Cone opening phenology, seed dispersal, and seed predation in southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis) in southern Colorado

Ecoscience

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 319-326

  Samano, Sheridan ^a   Tomback, Diana F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Clark's nutcracker; Nucifraga columbiana; Pinus strobiformis; Red squirrel; San Juan Mountains; Seed dispersal; Southwestern white pine; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus; Tree clusters

Indexed keywords

MORPHOLOGY; PHENOLOGY; SEED DISPERSAL; SEED PREDATION;

NORTH AMERICA; ROCKY MOUNTAINS; SAN JUAN MOUNTAINS; UNITED STATES;

AVES; GALLIFORMES; NUCIFRAGA; NUCIFRAGA COLUMBIANA; PINUS FLEXILIS; PINUS STROBIFORMIS; SCIURIDAE; TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONICUS;

EID: 0346934921     PISSN: 11956860     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2003.11682780     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
2. Benkman, C. W., 1995a. Wind dispersal capacity of pine seeds and the evolution of different seed dispersal modes in pines. Oikos, 73: 221-224.
3. Benkman, C. W., 1995b. The impact of tree squirrels (Tamia sciurus) on limber pine seed dispersal adaptations. Evolution, 49: 585-604.
4. Benkman, C. W., R. P. Balda & C. C. Smith, 1984. Adaptations for seed dispersal and the compromises due to seed predation in limber pine. Ecology, 65: 632-642.
5. Breindel, S., 2000. Seasonal foraging dynamics and the importance of pine seeds in the diet of Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri). M.A. thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado.
6. Carsey, K. S. & D. F. Tomback, 1994. Growth form distribution and genetic relationships in tree clusters of Pinus flexilis, a bird-dispersed pine. Oecologia, 98: 402-411.
7. Critchfield, W. B. & E. L. Little, Jr., 1966. Geographic Distribution of the Pines of the World. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication 991, Washington, D.C.
8. Farjon, A. & B. T. Styles, 1997. Flora Neotropica, Monograph 75, Pinus (Pinaceae). Organization for Flora Neotropica, The New York Botanical Garden, New York, New York.
9. Finley, R. B., Jr., 1969. Cone caches and middens of Tamiasciurus in the Rocky Mountain region. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publication 51, Lawrence, Kansas.
10. Fitzgerald, J. P., C. A. Meaney, & D. M. Armstrong, 1994. Mammals of Colorado. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado.
11. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, Volume II in Flora of North America North of Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York, New York.
12. Furnier, G. R., P. Knowles, M. A. Clyde & B. P. Dancik, 1987. Effects of avian seed dispersal on the genetic structure of whitebark pine populations. Evolution, 41: 607-612.
13. Hall, E. R. & K. R. Kelson, 1959. The Mammals of North America. The Ronald Press Company, New York, New York.
14. Howell, S. N. & S. Webb, 1995. Field Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
15. Hutchins, H. E. & R. M. Lanner, 1982. The central role of Clark's nutcracker in the dispersal and establishment of whitebark pine. Oecologia, 55: 192-201.
16. Krugman, S. L. & J. L. Jenkinson, 1974. Pinus L. Pine. Pages 598-638 in C. S. Schopmeyer (Tech. Coord.). Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook #450, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
17. Lanner, R. M., 1980. Avian seed dispersal as a factor in the ecology and evolution of limber and whitebark pines. Pages 15-48 in B. P. Dancik & K. O. Higginbotham (ed.). Proceedings of the Sixth North American Forest Biology Workshop. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
18. Lanner, R. M., 1998. Seed dispersal in Pinus. Pages 281-295 in D. M. Richardson (ed.). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.
19. Lanner, R. M. & S. B. Vander Wall, 1980. Dispersal of limber pine seed by Clark's nutcracker. Journal of Forestry, 78: 637-639.
20. Linhart, Y. B. & D. F. Tomback, 1985. Seed dispersal by Clark's nutcracker causes multi-trunk growth form in pines. Oecologia, 67: 107-110.
21. Ligon, J. D., 1978. Reproductive interdependence of piñon jays and piñon pines. Ecological Monographs, 48: 111-126.
22. Price, R. A., A. Liston & S. H. Strauss, 1998. Phylogeny and systematics of Pinus. Pages 49-68 in D. M. Richardson (ed.). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York.
23. Smith, C. C., 1970. The coevolution of pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus) and conifers. Ecological Monographs, 40: 349-371.
24. Smith, C. C. & R. P. Balda, 1979. Competition among insects, birds and mammals for conifer seeds. American Zoologist, 19: 1065-1083.
25. Steinhoff, R. J. & J. W. Andresen, 1971. Geographic variation in Pinus flexilis and Pinus strobiformis and its bearing on their taxonomic status. Silvae Genetica, 20: 159-167.
26. Tomback, D. F., 1978. Foraging strategies of Clark's nutcracker. Living Bird, 16: 123-161.
27. Tomback, D. F., 1982. Dispersal of whitebark pine seeds by Clark's nutcracker: A mutualism hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 51: 451-467.
28. Tomback, D. F., 1994. Ecological relationship between Clark's nutcracker and four wingless-seed Strobus pines of western North America. Pages 221-224 in W. C. Schmidt & F. K. Holtmeier (ed.). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and their Environment: The State of our Knowledge. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Research Station INT-6TR-309, Ogden, Utah.
29. Tomback, D. F., 1998. Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). The Birds of North America, Number 331. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
30. Tomback, D. F., L. A. Hoffman & S. K. Sund, 1990. Coevolution of whitebark pine and nutcrackers: Implications for forest regeneration. Pages 118-129 in W. C. Schmidt & K. J. McDonald (comp.). Proceedings of the Symposium on Whitebark Pine Ecosystems: Ecology and Management of a High Mountain Resource. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-270, Ogden, Utah.
31. Tomback, D. F. & K. A. Kramer, 1980. Limber pine seed harvest by Clark's nutcracker in the Sierra Nevada: Timing and foraging behavior. Condor, 82: 467-468.
32. Tomback, D. F. & Y. B. Linhart, 1990. The evolution of bird-dispersed pines. Evolutionary Ecology, 4: 185-219.
33. Tomback, D. F, & W. F. S. Schuster, 1994. Genetic population structure and growth form distribution in bird-dispersed pines. Pages 43-50 in W. C. Schmidt & F. K. Holtmeier (ed.). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and their Environment: The Status of Our Knowledge. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station GTR-309, Ogden, Utah.
34. Torick, L. L., D. F. Tomback & R. Espinoza, 1996. Occurrence of multi-genet tree clusters in "wind-dispersed" pines. American Midland Naturalist, 136: 262-266.
35. van der Pijl, L., 1972. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.
36. Vander Wall, S. B., 1988. Foraging of Clark's nutcrackers on rapidly changing pine seed resources. Condor, 90: 621-631.
37. Vander Wall, S. B., 1992. The role of animals in dispersing a "wind-dispersed" pine. Ecology, 7: 614-621.
38. Vander Wall, S. B., 1993. A model of caching depth: Implications for scatter hoarders and plant dispersal. American Naturalist, 141: 217-232.
39. Vander Wall, S. B., 1994. Removal of wind-dispersed pine seeds by ground-foraging vertebrates. Oikos, 69: 125-132.
40. Vander Wall, S. B. & R. P. Balda, 1977. Coadaptations of the Clark's nutcracker and piñon pine for efficient seed harvest and dispersal. Ecological Monographs, 47: 89-111.
41. Vander Wall, S. B. & R. P. Balda, 1981. Ecology and evolution of food-storage behavior in conifer-seed-caching corvids. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsycology, 56: 217-242.
42. Vander Wall, S. B. & H. E. Hutchins, 1983. Dependence of Clark's nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana, on conifer seeds during postfledging period. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 97: 208-214.