dublin, January 1999.
26. Niamh Hardiman and Christopher Whelan, "Changing Values" in William Crotty and David E. Schmitt, eds., Ireland and the Politics of Change (London: Longman, 1996), 72.
27. Coogan, The Troubles, 421-422.
28. Ibid., 444.
29. See Coogan, The Troubles, chap. 12.
30. See Jonathan Stevenson, "Peace in Northern Ireland: Why Now?" Foreign Policy 111 (Fall 1998): 41-54.
31. Paul Doherty, "The Numbers Game: The Demographic Context of Politics" in Arthur Aughey and Duncan Morrow, eds., Northern Ireland Politics (London: Longman, 1996), 205.
32. Ibid., 204.
33. See Coogan, The Troubles, 514; and Doherty, "The Numbers Game," 206.
34. See Coogan, The Troubles, 514; and Doherty, "The Numbers Game," 206.
35. See John Curtice and Lizanne Dowds, "Has Northern Ireland Really Changed" (Paper presented at the 1999 American Political Science Association meetings, 2-5 September 1999, Atlanta, Georgia).
36. Coogan, The Troubles, 193.
37. John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary, Explaining Northern Ireland: Broken Images (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1995), 403.
38. Doherty, "The Numbers Game," 200.
39. For a detailed account of the transition in each country, see Andrew Reynolds, Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999), chaps. 5 and 6.
40. Coogan, The Troubles, 310. For an overview of the parallels between Northern Ireland and South Africa, see Hermann Giliomee and Jannie Gagiano, eds., The Elusive Search for Peace: South Africa, Israel, Northern Ireland (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1990).
41. Coogan, The Troubles, 310. For an overview of the parallels between Northern Ireland and South Africa, see Hermann Giliomee and Jannie Gagiano, eds., The Elusive Search for Peace: South Africa, Israel, Northern Ireland (Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1990).
42. See David Ottaway, Chained Together: Mandela, De Klerk, and the Struggle to Remake South Africa (New York: Random House, 1993); and Allister Sparks, Tomorrow is Another Country (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995).
43. See David Ottaway, Chained Together: Mandela, De Klerk, and the Struggle to Remake South Africa (New York: Random House, 1993); and Allister Sparks, Tomorrow is Another Country (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995).
44. Christine Sylvester, Zimbabwe: The Terrain of Contradictory Development (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 50.
45. O'Donnell and Schmitter, Transitions to Democracy, 41.
46. See Reynolds, Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa.