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1
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0003929616
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Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute
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"East-Central Europe" is a term used by Elizabeth Pond and includes Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic and Slovakia) as well as the former East Germany prior to unification, but excludes the Balkans. "East Europe" or the "East bloc," meanwhile, is used in this article to designate, prior to the end of 1989, the Soviet Union and all its client states west of its border. See Elizabeth Pond, Beyond the Wall: Germany's Road to Unification (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1993) p. 295.
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(1993)
Beyond the Wall: Germany's Road to Unification
, pp. 295
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Pond, E.1
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5
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33748150353
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note
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Good examples are Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan in Asia and most West European states.
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13
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33748164663
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note
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Herman and Chomsky identify the filters as: (1) concentrated ownership of media, (2) advertising, (3) reliance on government-provided information, (4) disciplining of media and (5) anti-communism as a national religion and control mechanism.
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14
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33748163891
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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15
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33748128337
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The End of An Era in Journalism
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Universal Press Syndicate Boulder June 26
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See, for example, Richard Reeves (Universal Press Syndicate) "The End Of An Era In Journalism," [Boulder] Daily Camera, June 26, 1987, p. 8A.
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(1987)
Daily Camera
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Reeves, R.1
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16
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5644293726
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May 23
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A study based on content analysis during April 1994 of four commercial TV stations (three network affiliates and one independent outlet) serving Colorado's Rocky Mountain Region revealed that, on average, 33.3 percent of news programs were filled by commercials, while 37.5 percent of newscasts were devoted to crime and war stories. Rocky Mountain News, May 23, 1994, p. 9D.
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(1994)
Rocky Mountain News
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17
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11144309103
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Aug. 15
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The Denver Post, Aug. 15, 1993, p. 1.
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(1993)
The Denver Post
, pp. 1
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22
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33748180134
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Nobel Prize Address
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William T. Stafford .(ed.), New York: Odyssey Press
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See, for example, Sinclair Lewis's "Nobel Prize Address," in William T. Stafford .(ed.), Twentieth Century American Writings (New York: Odyssey Press, 1965), pp. 105-116. The speech is filled with references to the low status to which literature and the arts, with the noted exception of architecture and film, have been relegated in American society. Lewis also outlines some of the existing paradoxes, and the plight of artists in their society. Despite its vintage, the thoughts expressed by Mr. Lewis in his address continue to hold true.
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(1965)
Twentieth Century American Writings
, pp. 105-116
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Lewis, S.1
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23
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33748134200
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Setting the International Affairs Agenda: Who Decides? Who Cares?
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Clifford May, executive editor, Rocky Mountain News, member of University of Colorado, Boulder, Feb. 4
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Clifford May, executive editor, Rocky Mountain News, member of Panel B, "Setting the International Affairs Agenda: Who Decides? Who Cares?" of a symposium, Covering the International Affairs Agenda: Mass Media and Public Life, University of Colorado, Boulder, Feb. 4, 1993.
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(1993)
Covering the International Affairs Agenda: Mass Media and Public Life
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Panel, B.1
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25
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84928447490
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Peripheral Vision: U.S. Journalism and the Third World
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Summer
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For an excellent critique of the U.S. media's international coverage, especially as it pertains to the Third World, see William A. Dorman's "Peripheral Vision: U.S. Journalism and the Third World," World Policy Journal, 3:3 (Summer, 1986), pp. 419-45.
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(1986)
World Policy Journal
, vol.3
, Issue.3
, pp. 419-445
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Dorman, W.A.1
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27
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33748187990
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TV's Identity Crisis
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October
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John Hart, "TV's Identity Crisis," World Monitor, Vol. 1, No. 1 (October, 1988), p. 12.
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(1988)
World Monitor
, vol.1
, Issue.1
, pp. 12
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Hart, J.1
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28
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33748187990
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TV's Identity Crisis
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John Hart, "TV's Identity Crisis," World Monitor, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1988), p. 12. Ibid.
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(1988)
World Monitor
, vol.1
, Issue.1
, pp. 12
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Hart, J.1
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29
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33748149442
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The Distorted Mirror of TV News - A Bias Against Fairness?
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School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Colorado, Boulder, April 29
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Martyn Lewis, "The Distorted Mirror of TV News - A Bias Against Fairness?" Ralph L. Crosman Memorial Lecture, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Colorado, Boulder, April 29, 1993.
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(1993)
Ralph L. Crosman Memorial Lecture
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Lewis, M.1
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30
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84972818875
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Farewell to Parachute Professors in East-Central Europe
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Spring
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A good discussion of such programs is contained in: Ekaterina Ognianova, "Farewell to Parachute Professors in East-Central Europe," Journalism and Mass Media Educator, 50:1 (Spring 1995), p. 35.
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(1995)
Journalism and Mass Media Educator
, vol.50
, Issue.1
, pp. 35
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Ognianova, E.1
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31
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33748209523
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Sbírka zákonu̇ federalní shromáždění České a Slovenské Federalní Republicky, č. 468, 30, října, 1991 (Collection of Laws of the Federal Assembly of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, No. 468, October 30, 1991).
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Sbírka zákonu̇ federalní shromáždění České a Slovenské Federalní Republicky, č. 468, 30, října, 1991 (Collection of Laws of the Federal Assembly of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, No. 468, October 30, 1991).
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33
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33748201051
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U.S. Media Should Explore Opportunities in Eastern Europe
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March
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Allen H. Neuharth, "U.S. Media Should Explore Opportunities in Eastern Europe," presstime, March 1991, p. 33.
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(1991)
Presstime
, pp. 33
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Neuharth, A.H.1
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34
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33748201051
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U.S. Media Should Explore Opportunities in Eastern Europe
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Allen H. Neuharth, "U.S. Media Should Explore Opportunities in Eastern Europe," presstime, 1991, p. 33. Ibid.
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(1991)
Presstime
, pp. 33
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Neuharth, A.H.1
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35
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33748155644
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note
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Appendix to License No.001/1993 License Conditions (programme and other) English translation of original Czech version supplied to author by Dr. Colin Sparks, University of Westminster, London, England. (Author has copies of original document and two different English translations in his possession.)
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36
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33748207691
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note
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As anticipated by some of its Czech managers, TV-NOVA proved financially successful during its first year of operation. According to PRNewswire of March 31, 1995, the Czech commercial station posted a $7 million profit margin, after interest and taxes, for the calendar year 1994.
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37
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33748179682
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note
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Interview with Petr Sládeček, department chief of Acquired Programs, Česká Nezávislá Telvizní Společnost, June 24, 1993, in Prague, Czech Republic.
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40
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33748192003
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Monday Memo
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Sept. 23
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David Bartlett, Monday Memo," Broadcasting, Sept. 23, 1991, p. 10.
-
(1991)
Broadcasting
, pp. 10
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Bartlett, D.1
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41
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33748192003
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Monday Memo
-
David Bartlett, Monday Memo," Broadcasting, 1991, p. 10. Ibid.
-
(1991)
Broadcasting
, pp. 10
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Bartlett, D.1
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42
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33748128336
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Al Hester and Kristina White, eds., Atlanta, GA: James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, University of Georgia
-
It is pertinent to note that on Nov. 7, 1991, with the adoption of Laws No. 483 and No. 484, Czech Television and Czech Radio ceased to be state-owned or operated media and became, instead, public entities. See Frank L. Kaplan, Jan Jirák and Milan Šmíd, "The Broadcasting Law: First Step in Defining a Media Policy for the Czech Republic" in Al Hester and Kristina White, eds., Creating a Free Press in Eastern Europe (Atlanta, GA: James M. Cox, Jr., Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, University of Georgia, 1993), pp. 341-372.
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(1993)
Creating a Free Press in Eastern Europe
, pp. 341-372
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-
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44
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33748173658
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The Role of the Press in a Global Society
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excerpted Arlington, VA: Freedom Forum, emphasis added.
-
Václav Havel, "The Role Of The Press In A Global Society," excerpted in Freedom Forum Annual Report (Arlington, VA: Freedom Forum, 1992), p. 30 [emphasis added].
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(1992)
Freedom Forum Annual Report
, pp. 30
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Havel, V.1
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