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Volumn , Issue 153, 1998, Pages 128-140

The Sino-Vatican Negotiations: Old Problems in a New Context

(1)  Leung, Beatrice a  

a NONE

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EID: 0346933110     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0305741000003015     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (51)
  • 1
    • 0004540277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • See Beatrice Leung, Sino-Vatican Relations: Problems in Conflicting Authority (1976-86) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 189-256. Bishop Deng Yiming in his memoir has a chapter on this event. See Dominic Tang, How Inscrutable His Ways! Memoirs 1951-1981, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong: n.p., 1991), pp. 126-130. It was revealed that Casaroli went to Hong Kong to greet Bishop Deng Yiming who was released in 1981 after 22 years of imprisonment in China as the first overture from the Vatican. The Pope in his visit to Manila visit in February 1981 made a very conciliatory speech to China. See "The Pope speaks to Chinese Christians", Sunday Examiner, 27 February 1981.
    • (1992) Sino-Vatican Relations: Problems in Conflicting Authority (1976-86) , pp. 189-256
    • Leung, B.1
  • 2
    • 0346043410 scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: n.p.
    • See Beatrice Leung, Sino-Vatican Relations: Problems in Conflicting Authority (1976-86) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 189-256. Bishop Deng Yiming in his memoir has a chapter on this event. See Dominic Tang, How Inscrutable His Ways! Memoirs 1951-1981, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong: n.p., 1991), pp. 126-130. It was revealed that Casaroli went to Hong Kong to greet Bishop Deng Yiming who was released in 1981 after 22 years of imprisonment in China as the first overture from the Vatican. The Pope in his visit to Manila visit in February 1981 made a very conciliatory speech to China. See "The Pope speaks to Chinese Christians", Sunday Examiner, 27 February 1981.
    • (1991) How Inscrutable His Ways! Memoirs 1951-1981, 2nd Ed. , pp. 126-130
    • Tang, D.1
  • 3
    • 0347304684 scopus 로고
    • The Pope speaks to Chinese Christians
    • 27 February
    • See Beatrice Leung, Sino-Vatican Relations: Problems in Conflicting Authority (1976-86) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 189-256. Bishop Deng Yiming in his memoir has a chapter on this event. See Dominic Tang, How Inscrutable His Ways! Memoirs 1951-1981, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong: n.p., 1991), pp. 126-130. It was revealed that Casaroli went to Hong Kong to greet Bishop Deng Yiming who was released in 1981 after 22 years of imprisonment in China as the first overture from the Vatican. The Pope in his visit to Manila visit in February 1981 made a very conciliatory speech to China. See "The Pope speaks to Chinese Christians", Sunday Examiner, 27 February 1981.
    • (1981) Sunday Examiner
  • 4
    • 0347304693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Revealed by Fr. Jose Calle S. J. who accompanied Cardinal Sin in the latter's meeting with Zhao Ziyang in November 1987.
  • 5
    • 0346674158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In 1957, the CCP demanded Chinese Catholics sever relations with the Holy See. The CCP-staffed Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association (CPA) was a demarcation of those who yielded to this demand and proclaimed independence in administering the Chinese Catholic Church. Those who refused were either gaoled or turned to the underground. In this article the Catholics functioning under the CPA are the official sector of the Catholic Church, while those who refused are the unofficial sector. Both sectors are part of the same Chinese Catholic Church.
  • 6
    • 0346043406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • TVB (Hong Kong) news report, 12 November 1995. The Catholic spokesman, Fr. J. B. Tsang, in the TVB interview remarked that the nature of the present Vatican-Taiwan relations might be changed if Sino-Vatican relations were about to be established. Many local Hong Kong newspapers reported this piece of news.
  • 7
    • 0346674157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Bishop Jin Luxian of Shanghai in an interview with this author expressed this view in November 1994. Some government-appointed bishops in China also supported this view. Apparently Catholic leaders in the open Church circle have arrived at a consensus on the question of appointment of bishops.
  • 8
    • 0346674149 scopus 로고
    • Beijing: Zongjiao wenhua chubanshe
    • The Chinese Prime Minister Li Peng, at a meeting about religious work with the State Council on 5 December 1990, reminded religious workers at all levels about interference in religious matters by foreign forces. A few months later (February 1991) the Party Centre and the State Council jointly issued a document to reiterate the policy of allowing foreign religious forces to interfere in China's internal religious matters. See Documentation Centre of Party Central and Policy Section of Religious Affair Bureau, Xinshiqi zongjiao gongzuo wenxian xuanbian (Selected Documents on Religious Work of New Age) (Beijing: Zongjiao wenhua chubanshe, 1995), pp. 186-197, 213-237.
    • (1995) Xinshiqi Zongjiao Gongzuo Wenxian Xuanbian (Selected Documents on Religious Work of New Age) , pp. 186-197
  • 10
    • 0004540277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On various occasions over a long period, the government-appointed Bishop Michael Fu of Beijing responded to the Pope's 1981 Manila speech by echoing the Chinese government's stance that the Pope should cut diplomatic relations with Taiwan. See Leung, Sino-Vatican Relations, pp. 196-200. In 1990, the former Foreign Minister Wu Xue Qian repeated the same view. See Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 186-88. In October 1997 China for the first time issued a White Paper on Religious Freedom in which it reiterated that the cutting of Taiwan-Vatican diplomatic relations was pre-requisite for Sino-Vatican reconciliation. See "Zhongguo de zongjiao xinyang ziyou zhuangkuang, baipishu" ("White Paper on China's religious freedom policy"), Tai Kung Pao, 17 October 1997.
    • Sino-Vatican Relations , pp. 196-200
    • Leung1
  • 11
    • 30944458450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On various occasions over a long period, the government-appointed Bishop Michael Fu of Beijing responded to the Pope's 1981 Manila speech by echoing the Chinese government's stance that the Pope should cut diplomatic relations with Taiwan. See Leung, Sino-Vatican Relations, pp. 196-200. In 1990, the former Foreign Minister Wu Xue Qian repeated the same view. See Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 186-88. In October 1997 China for the first time issued a White Paper on Religious Freedom in which it reiterated that the cutting of Taiwan-Vatican diplomatic relations was pre-requisite for Sino-Vatican reconciliation. See "Zhongguo de zongjiao xinyang ziyou zhuangkuang, baipishu" ("White Paper on China's religious freedom policy"), Tai Kung Pao, 17 October 1997.
    • Selected Documents on Religious Work , pp. 186-188
  • 12
    • 0347934893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zhongguo de zongjiao xinyang ziyou zhuangkuang, baipishu
    • 17 October
    • On various occasions over a long period, the government-appointed Bishop Michael Fu of Beijing responded to the Pope's 1981 Manila speech by echoing the Chinese government's stance that the Pope should cut diplomatic relations with Taiwan. See Leung, Sino-Vatican Relations, pp. 196-200. In 1990, the former Foreign Minister Wu Xue Qian repeated the same view. See Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 186-88. In October 1997 China for the first time issued a White Paper on Religious Freedom in which it reiterated that the cutting of Taiwan-Vatican diplomatic relations was pre-requisite for Sino-Vatican reconciliation. See "Zhongguo de zongjiao xinyang ziyou zhuangkuang, baipishu" ("White Paper on China's religious freedom policy"), Tai Kung Pao, 17 October 1997.
    • (1997) Tai Kung Pao
  • 16
    • 84913770622 scopus 로고
    • 1 July 1 September
    • These books on Hu have different approaches to him. Both accredited him for his reform in economies and relaxation on political and cultural fronts. Important speeches by Hu on reforms appeared in Renmin ribao, 1 July 1981, 1 September 1982
    • (1981) Renmin Ribao
    • Hu1
  • 19
    • 0013535388 scopus 로고
    • London: Hodder & Stoughton
    • George Weigel. The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and Collapse of Communism, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 143; Timothy Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1985), p. 72.
    • (1985) The Polish Revolution: Solidarity , pp. 72
    • Ash, T.G.1
  • 20
    • 30944458450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jiang Zemin, the Party's Secretary General, and Li Peng, the Premier, on various occasions openly stated that anti-Chinese forces abroad made use of religion to launch "peaceful evolution" to split and Westernize China. Ismail Amat, Chairman of State Nationalities Affair Committee, in a national gathering of heads of provincial Religious Affairs Bureau openly reminded them that religious and nationalist conflicts led to the change in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the USSR, and China should draw a lesson from it. See Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 208-212, 227-28, 260-272.
    • Selected Documents on Religious Work , pp. 208-212
  • 22
    • 0004107195 scopus 로고
    • Vatican: Liberia Editrice Vaticana
    • John Paul II, Centesimus Annus, (Vatican: Liberia Editrice Vaticana, 1991).
    • (1991) Centesimus Annus
    • John Paul II1
  • 23
    • 0346674139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zhongjiao gongzuo fangmian de Yixie redian wenti
    • This argument prevails in the internal circulated documents. See Luo Shu Gang. "Zhongjiao gongzuo fangmian de Yixie redian wenti" ("Some popular issues in religious work") in Neibu wengao (Internal Document), No. 5 (1996), pp. 11-13.
    • (1996) Neibu Wengao (Internal Document) , Issue.5 , pp. 11-13
    • Gang, L.S.1
  • 24
    • 0347934932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As a matter of fact the Roman Curia did not take the initiative to appoint a Chinese bishop but when the non-official sector of the Chinese church asked for approval of the bishop candidate the Roman Curia gave its approval. Internal Document, No. 5 (1996).
    • (1996) Internal Document , Issue.5
  • 26
    • 0003993115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 November
    • On the religious crackdown see South China Morning Post, 14 November 1996. For the Muslim riot in Xinjiang see Hong Kong Economic Journal, 12, 13, 14 February and 18 September 1997, and Ming bao, 10 February 1997.
    • (1996) South China Morning Post
  • 27
    • 0347934930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 12, 13, 14 February and 18 September
    • On the religious crackdown see South China Morning Post, 14 November 1996. For the Muslim riot in Xinjiang see Hong Kong Economic Journal, 12, 13, 14 February and 18 September 1997, and Ming bao, 10 February 1997.
    • (1997) Hong Kong Economic Journal
  • 28
    • 0347304686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 February
    • On the religious crackdown see South China Morning Post, 14 November 1996. For the Muslim riot in Xinjiang see Hong Kong Economic Journal, 12, 13, 14 February and 18 September 1997, and Ming bao, 10 February 1997.
    • (1997) Ming Bao
  • 29
    • 0347304691 scopus 로고
    • January
    • The Nineties, January 1991. pp. 1-6.
    • (1991) The Nineties , pp. 1-6
  • 31
    • 0347934916 scopus 로고
    • China and the crisis of Communism
    • George Hicks (ed.), London: Longman
    • Michael Franz. "China and the crisis of Communism," in George Hicks (ed.), The Broken Mirror: China After Tiananmen (London: Longman, 1990), pp. 445-455.
    • (1990) The Broken Mirror: China after Tiananmen , pp. 445-455
    • Franz, M.1
  • 32
    • 0346043375 scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Mirror Books
    • The illegal dealings of princelings have been well known throughout China, Hong Kong and among Chinese communities throughout the world. He Pin and Kao Xin have a systematic discussion and description on this issue. See He Pin and Kao Xin, Zhonggong de taizidang, (The Princelings of the Chinese Communist Party) (Hong Kong: Mirror Books, 1994).
    • (1994) Zhonggong de Taizidang, (The Princelings of the Chinese Communist Party)
    • Pin, H.1    Xin, K.2
  • 33
    • 0005219523 scopus 로고
    • New York: St Martin's Press
    • Many sinologists hold this opinion. See David Goodman and Beverley Hooper (eds.), China's Quiet Revolution, (New York: St Martin's Press, 1994), p. x.
    • (1994) China's Quiet Revolution
    • Goodman, D.1    Hooper, B.2
  • 34
    • 0005384829 scopus 로고
    • Leiden: E. J. Brill
    • In the Han Dynasty the Yellow Turban bandits used Daoism as a haven for their underground activities. In the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Religion added some Christian features to that, while the Christian elements could be found easily in the Taiping Rebellion whose leader claimed the Son of Heaven to be Father. See also B. J. Ter Haar, The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992).
    • (1992) The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History
    • Ter Haar, B.J.1
  • 35
    • 0347934924 scopus 로고
    • A chronology of the Catholic Church in China in the context of selected dates in world and Chinese history
    • Hong Kong, July - August
    • The figures are taken from "A chronology of the Catholic Church in China in the context of selected dates in world and Chinese history," Tripod (Hong Kong), Vol. XIII, No. 76 (July - August 1993), pp. 19-76.
    • (1993) Tripod , vol.13 , Issue.76 , pp. 19-76
  • 36
    • 0346043400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The uneasy balance: Sino-Vatican-Hong Kong relations after 1997
    • Beatrice Leung and Joseph Cheng (eds.), Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press
    • This author has a more detailed discussion on the impact of the bridge-church in Beatrice Leung, "The uneasy balance: Sino-Vatican-Hong Kong relations after 1997", in Beatrice Leung and Joseph Cheng (eds.), Hong Kong SAR: In Pursuit of Domestic and International Order (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1997), pp. 97-118.
    • (1997) Hong Kong SAR: In Pursuit of Domestic and International Order , pp. 97-118
    • Leung, B.1
  • 38
    • 0347304692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A private and reliable source of information in the top administration of German Missio and Miserior in 1995. However, a private and reliable source of information in the top administration of German Missio in 1997 reported that its projects declined from DM 1.5 million in 1995 to DM1 million in 1996.
  • 39
    • 0347934917 scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong
    • The English translation appeared in major books dealing with religion in China. See Beatrice Leung and John Young (eds.), Christianity in China: Foundation for Dialogue (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong. 1993), pp. 286-309.
    • (1993) Christianity in China: Foundation for Dialogue , pp. 286-309
    • Leung, B.1    Young, J.2
  • 41
    • 30944458450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Document 19 in 1982" was jointly issued by the Party Centre and the State Council to circumscribe an area for various kinds of religious activities. See Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 53-76.
    • Selected Documents on Religious Work , pp. 53-76
  • 42
    • 0346674150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The author learned of this meeting in March 1990. Many overseas Catholic news services reported it and it was recorded in the chronology of the Catholic Church in China. See "A chronology of the Catholic Church in China."
    • A Chronology of the Catholic Church in China
  • 44
    • 0347934937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guowuyuen guanyu zongjiao huodong changsuo guanli tiaoli
    • "Guowuyuen guanyu zongjiao huodong changsuo guanli tiaoli" ("The Council of State on the managing institutions for religious activity"), Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 275-77.
    • Selected Documents on Religious Work , pp. 275-277
  • 45
    • 0346674141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guowuyuen guanyu zhongua renmin gongheguo jingnei weiguoren zongjiao huudong guanli kuiding
    • "Guowuyuen guanyu zhongua renmin gongheguo jingnei weiguoren zongjiao huudong guanli kuiding" ("On the State's Council management of foreigners staying in the People's Republic of China"), Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 273-74
    • Selected Documents on Religious Work , pp. 273-274
  • 46
    • 0346674152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • A religious official from the CPA opined to various groups of religious visitors to Beijing in the 1990s that after the handover the Hong Kong Catholic Church should stop "interfering" in the Chinese Church.
  • 48
    • 0004536711 scopus 로고
    • Hong Kong: Hong Kong-Caritas
    • Catholic-funded social service projects go as far as Tibet. See K. Zellweger, Caritas-Hong Kong's Development, (Hong Kong: Hong Kong-Caritas 1992). In 1994, in an interview, the author was told by Zellweger that it has been the policy of Caritas-Hong Kong to give first priority to those China projects in the most remote and poor areas.
    • (1992) Caritas-Hong Kong's Development
    • Zellweger, K.1
  • 49
    • 0346043409 scopus 로고
    • Islamic call to arms
    • 3 May
    • As early as 1990 foreign reporters in Beijing were able to gather information about Muslim riots in Xinjiang areas. See Robert Delfs, "Islamic call to arms," in Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 May 1990, pp. 10-11, and Robert Delfs "Growing unrest reported among Muslim minorities," in Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 April 1990, pp. 10-11. Censorship imposed on foreign reporters by the Chinese authorities meant that later the quantity of this type of report reaching the West declined drastically. However, from the officials' calling for Chinese Muslims to maintain stability in the north-west region, we can infer that social unrest in that area has been a major concern of Beijing until recently. See Li Rui Huan. "Chongten fahui yisilanjiao xiehui de jiji zuoyong" ("Maximizing the positive use of the Islamic Association"), Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 256-59.
    • (1990) Far Eastern Economic Review , pp. 10-11
    • Delfs, R.1
  • 50
    • 0346043409 scopus 로고
    • Growing unrest reported among Muslim minorities
    • 19 April
    • As early as 1990 foreign reporters in Beijing were able to gather information about Muslim riots in Xinjiang areas. See Robert Delfs, "Islamic call to arms," in Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 May 1990, pp. 10-11, and Robert Delfs "Growing unrest reported among Muslim minorities," in Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 April 1990, pp. 10-11. Censorship imposed on foreign reporters by the Chinese authorities meant that later the quantity of this type of report reaching the West declined drastically. However, from the officials' calling for Chinese Muslims to maintain stability in the north-west region, we can infer that social unrest in that area has been a major concern of Beijing until recently. See Li Rui Huan. "Chongten fahui yisilanjiao xiehui de jiji zuoyong" ("Maximizing the positive use of the Islamic Association"), Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 256-59.
    • (1990) Far Eastern Economic Review , pp. 10-11
    • Delfs, R.1
  • 51
    • 0346043404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chongten fahui yisilanjiao xiehui de jiji zuoyong
    • As early as 1990 foreign reporters in Beijing were able to gather information about Muslim riots in Xinjiang areas. See Robert Delfs, "Islamic call to arms," in Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 May 1990, pp. 10-11, and Robert Delfs "Growing unrest reported among Muslim minorities," in Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 April 1990, pp. 10-11. Censorship imposed on foreign reporters by the Chinese authorities meant that later the quantity of this type of report reaching the West declined drastically. However, from the officials' calling for Chinese Muslims to maintain stability in the north-west region, we can infer that social unrest in that area has been a major concern of Beijing until recently. See Li Rui Huan. "Chongten fahui yisilanjiao xiehui de jiji zuoyong" ("Maximizing the positive use of the Islamic Association"), Selected Documents on Religious Work, pp. 256-59.
    • Documents on Religious Work , pp. 256-259
    • Huan, L.R.1


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