On the Origin of Anaximander's Cosmological Model

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-28

  Naddaf, Gerard ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0346964658     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654052     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. For a detailed analysis of the περὶ θύσεως tradition and its relation to what follows, see Gerard Naddaf, L'Origine et l'évolution du concept grec de "phusis" (Lewiston, N.Y., 1992). A second revised French and English edition of this work are in preparation for Les Éditions Klincksieck and the State University of New York Press respectively.
2. For a more detailed account, see Naddaf, L'Origine et l'évolution, 59-103.
3. See ibid., 341-535.
4. I want to put the accent here on the possible "political" connotation behind the term απειρον in addition to saying that the απειρον is a substance which is both qualitatively and spatially indefinite (albeit not, in my view, infinite). The political connotation will resurface toward the end of this paper.
5. 17). Abbreviated DK.
6. Several doxographies strongly suggest that cosmogonical process did in fact develop in this way. Both Aetius 2.13.7 (= DK12A18, 28-29) and Hippolytus Refutation 1.6.3 (= DK12A11, 5-8) inform us, as we will see below, that Anaximander says that the heavenly bodies are wheel shaped concentrations of air or dark mist (ὰήρ) filled with fire.
7. Pseudo-Plutarch Miscellanies 2 (= DK12A10, 32-33).
8. See for example, Dennis O'Brien, "Anaximander's Measurements," Classical Quarterly, 61 (1967), 424-25 and most recently Rosemary Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity (New York, 1995), 39. The fact that both Hippolytus and Aetius (see below) state that Anaximander's earth is shaped like a κίονος λίθω(combining vertical line below) which translates as "stone column," appears to be behind the reasoning.
9. See for example, Dennis O'Brien, "Anaximander's Measurements," Classical Quarterly, 61 (1967), 424-25 and most recently Rosemary Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity (New York, 1995), 39. The fact that both Hippolytus and Aetius (see below) state that Anaximander's earth is shaped like a κίονος λίθω(combining vertical line below) which translates as "stone column," appears to be behind the reasoning.
10. Hippolytus Refutation 1.6.3 (= DK12A11, 2-5). He also described the shape of the earth as rounded (γυρόν) and curved (στρογγύλον).
11. Aetius 3.10.2 (= DK12A25).
12. According to Robert Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination: A Case-Study for the Influence of Monumental Architecture on the Origins of Western Philosophy/ Science," New Directions in the Philosophy of Technology, ed. J. C. Pitt (The Netherlands, 1995), 99-100, the form of a column drum was an Ionian technical innovation of the first half of the sixth century and its proportions were roughly compatible with Pseudo-Plutarch's ratio of three to one. I will discuss this in context below.
13. Aristotle On the Heaven 295b10 (= DK12A26).
14. Hippolytus Refutation 1.6.3 (= DK12A11, 2-3). I will discuss these references and the language employed in them in more detail further on. For a similar description and perhaps a reference to Anaximander himself, by Plato, sees Phaedo 108e-109a and Timaeus 62d-63a.
15. For examples, Francis M. Cornford, Principium Sapientiae (Cambridge, 1952), 165; Geoffrey S. Kirk, John E. Raven, and Malchom Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge, 1983), 134 (hereafter cited as KRS); Charles Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology (New York, 1960), 77; W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (6 vols.; Cambridge, 1962-80), I (1962), 99; Richard D. McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, 1993), 40; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 39. In sum, the principle of "sufficient reason": if there is no reason for an object to move in one direction rather than another, it stays where it is.
16. For examples, Francis M. Cornford, Principium Sapientiae (Cambridge, 1952), 165; Geoffrey S. Kirk, John E. Raven, and Malchom Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge, 1983), 134 (hereafter cited as KRS); Charles Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology (New York, 1960), 77; W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (6 vols.; Cambridge, 1962-80), I (1962), 99; Richard D. McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, 1993), 40; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 39. In sum, the principle of "sufficient reason": if there is no reason for an object to move in one direction rather than another, it stays where it is.
17. For examples, Francis M. Cornford, Principium Sapientiae (Cambridge, 1952), 165; Geoffrey S. Kirk, John E. Raven, and Malchom Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge, 1983), 134 (hereafter cited as KRS); Charles Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology (New York, 1960), 77; W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (6 vols.; Cambridge, 1962-80), I (1962), 99; Richard D. McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, 1993), 40; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 39. In sum, the principle of "sufficient reason": if there is no reason for an object to move in one direction rather than another, it stays where it is.
18. For examples, Francis M. Cornford, Principium Sapientiae (Cambridge, 1952), 165; Geoffrey S. Kirk, John E. Raven, and Malchom Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge, 1983), 134 (hereafter cited as KRS); Charles Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology (New York, 1960), 77; W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (6 vols.; Cambridge, 1962-80), I (1962), 99; Richard D. McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, 1993), 40; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 39. In sum, the principle of "sufficient reason": if there is no reason for an object to move in one direction rather than another, it stays where it is.
19. For examples, Francis M. Cornford, Principium Sapientiae (Cambridge, 1952), 165; Geoffrey S. Kirk, John E. Raven, and Malchom Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge, 1983), 134 (hereafter cited as KRS); Charles Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology (New York, 1960), 77; W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (6 vols.; Cambridge, 1962-80), I (1962), 99; Richard D. McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, 1993), 40; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 39. In sum, the principle of "sufficient reason": if there is no reason for an object to move in one direction rather than another, it stays where it is.
20. For examples, Francis M. Cornford, Principium Sapientiae (Cambridge, 1952), 165; Geoffrey S. Kirk, John E. Raven, and Malchom Schofield, The Presocratic Philosophers (Cambridge, 1983), 134 (hereafter cited as KRS); Charles Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology (New York, 1960), 77; W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (6 vols.; Cambridge, 1962-80), I (1962), 99; Richard D. McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates (Indianapolis, 1993), 40; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 39. In sum, the principle of "sufficient reason": if there is no reason for an object to move in one direction rather than another, it stays where it is.
21. John Robinson, "Anaximander and the Problem of the Earth's Immobility," Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy, ed. J. Anton and G. Kustas (Albany, 1971), 111-18.
22. David Furley, The Greek Cosmologists (Cambridge, 1987), I, 23-30.
23. Cf. Aristotle On the Heavens 2.13 295a8-15 where he states that all those who hold that the earth came together at the center, attribute it to a vortex (δίνη) and its flatness.
24. Simplicius Commentary on Aristotle's On the Heavens 532.13.
25. See above note 5.
26. There is no doxographical evidence of a vortex before Empedocles.
27. This is not to say that the rings are spheres or taken together constitute a sphere. The sphere may be inferred from the reference that the earth is equidistant from everything, that is, all the points on the celestial circumference.
28. There are a number of doxographies in which these descriptions appear: Pseudo-Plutarch Miscellanies 2 (=DK12A10, 37); Hippolytus Refutation 1.6.4-5 (=DK12A11, 9-16); Aetius 2.13.7 (=DK12A18, 28-29); Aetius 2.20.1 (=DK12A21, 11-13); Aetius 2.21.1 (=DK12A21, 14-15); Aetius 2.24.2 (=DK12A21, 16-17); Aetius 2.25.1 (=DK12A22, 19-21); Aetius 2.29.1 (=DK12A22, 23).
29. Aetius 2.15.6 (=DK12A18, 30-32). It is not clear why Anaximander would have placed the fixed stars closest to the earth. Scholars are very much divided on the issue (see below). However, if George Burch is correct that distance is not discernable with the naked eye ("Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," Review of Metaphysics, 3 [1949-50], 156) then the order proposed by Anaximander (and this would also hold for the numbers corresponding to the sizes and distances of the heavenly bodies) cannot be based on observation. Ironically, if it is true, as astronomers assure me, that it is not that difficult to discern the occultations of the stars by the moon, then this also leads to the conclusion that the order proposed by Anaximander cannot be based on observation.
30. DK12A11. Some scholars like I. Neuhäuser, Anaximander Milesius sive vetustissima quaedam rerum universitatis conceptio restituta (Bonnae, 1883), 399, and Albert Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge, 1906), 15, n.1 hold that the text is not mutilated and Anaximander is stating that the circle of the sun is 27 times that of the moon. However, this would entail that Anaximander was using a unit of measure other than the earth (it would also make the earth appear many times smaller than it actually appears) and this is highly unlikely (see below). For this reason, I do not discuss the options associated with it below.
31. DK12A11. Some scholars like I. Neuhäuser, Anaximander Milesius sive vetustissima quaedam rerum universitatis conceptio restituta (Bonnae, 1883), 399, and Albert Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler (Cambridge, 1906), 15, n.1 hold that the text is not mutilated and Anaximander is stating that the circle of the sun is 27 times that of the moon. However, this would entail that Anaximander was using a unit of measure other than the earth (it would also make the earth appear many times smaller than it actually appears) and this is highly unlikely (see below). For this reason, I do not discuss the options associated with it below.
32. Aetius 2.2.1 (= DK12A21, 14-15).
33. Aetius 2.20.1 (= DK12A21, 10-11).
34. Samuel Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks [1956] (Princeton, 1987), 15-16; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination."
35. Samuel Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks [1956] (Princeton, 1987), 15-16; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination."
36. Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Martin L. West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient (Oxford, 1971), 86.
37. Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Martin L. West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient (Oxford, 1971), 86.
38. 2), cf. O'Brien, "Anaximander's Measurements," 423-24.
39. 2), cf. O'Brien, "Anaximander's Measurements," 423-24.
40. Aetius 2.25.1 (= DK12A22, 18-19).
41. For a list, see below note 64.
42. 4), 68; Hermann Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 10 (1897), 231, and Sir Thomas Heath, Aristarchus of Samos (Oxford, 1913), 37.
43. 4), 68; Hermann Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 10 (1897), 231, and Sir Thomas Heath, Aristarchus of Samos (Oxford, 1913), 37.
44. 4), 68; Hermann Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 10 (1897), 231, and Sir Thomas Heath, Aristarchus of Samos (Oxford, 1913), 37.
45. 4), 68; Hermann Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 10 (1897), 231, and Sir Thomas Heath, Aristarchus of Samos (Oxford, 1913), 37.
46. KRS, 136, n.1, followed by Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 96; Walter Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism [1962], tr. E. L. Minar Jr. (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 309, n.59; Marcel Conche, Anaximandre. Fragments et Témoignages (Paris, 1991), 209-10.
47. KRS, 136, n.1, followed by Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 96; Walter Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism [1962], tr. E. L. Minar Jr. (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 309, n.59; Marcel Conche, Anaximandre. Fragments et Témoignages (Paris, 1991), 209-10.
48. KRS, 136, n.1, followed by Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 96; Walter Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism [1962], tr. E. L. Minar Jr. (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 309, n.59; Marcel Conche, Anaximandre. Fragments et Témoignages (Paris, 1991), 209-10.
49. KRS, 136, n.1, followed by Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 96; Walter Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism [1962], tr. E. L. Minar Jr. (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 309, n.59; Marcel Conche, Anaximandre. Fragments et Témoignages (Paris, 1991), 209-10.
50. According to KRS, there seems little doubt that what is being compared are the diameters [my italics] of the rings of the heavenly bodies with the diameter or width of the circular surface earth.
51. Aetius 2.21.1 (= DK12A21, 14-15).
52. Although the accent in KRS is put on the sun ring, this is of course valid for all three rings.
53. KRS, 136, n.1.
54. O'Brien, "Anaximander's Measurements," 423-32.
55. Ibid., 424.
56. In fact, according to O'Brien, as long as we "retain the comparison of the radius of the earth with the thickness or width of the rim of the sun wheel then the figures 'will hold' whether we think of the distance (my italics) of the sun wheel from the earth in terms of radius, diameter, or circumference" (425). Since O'Brien holds that the rings are one half the earth's diameter, his calculations are in halves with the number 4 being dominant (425).
57. One of the few exceptions to this is Joyce Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22. She is clearly wrong.
58. O'Brien arrives at units of 4 by halving the diameters of the three rings (which he assumes, like the majority, to be 9, 18, and 27 respectively) and postulating the thickness of the rings themselves as ° the earth's diameter. Consequently, the distance between each ring is 4 earth diameters and if we add ° for the thickness of the star ring and ° for the thickness of the moon ring, then the distance from the center of the earth to the inner circumference of the sun ring is 13° earth diameters (° + 4 + ° + 4 + ° + 4).
59. See O'Brien, "Anaximander's Measurements," 425.
60. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 93.
61. Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86-87.
62. Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86-87.
63. O'Brien, "Anaximander's Measurements," 425.
64. This is O'Brien's thesis, but also that of A. E. Taylor, A Commentary on Plato's Timaeus (Oxford, 1928), 163.
65. 6), 300 n.2; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86.
66. 6), 300 n.2; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86.
67. 6), 300 n.2; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86.
68. Albert Forbiger, Handbuch der alten Geographie (Leipzig, 1842), I, 523 n.57, and Gerhart Röper, Philologus, 7 (1852), 608.
69. Albert Forbiger, Handbuch der alten Geographie (Leipzig, 1842), I, 523 n.57, and Gerhart Röper, Philologus, 7 (1852), 608.
70. Gerhart Teichmüller, Studien zur Geschichte der Begriffe (Berlin, 1874), 16-17.
71. On this, see G. Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 154-55.
72. F. M. Cornford, "Innumerable Worlds in Presocratic Philosophy," Classical Quarterly, 28 (1934), 12 and 15; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination", 17 (at least Hahn's diagram seems to imply this). C2 would work out to the sun appearing approximately 4 × larger than it actually does.
73. F. M. Cornford, "Innumerable Worlds in Presocratic Philosophy," Classical Quarterly, 28 (1934), 12 and 15; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination", 17 (at least Hahn's diagram seems to imply this). C2 would work out to the sun appearing approximately 4 × larger than it actually does.
74. F. M. Cornford, "Innumerable Worlds in Presocratic Philosophy," Classical Quarterly, 28 (1934), 12 and 15; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination", 17 (at least Hahn's diagram seems to imply this). C2 would work out to the sun appearing approximately 4 × larger than it actually does.
75. Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10.
76. Ironically, Conche is directing his fire at O'Brien who insists that we must compare "like with like." According to Conche, if this were not the case then the diameter of the κυκλος as measured from outer edges of the rings (agreeing in this with KRS) would be 11, 20, and 29. But this is not what KRS means (see above).
77. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
78. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
79. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
80. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
81. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
82. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
83. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
84. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
85. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Dreyer, A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 14-15; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 32; Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 94; Robert Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate (Paris, 1951), 76; KRS, 136; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 62; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Dirk Couprie, ̀The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy,̀ Apeiron, 28 (1995), 160. Of course, B2 would make the sun appear 9x larger (4°30′) than it actually does appear. If this conclusion is correct, it is a clear indication that observational astronomy, strictly speaking, could not have played a role in the series in question. In fact, only C1 is a close acceptable approximation (45′) and it was not held by anyone for obvious reasons. This also concurs with what was stated above with respect to the position of the star rings.
86. This is in opposition to others (in particular KRS, 134) who insist on putting the accent on the distance rather than the size of the rings which, in my view, only adds to the confusion.
87. See for example, Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155, n.41; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, 309, n.59; Conche, Anaximandre, 209; McKirahan, Philosophy before Socrates, 39, n.16.
88. See for example, Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155, n.41; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, 309, n.59; Conche, Anaximandre, 209; McKirahan, Philosophy before Socrates, 39, n.16.
89. See for example, Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155, n.41; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, 309, n.59; Conche, Anaximandre, 209; McKirahan, Philosophy before Socrates, 39, n.16.
90. See for example, Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155, n.41; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, 309, n.59; Conche, Anaximandre, 209; McKirahan, Philosophy before Socrates, 39, n.16.
91. See for example, Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155, n.41; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, 309, n.59; Conche, Anaximandre, 209; McKirahan, Philosophy before Socrates, 39, n.16.
92. See for example, Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155, n.41; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, 309, n.59; Conche, Anaximandre, 209; McKirahan, Philosophy before Socrates, 39, n.16.
93. It is important to note for the case at hand that I am making a distinction between the ring of fire and the sun ring. The sun ring (see below) also includes the ring of dark mist which encases the ring of fire. 59 κείμενον λοξόν DK12A22, 20. The tilting of the ring of the sun has nothing to do with the obliquity of the ecliptic, but the obliquity of the heavenly axis with respect to the earth round which the heavenly bodies turn. This entails, as I noted above, that the celestial rings stand for the daily paths of the sun, moon, and stars. Since Anaximander thought the earth to be flat, the obliquity of the axis (some 38.5° at Delphi, the earth's navel) would be the same all over the earth. For a rendition of the astronomical model which would follow from this, see Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 159-81. Couprie's thesis only reinforces my own thesis that Anaximander's numbers are not based on astronomical data of any sort.
94. O'Brien's analysis gives multiples of 4.
95. On the importance of flatness, see Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155, n.41. Furthermore, it should be clear that if mist is the same thickness throughout, then the shape of the ring would be oval or flat rather than round (figs. 1 and 3). I don't mean to imply by this that "chariot wheels" at the time were oval shaped.
96. Although it is generally agreed that the star ring or rings become smaller as the stars are nearer to the poles, this, in fact, would only be the case for the star ring or rings at the celestial equator. But it seems obvious that Anaximander did not give this any thought.
97. As we shall see further on the accent for Anaximander is on the center.
98. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
99. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
100. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
101. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
102. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
103. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
104. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
105. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
106. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
107. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
108. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
109. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
110. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
111. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
112. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in
113. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
114. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
115. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
116. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
117. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
118. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
119. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
120. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
121. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
122. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
123. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
124. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
125. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
126. Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 232; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 37-38; Burnet (1945), 71; Léon Robin, La pensée grecque (Paris, 1923), 62; Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, tr. Gilbert Highet (3 vols.; New York, 1943-45), I, 157; Heinrich Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," JHI, 4 (1943), 166-67; Gregory Vlastos, "Equality and Justice in Early Greek Cosmologies" [1947] in Studies in Presocratic Philosophy, ed. D. Furley and R. Allen (2 vols.; London, 1970), 75, n. 105; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 155-56; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Wallace I. Matson, "Cornford on the Birth of Metaphysics," Review of Metaphysics, 8 (1954-55), 445; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15; Nicholas Rescher, "Cosmic Evolution in Anaximander," Studium Generale, 11 (1958), repr. in Rescher, Essays in Philosophical Analysis (Pittsburgh, 1969), 22-25; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 88, 94-97; KRS, 136; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95-96; Walter Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," Rheinisches Museum 106 (1963), 97-134; (1972), 307; O'Brien "Anaximander's Measurements," 95-96; Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science (London, 1970), 28; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 86; Furley, The Greek Cosmologists, 28; Engmann, "Cosmic Justice in Anaximander," Phronesis, 36 (1991), 22; Conche, Anaximandre, 209-10; McKirahan, Philosophy Before Socrates, 38-39; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 160; Wright, Cosmology in Antiquity, 42; Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 102.
127. While most scholars agree that Anaximander gave the structure of the cosmos a mathematical or geometrical basis, I am not aware of anyone who defends the position that the inspiration is purely and solely a priori. Even Cornford, who originally announces in Principium Sapientiae that the numbers "are a priori and cannot be based on any kind of observation" (165), later admits that they cannot be devoid of references to observation (170).
128. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
129. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
130. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
131. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
132. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
133. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
134. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
135. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
136. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
137. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
138. Tannery, Pour une histoire de la science hellène, 91; Diels, "Ueber Anaximanders Kosmos," 231; Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, 38; Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, 68; Robin, La pensée grecque, 62; Cornford, Principium Sapientiae, 164; Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks, 15-16; Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, I, 95; Burkert, "Iranisches bei Anaximandros," 97-134; West, Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 89; Furley, The Greek Cosmology, 28.
139. Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 96.
140. In fact, in conjunction with Egyptian accounts, West goes so far as to add the number 36 to the series to account for the diameter of the "outer ouranos," that is, the apeiron which encompasses the whole (Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient, 92).
141. This also holds for the famous passage in Hesiod's Theogony (722ff) where it is said that it takes the same time for a bronze anvil to fall from sky to earth and from earth to Tartarus (9-day intervals). Indeed, we are not dealing here with equidistant concentric circles established from a common center.
142. Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 154; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 96-97; Conche, Anaximandre, 218; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 159-81.
143. Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 154; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 96-97; Conche, Anaximandre, 218; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 159-81.
144. Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 154; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 96-97; Conche, Anaximandre, 218; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 159-81.
145. Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 154; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 96-97; Conche, Anaximandre, 218; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 159-81.
146. Burch, "Anaximander, the First Metaphysician," 154; Baccou, Histoire de la science grecque de Thalès à Socrate, 77; Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 96-97; Conche, Anaximandre, 218; Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy," 159-81.
147. 2), 107, but also 25 and 140; D. R. Dicks, Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle (Bristol, 1970), 4-47; G.E.R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason and Experience (Cambridge, 1979), 176-77 and again in Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge, 1991), 278-302.
148. 2), 107, but also 25 and 140; D. R. Dicks, Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle (Bristol, 1970), 4-47; G.E.R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason and Experience (Cambridge, 1979), 176-77 and again in Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge, 1991), 278-302.
149. 2), 107, but also 25 and 140; D. R. Dicks, Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle (Bristol, 1970), 4-47; G.E.R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason and Experience (Cambridge, 1979), 176-77 and again in Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge, 1991), 278-302.
150. 2), 107, but also 25 and 140; D. R. Dicks, Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle (Bristol, 1970), 4-47; G.E.R. Lloyd, Magic, Reason and Experience (Cambridge, 1979), 176-77 and again in Methods and Problems in Greek Science (Cambridge, 1991), 278-302.
151. Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination"; Indra K. McEwen, Socrates' Ancestor: An Essay on Architectural Beginnings (Cambridge, Mass., 1993).
152. Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination"; Indra K. McEwen, Socrates' Ancestor: An Essay on Architectural Beginnings (Cambridge, Mass., 1993).
153. Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 99-101. McEwen also notes this, in particular, in relation to the proportions (Socrates' Ancestor, 27).
154. Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 99-101. McEwen also notes this, in particular, in relation to the proportions (Socrates' Ancestor, 27).
155. Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 111. McEwen, for her part, argues rather convincingly that Greek temple-building was structured after their vertical weaving looms - something foreign to Egypt (Socrates' Ancestor, 107-18).
156. Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 111. McEwen, for her part, argues rather convincingly that Greek temple-building was structured after their vertical weaving looms - something foreign to Egypt (Socrates' Ancestor, 107-18).
157. Hahn, "Technology and Anaximander's Cosmical Imagination," 115-16.
158. Ibid., 117-18. For what I see as a more interesting analogy, see my note 83 on εστία below.
159. Ibid., 123.
160. Ibid., 116-17.
161. Ibid., 117, n.75.
162. Gomperz, "Problems and Method in Early Greek Science," 167.
163. Vernant's thesis is expounded in several articles regrouped in Myth and Thought Among the Greeks [1963] (London, 1983), Part Three: "The Organisation of Space," 125-234. Vernant does not mention in his thesis the series of numbers or the three concentric circles.
164. Vernant's thesis is expounded in several articles regrouped in Myth and Thought Among the Greeks [1963] (London, 1983), Part Three: "The Organisation of Space," 125-234. Vernant does not mention in his thesis the series of numbers or the three concentric circles.
165. According to Vernant, this explains why the political expression έ κοινω̂(combining vertical line below), "to make public, to place in common," has a synonym whose spatial value is evident, that is, ε(combining comma above)ν κοινω̂(combining vertical line below), "to put in the center, to set down in the middle." Myth and Thought Among the Greeks, 184-85.
166. Ibid., 187-89. In a more detailed discussion of Hestia (127-75) in another chapter, Vernant discusses the link that Louis Deroy (Le culte du foyer, 32 and 43) makes between the hearth (ε(combining comma above)στίη- ε(combining comma above)στία) and a column (ι(combining comma above)στίη- ι(combining comma above)στία). However, Vernant does not make a connection between Anaximander's earth and a column. The point I want to make here is that since a hearth entails a stone slab of sorts, it may be that the community hearth employed a round one with roughly a 3 to 1 ratio. This, I should note, is also suggested by the related word ο(combining comma above)μθαλός (navel) which can mean not only the center or middle point, but equally a "rounded stone" [sic] as in the case of the Delphic temple. If such is the case, Anaximander's model could represent a compromise between rationalism and religion.
167. Aristotle On the Heaven 295b11-16 (= DK12A26, 1-5).
168. Hippolytus Refutation 1.6.3 (= DK12A11, 6-7).
169. Vernant, Myth and Thought Among the Greeks, 192.
170. I am understanding the term ι(combining comma above)σονομία in the sense in which it is employed by Alcmeon of Croton (c.500) in the expression health is an ι(combining comma above)σονομία τω̂ν δυναμέων (DK24B4), that is, a "balance of powers" (disease, on the other hand, is the result of a μοναρχία). In sum, ι(combining comma above)σονομία must be understood as a "balance" or "equilibrium" which results when the constituent powers act as "equals."
171. We must remember that since the aim of a cosmogonical myth is to explain how the present order of things (i.e., the current socio-political structure) was established, then the logical as opposed to the temporal departure point is the society in which the narrator resides.
172. Aristophanes The Birds 1002-9. I am using the translation by Richard Wycherley, "Aristophanes, The Birds, 995-1009," Classical Quarterly, 31 (1937), 22 with some changes.
173. Herodotus Histories 1.170.
174. The γνώμων or set square employed by Meton is also indissociable from the seasonal sundial, a time-telling device identified with Anaximander (DK 12A1), which identifies the solstices and equinoxes and is thus a confirmation of both the geometrization of space (celestial events occur in circles) and of the regularity and equilibrium of the forces of nature over Time. This is a central image, as we will see, in the one surviving fragment of Anaximander. Moreover, the report concerning Anaximander and the sundial is in connection with his visit to Sparta where the citizens were known as ομοιοι (Aristotle Politics 5 1306b30).
175. Politics 2.5. Although Hippodamus is considered as the Greek inventor of orthogonal planning, Joseph Rykwert, The Idea of a Town (Princeton, 1976) argues that "orthogonal planning was found all over the known world" (87) and its aim was to orient the population with the geometric configuration of the cosmos. The two intersecting coordinates being the axis round which the sun turned (202).
176. The reforms instituted by Cleisthenes of Athens (507/506 BC) may constitute an even better example. His aim was to come to terms with the three factions into which Athenian society (and the territory of Attica) was divided: the πεδίακοι (plainsmen or aristocrats), the παράλιοι (coast men or middle class), and the διάκριοι (the highlanders or commoners) (Aristotle Athenian Constitution 13.4; 21.4). However, contrary to Hippodamus, Cleisthenes wanted to create an homogeneous state in which the social realm took on the form of a centered and circular cosmos. Pierre Lévêque and Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Clisthene L'Athénien, Sur la représentation de l'espace et du temps en Grèce de la fin du Vle siècle à la mort de Platon (Paris, 1964) draw our attention to the fact that Cleisthenes tripartition of Attica led to the creation of three more or less concentric zones (128).
177. What I understand here by "class" is a group of people sharing a similar economic and/ or social position. Most scholars agree that before the Archaic period (800-500 BC), Greek society was consciously divided into two distinct social groups: the aristocracy and the δη̂μος. Further, few scholars contest that this status quo ante did not radically change during the Archaic period and that this change was closely linked to the evolution of the polis. Although no one factor can explain how this phenomenon occurred, economic expansion appears to have played a fundamental role, for economic expansion was not only responsible for the upheaval of the existing society, but also for the "hoplite revolution," which many distinguish scholars identify with a "new middle class" and it is this "middle class" to which I am presently referring.
178. This could explain why Anaximander employed the plural ουρανοι in a famous testimony ascribed to him: ε(combining comma above)ξ η̂ς απαντας γίγνεσθαι τοὺς ου(combining comma above)ρανοὺς κὰ τοὺς ε(combining comma above)ν αυ(combining comma above)τοι̂ς κόσμους (Simplicius Commentary on Aristotle's Physics 24.13-24, in particular, 18 = Theophrastus Opinions of the Physicists, 2, dox. 476 = DK12A9). The ου(combining comma above)ρανοί could designate the three rings which correspond to the three social groups. In order to avoid conferring on any one ring the unique privilege of being called ου(combining comma above)ρανός - which would amount to supporting the idea of μοναρχία, Anaximander gave to each ring this privilege.
179. DK12A6
180. While I do not exclude a three-dimensional mechanical model of the universe for Anaximander, if he did in effect construct one, it is highly unlikely that it would be the result of astronomical observation for reasons already mentioned (on how complex the model would have to be, see Couprie, "The Visualization Of Anaximander's Astronomy"). What I do see is a plan model inscribed on wood, stone or bronze analogous to his famous chart and city plan - in sum, three corresponding models.
181. DK12A3 (= Aelian 3.17).
182. Herodotus 5.28-29; Plutarch The Greek Questions 32 = Moralia 298c.
183. 2], 138). Of course, this was a result of successfully defending Miletus against the Lydians and then making peace with them. However, Thrasybulus was also noted for acting ruthlessly against all opposition (Herodotus 5.92) and he was brought down by social dissension. In sum, there were both prosperity and strife during this period. Michael Grant, for his part (The Rise of the Greeks [New York, 1988], 159-60), sees Miletus as flourishing as never before under the Lydian Croesus (c. 560-546 BC) which is closely connected with the Parian arbitration that followed the two generations of civil strife.
184. 2], 138). Of course, this was a result of successfully defending Miletus against the Lydians and then making peace with them. However, Thrasybulus was also noted for acting ruthlessly against all opposition (Herodotus 5.92) and he was brought down by social dissension. In sum, there were both prosperity and strife during this period. Michael Grant, for his part (The Rise of the Greeks [New York, 1988], 159-60), sees Miletus as flourishing as never before under the Lydian Croesus (c. 560-546 BC) which is closely connected with the Parian arbitration that followed the two generations of civil strife.
185. 2], 138). Of course, this was a result of successfully defending Miletus against the Lydians and then making peace with them. However, Thrasybulus was also noted for acting ruthlessly against all opposition (Herodotus 5.92) and he was brought down by social dissension. In sum, there were both prosperity and strife during this period. Michael Grant, for his part (The Rise of the Greeks [New York, 1988], 159-60), sees Miletus as flourishing as never before under the Lydian Croesus (c. 560-546 BC) which is closely connected with the Parian arbitration that followed the two generations of civil strife.
186. Jeffrey M. Hurwit, The Art and Culture of Early Greece, 1100-480 B.C. (Ithaca, 1985), 205, also makes this point and draws similar conclusions. Of course, the lives of Thales and Anaximenes also fall into the period in question. On the dates, see Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy.
187. Jeffrey M. Hurwit, The Art and Culture of Early Greece, 1100-480 B.C. (Ithaca, 1985), 205, also makes this point and draws similar conclusions. Of course, the lives of Thales and Anaximenes also fall into the period in question. On the dates, see Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy.
188. For another interpretation, fascinating, but strange, see Antonio Capizzi, The Cosmic Republic (Amsterdam, 1990), 255ff.
189. G. E. L. Huxley, The Early Ionians (London, 1966), 79-81; Claude Mossé, La Tyrannie dans la Grèce Antique (Paris, 1969), 12-14.
190. G. E. L. Huxley, The Early Ionians (London, 1966), 79-81; Claude Mossé, La Tyrannie dans la Grèce Antique (Paris, 1969), 12-14.
191. Herodotus (5.28).
192. Chester Starr (1977), 148-52.
193. Phocylides frag. 12 and 7. See Huxley (1966), 80, n. 46.
194. I am assuming here that the Persian defeat of Croesus around 547 BC made the Milesians come to their senses and seek a Parian mediation.
195. In Anaximander's famous fragment which explains how the present natural order of things is maintained, it is the immanent law of Time (Xρόνος) which assures that the primary opposites act as equals: "Things perish into those things from which they have their being, according to necessity; for these things pay penalty and retribution to one another for their injustice according to the assessment of time" (ε(combining comma above)ξ ω̂ν δὲ η(combining comma above) γένεσίς ε(combining comma above)στι τοι̂ς ου̂σι, καὶ τὴν θθορὰν ει(combining comma above)ς ταυ̂τα γίγνεσθαι κατὰ τὸ χρεών, διδόναι γὰρ αυ(combining comma above)τὰ δίκην καὶ τίσιν α(combining comma above)λλγ́λοις τη̂ς α(combining comma above)δικίας κατὰ τὴν του̂ χρόνου τάξιν; Simplicius Commentary on Aristotle's Physics 24.13 = DK12A9 and B1). In sum, the natural order of things is the result of a constant interchange between the primary powers or opposites, the same powers or opposites which were behind the initial formation of the universe: hot and cold; wet and dry. By nature the opposites encroach on one another, but by nature they must also pay a penalty and retribution to one another for this encroachment or injustice with Time as the assessor or magistrate. The struggle or interchange between the primary opposites is behind all natural phenomena: night and day; the changing of the seasons; the birth and death of living things etc., with Time as the guarantee that a stalemate will result indefinitely. For an excellent discussion of the fragment and still, in my view, the best to date, see Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, 166-96. I should note that I do not see the απειρον, as many do, as governing, so to speak, the world order. If this were the case, the απειρον would be akin to Hesiod's Zeus, a μοναρχία.
196. This is the case, in particular, in summer and winter wherein hot and dry appear to rival cold and wet, but this is also evidenced in night and day, in the summer and winter solstices etc. Of course, the heavenly bodies are also behind the meteorological phenomena. Indeed, while it is true that wind plays a predominate role in the explanation of the meteor-ological phenomena in Anaximander (DK12A11, 23), in the final analysis, it is still the sun which explains the wind (DK12A24, 27).
197. In the final analysis, it is also the cosmological model which holds the opposite powers in check.
198. An excellent example of this would be the Laws of Hammurabi which put an end to social and political injustice in his time and created a new, more orderly view of the universe. (On this, see Thorkild Jacobsen in Before Philosophy, ed. by Henri Frankfort and others [London, 1949], 223) . For an interesting analysis of this for the period in question, see Arthur W. H. Adkins, "Ethics and the Breakdown of the Cosmogony in Ancient Greece," Cosmogony and Ethical Order, ed. by R. W. Lovin and F. E. Reynolds (Chicago, 1985), 279-309.
199. An excellent example of this would be the Laws of Hammurabi which put an end to social and political injustice in his time and created a new, more orderly view of the universe. (On this, see Thorkild Jacobsen in Before Philosophy, ed. by Henri Frankfort and others [London, 1949], 223) . For an interesting analysis of this for the period in question, see Arthur W. H. Adkins, "Ethics and the Breakdown of the Cosmogony in Ancient Greece," Cosmogony and Ethical Order, ed. by R. W. Lovin and F. E. Reynolds (Chicago, 1985), 279-309.
200. More often than not, there are a number of competing models.
201. This is also suggested by the social and legal terminology of the fragment.
202. In sum, Anaximander could have envisaged a sort of circular city with the dimensions of the agora serving as the unit of measure for the other circles or divisions of the city (such that the circular divisions of the city with respect to the diameter of the agora would be 1×3×3, 2×3×3, and 3×3×3). For a possible analogy, see Plato's description of the city of Atlantis (Critias 113d-e). No one, to my knowledge, has ever pointed this out. Of course, as I noted above, the idea of a circular city centered on the agora was not foreign to the Greeks.
203. In sum, the ι(combining comma above)σονομία expressed would be akin to but different from the one spoken of by Herodotus at 5.37-38 where he informs us that after the Ionian revolt against Persia (500 BC), the tyrant Histiaeus and his deputy Aristagoras, renounced, at least in appearance, tyranny and proclamed that all the citizens of Miletus had equal rights (ι(combining comma above)σονομίγν ε(combining comma above)ποίεε τη̂ Mιλγ́τω(combining vertical line below)). Or again, at 3.142 where he tells us that after the fall of tyranny of Polycrates of Samos (c. 518 BC and thus earlier by a generation or so), his successor, Maiandros, to distinguish himself from Polycrates, saw his fellow Samians as equals (ομοιοι), placed the power in the middle (ε(combining comma above)ς μέσον), and proclaimed ι(combining comma above)σονομία for all (3.142). In both of these cases ι(combining comma above)σονομία seems analogous with democracy, whereas for Anaximander we are approaching democracy.
204. Note that even for Heraclitus, for whom strife is justice, "moderation is the greatest virtue" (σωθρονει̂ν α(combining comma above)ρετὴ μεγίστη(combining vertical line below), DK22B112). In the final analysis, Anaximander's political model would entail all three groups appealing to the impartial principle of law and, therefore, moderation, otherwise the so-called middle group would have a "privileged" relation with the center.
205. I see this as a consequence of the new spirit of competition which was sweeping Greece already in Hesiod's time: Wealth makes the man. And for Hesiod, it was ερις, strife, albeit "good strife," which was the motivating factor behind it. See Naddaf (1992), 82-89 and 185-88.
206. This explains the contempt of Theognis for the "nouveaux riches" (Elegies 43-55).
207. As opposed to Solon for whom justice is a harmony between four nonequal groups. This also distinguishes Anaximander from Thales and Anaximenes for whom there was only one principle and thus one social group which should dominate.
208. In the Laws, Plato, as Lévêque and Vidal-Naquet point out, makes the microcosm of the city participate in the macrocosm of the universe (Clisthene L'Athénien, 146). For the case at hand, I don't think that each group would have to match up a particular ring, e.g., the middle group for some reason with the moon ring. This would be too extreme! However, other scholars may know of precedents.
209. I am using utopian in the sense of an ideal society which is perfectly capable of being accomplished.