Sexuality and the 'Singularity' of French Feminism

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 15, Issue 33, 2000, Pages 325-333

  Nye, Robert ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0346741244     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713611974     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Joan Scott, Only Paradoxes to Offer; French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, MA., 1996, p. 168.
2. Mona Ozouf, 'Le comte des jours', Le Débat, vol. 87, November 1995, p. 142.
3. Mona Ozouf, Women's Words: Essay on French Singularity, Jane Marie Todd (trans.) (University of Chicago Press) Chicago, 1997, p. 282.
4. See, in particular, the excellent summary and critique of Eric Fassin, 'The Purloined Gender: American Feminism in a French Mirror', French Historical Studies, vol. 22, no. 1, 1999, pp. 113-8.
5. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: an Introduction, vol I, Robert Hurley (trans.) (Random) New York, 1980, p. 11.
6. On this issue see Robert A. Nye, Crime, Madness and Politics in Modem France: the Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton University Press) Princeton, 1984; Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: a European Disorder (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1989.
7. On this issue see Robert A. Nye, Crime, Madness and Politics in Modem France: the Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton University Press) Princeton, 1984; Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: a European Disorder (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1989.
8. Hervé LeBras, Marianne et les lapins: l'Obsession démographique (Olivier Orban) Paris, 1991, p. 14.
9. Anthony Copley, Sexual Moralities in France, 1780-1980: New Ideas on the Family, Divorce and Homosexuality (Routledge) London, 1989, pp. 3-29; Michael David Sibalis has commented on the particular situation of homosexuality in the code in 'The Regulation of Male Homosexuality in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France' in Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant Ragan Jr (eds), Homosexuality in Modern France (Oxford University Press) New York, 1996, pp. 80-101.
10. Anthony Copley, Sexual Moralities in France, 1780-1980: New Ideas on the Family, Divorce and Homosexuality (Routledge) London, 1989, pp. 3-29; Michael David Sibalis has commented on the particular situation of homosexuality in the code in 'The Regulation of Male Homosexuality in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France' in Jeffrey Merrick and Bryant Ragan Jr (eds), Homosexuality in Modern France (Oxford University Press) New York, 1996, pp. 80-101.
11. Geneviève Fraisse, Muse de la raison. La Démocratie exclusive el la différence des sexes (Alinea) Paris, 1989, p. 99.
12. Fraisse, Muse de la raìson, p. 94.
13. Robert A. Nye, Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modem France (Oxford) New York, 1993, pp. 57-65.
14. Karen Offen, 'Depopulation, Nationalism, and Feminism in Fin-de-siècle France', American Historical Review, vol. 89, 1984, pp. 648-76.
15. See the arguments in Joshua H. Cole, ' "There are Only Good Mothers": the Ideological Work of Women's Fertility in France Before World War One', and Jean Elizabeth Pedersen, 'Regulating Abortion and Birth Control: Gender, Medicine, and Republican Politics in France, 1870-1920', French Historical Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 1996, pp. 639-72, 673-98.
16. See the arguments in Joshua H. Cole, ' "There are Only Good Mothers": the Ideological Work of Women's Fertility in France Before World War One', and Jean Elizabeth Pedersen, 'Regulating Abortion and Birth Control: Gender, Medicine, and Republican Politics in France, 1870-1920', French Historical Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 1996, pp. 639-72, 673-98.
17. Arnold Davidson, 'How to do the History of Psychoanalysis: a Reading of Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality', Critical Inquiry, vol. 14, 1987, pp. 252-77. Nye, Masculinity, pp. 93-126.
18. Arnold Davidson, 'How to do the History of Psychoanalysis: a Reading of Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality', Critical Inquiry, vol. 14, 1987, pp. 252-77. Nye, Masculinity, pp. 93-126.
19. Vernon Rosario, 'Pointy Penises ...' in Merrick and Ragan (eds), Homosexuality in Modern France, pp. 146-61.
20. Victoria Thompson, 'Creating Boundaries: Homosexuality and the Changing Social Order in France' in Merrick and Ragan (eds), Homosexuality in Modern France, pp. 102-127.
21. On venereal disease and the public hygiene effort to ensure 'conjugal hygiene' see Anne Carol, Histoire de l'eugénisme en France: les médecins et la procréation, XIXe-XXe siècle (Seuil) Paris, 1995, pp. 293-302.
22. Marie-Victoire Louis, Le Droit de cuissage: France, 1860-1930 (Les Editions de L'Atelier) Paris, 1994.
23. Roger-Henri Guerrand and Francis Ronsin, Le Sexe apprivoisé: Jeanne Humbert et la lutte pour le contrôle des naissances (Editions la Decouverte) Paris, 1993, pp. 168, 221-2; Roderick Phillips, Putting Asunder: a History of Divorce in Western Society (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1988, pp. 422-8.
24. Roger-Henri Guerrand and Francis Ronsin, Le Sexe apprivoisé: Jeanne Humbert et la lutte pour le contrôle des naissances (Editions la Decouverte) Paris, 1993, pp. 168, 221-2; Roderick Phillips, Putting Asunder: a History of Divorce in Western Society (Cambridge University Press) Cambridge, 1988, pp. 422-8.
25. See Rachel Fuchs, Poor and Pregnant in Paris: Strategies for Survival in the Nineteenth Century (Rutgers University Press) New Brunswick, NJ, 1992; Elinor Accampo, Rachel Fuchs, Mary Lynn Stewart (eds), Gender and the Politics of Social Reform in France, 1870-1914 (Johns Hopkins University Press) Baltimore, 1995. Also the articles on 'Population and the State in the Third Republic', French Historical Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 1996, pp. 633-754.
26. See Rachel Fuchs, Poor and Pregnant in Paris: Strategies for Survival in the Nineteenth Century (Rutgers University Press) New Brunswick, NJ, 1992; Elinor Accampo, Rachel Fuchs, Mary Lynn Stewart (eds), Gender and the Politics of Social Reform in France, 1870-1914 (Johns Hopkins University Press) Baltimore, 1995. Also the articles on 'Population and the State in the Third Republic', French Historical Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 1996, pp. 633-754.
27. See Rachel Fuchs, Poor and Pregnant in Paris: Strategies for Survival in the Nineteenth Century (Rutgers University Press) New Brunswick, NJ, 1992; Elinor Accampo, Rachel Fuchs, Mary Lynn Stewart (eds), Gender and the Politics of Social Reform in France, 1870-1914 (Johns Hopkins University Press) Baltimore, 1995. Also the articles on 'Population and the State in the Third Republic', French Historical Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 1996, pp. 633-754.
28. Philippe Perrot, Les Dessus et les dessous de la bourgeoisie: une histoire du vêtement au XIXe siècle (Fayard) Paris, 1981, p. 340.
29. Mary Louise Roberts, Civilization Without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France, 1917-27 (Univeristy of Chicago Press) Chicago, 1994, pp. 63-88.
30. Marie-Monique Huss, 'Pronatalism in the Inter-War Period in France', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 25, 1990, pp. 39-68; Cheryl A. Koos, 'Gender, Anti-Individualism, and Nationalism: the Alliance Nationale and the Pronatalist Backlash Against the Femme Moderne, 1933-1940', French Historical Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 1996, pp. 699-724.
31. Marie-Monique Huss, 'Pronatalism in the Inter-War Period in France', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 25, 1990, pp. 39-68; Cheryl A. Koos, 'Gender, Anti-Individualism, and Nationalism: the Alliance Nationale and the Pronatalist Backlash Against the Femme Moderne, 1933-1940', French Historical Studies, vol. 19, no. 3, 1996, pp. 699-724.
32. Janine Mossuz-Lavau, Les Lois de la'amour: les politiques de la sexualité en France, 1950-1990 (Payot) Paris, 1991, pp. 15-19.
33. Francine Muel-Dreyfus, Vichy et l'éternel féminin (Seuil) Paris, 1996, p. 320. The death penalty for abortion was applied for some notorious cases during Pétain's reign.
34. Janine Mossuz-Lavau, Les Lois de l'amour, pp. 20-71; LeBras, Marianne et les lapins, pp. 163-201.
35. Janine Mossuz-Lavau, Les Lois de l'amour, pp. 20-71; LeBras, Marianne et les lapins, pp. 163-201.
36. As Christine Delphy has argued, despite the liberal abortion law, in practice the state-run clinics that perform abortions in France are so overcrowded that 5,000 French women went to the Netherlands in 1992 to get their abortions. Christine Delphy, 'The European Union and the Future of Feminism' in R. Amy Elman (ed.), Sexual Politics and the European Union: the New Feminist Challenge (Berghahn Books) Providence, RI and Oxford, 1996, p. 154.
37. James Corbett, Through French Windows: an Introduction to France in the Nineties (Univeristy of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1994, pp. 53-5.
38. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the reordering of French culture (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1995, pp. 144-8.
39. See Guy Hocquenghem's analysis of this period in his Homosexual Desire, Daniella Dangoor (trans.) (Duke University Press) Durham, NC, 1993, pp. 69-92.
40. As quoted in Copley, Sexual Moralities, p. 220.
41. Alfred Spira and Nathalie Bajos, Les Comportements sexuels en France (La Documentation Française) Paris, 1993, pp. 195-201; Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon et al., Sex in America: a Definitive Survey (Little, Brown) Boston, 1994, pp. 111-31.
42. Alfred Spira and Nathalie Bajos, Les Comportements sexuels en France (La Documentation Française) Paris, 1993, pp. 195-201; Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon et al., Sex in America: a Definitive Survey (Little, Brown) Boston, 1994, pp. 111-31.
43. Spira and Bajos, Les Comportements sexuels en France, p. 157; Michael, Gagnon et al., Sex in America, p. 128.
44. Spira and Bajos, Les Comportements sexuels en France, p. 157; Michael, Gagnon et al., Sex in America, p. 128.
45. Geneviève Tétart, 'Le clitoris, le vagin? Pourqois pas les deux ...', Panoramiques, vol. 28, 1997, p. 158.
46. James Corbett, Through French Windows, p. 83; see also the statistics gathered by Hélène Riffaut and her colleagues on the continued strong connections between 'femme' and 'foyer' despite the large proportion of working women in France. Hélène Riffaut, Les Valeurs des Français (Presses Universitaires de France) Paris, 1994, pp. 228-47.
47. James Corbett, Through French Windows, p. 83; see also the statistics gathered by Hélène Riffaut and her colleagues on the continued strong connections between 'femme' and 'foyer' despite the large proportion of working women in France. Hélène Riffaut, Les Valeurs des Français (Presses Universitaires de France) Paris, 1994, pp. 228-47.
48. Christine Delphy, 'European Union and the Future of Feminism' in Elman (ed.), Sexual Politics and the European Union; pp. 147-58.
49. Elisabeth Badinter, XY: on Masculine Identity, Lydia Davis (trans.) (Columbia University Press) New York, 1995, pp. 18-19; see also her L'Un et l'autre: les Relations entre hommes et femmes (Odile Jacob) Paris, 1986.
50. Elisabeth Badinter, XY: on Masculine Identity, Lydia Davis (trans.) (Columbia University Press) New York, 1995, pp. 18-19; see also her L'Un et l'autre: les Relations entre hommes et femmes (Odile Jacob) Paris, 1986.
51. Evelyne Sullerot, Quels pères? Quels fils? (Fayard) Paris, 1992, p. 252.
52. Françoise Giroud and Bernard-Henri Lévy, Les Hommes et les Femmes (Olivier Orban) Paris, 1993, pp. 218, 220-2, 236-40. Giroud elaborates on the importance of seduction elsewhere, emphasising the importance of heterosociality in French society, the unusual 'consideration' men have for women, and the wisdom that French feminists have shown in bringing their men 'gently towards a new attitude'. Interview in Melinda Camber Porter, Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Contemporary French Arts and Culture (Da Capo Press) New York, 1993, p. 122. For a historian's view emphasising this 'singular' heterosociality, see Mona Ozouf, Les Mots des femmes. Essai sur la singularité française (Fayard) Paris, 1995, pp. 324-97.
53. Françoise Giroud and Bernard-Henri Lévy, Les Hommes et les Femmes (Olivier Orban) Paris, 1993, pp. 218, 220-2, 236-40. Giroud elaborates on the importance of seduction elsewhere, emphasising the importance of heterosociality in French society, the unusual 'consideration' men have for women, and the wisdom that French feminists have shown in bringing their men 'gently towards a new attitude'. Interview in Melinda Camber Porter, Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Contemporary French Arts and Culture (Da Capo Press) New York, 1993, p. 122. For a historian's view emphasising this 'singular' heterosociality, see Mona Ozouf, Les Mots des femmes. Essai sur la singularité française (Fayard) Paris, 1995, pp. 324-97.
54. Françoise Giroud and Bernard-Henri Lévy, Les Hommes et les Femmes (Olivier Orban) Paris, 1993, pp. 218, 220-2, 236-40. Giroud elaborates on the importance of seduction elsewhere, emphasising the importance of heterosociality in French society, the unusual 'consideration' men have for women, and the wisdom that French feminists have shown in bringing their men 'gently towards a new attitude'. Interview in Melinda Camber Porter, Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Contemporary French Arts and Culture (Da Capo Press) New York, 1993, p. 122. For a historian's view emphasising this 'singular' heterosociality, see Mona Ozouf, Les Mots des femmes. Essai sur la singularité française (Fayard) Paris, 1995, pp. 324-97.
55. Julia Kristeva, as quoted in Alice A. Jardine and Anne M. Menke (eds), Shifting Scenes: Interviews on Women, Writing, and Politics in Post-68 France (Columbia University Press) New York, 1991, p. 117.
56. Luce Irigaray, Je, tu, nous: Toward a Culture of Difference, Alison Martin (trans.) (Routledge) New York, 1993, p. 12. As Irigaray has recently written, women should cease critiquing patriarchy and concentrate on seeking 'des valeurs nouvelles pour vivre la difference sexuelle avec justice, civilité, fécondité spirituelle' as quoted in Caryl L. Lloyd, 'The Politics of Difference: French Feminism in the Nineties', Contemporary French Civilization, vol. XVI, no. 2, 1992, p. 182; see also Vernon Rosario, 'Sexual Liberalism and Compulsory Heterosexuality', where he remarks that 'Rigid gender binarism too has been rather thoroughly digested in France and is no longer the object of attack by French feminists as it is by feminists in the U.S.': Contemporary French Civilization, vol. XVI, no. 2, 1992, p. 273.
57. Luce Irigaray, Je, tu, nous: Toward a Culture of Difference, Alison Martin (trans.) (Routledge) New York, 1993, p. 12. As Irigaray has recently written, women should cease critiquing patriarchy and concentrate on seeking 'des valeurs nouvelles pour vivre la difference sexuelle avec justice, civilité, fécondité spirituelle' as quoted in Caryl L. Lloyd, 'The Politics of Difference: French Feminism in the Nineties', Contemporary French Civilization, vol. XVI, no. 2, 1992, p. 182; see also Vernon Rosario, 'Sexual Liberalism and Compulsory Heterosexuality', where he remarks that 'Rigid gender binarism too has been rather thoroughly digested in France and is no longer the object of attack by French feminists as it is by feminists in the U.S.': Contemporary French Civilization, vol. XVI, no. 2, 1992, p. 273.
58. Luce Irigaray, Je, tu, nous: Toward a Culture of Difference, Alison Martin (trans.) (Routledge) New York, 1993, p. 12. As Irigaray has recently written, women should cease critiquing patriarchy and concentrate on seeking 'des valeurs nouvelles pour vivre la difference sexuelle avec justice, civilité, fécondité spirituelle' as quoted in Caryl L. Lloyd, 'The Politics of Difference: French Feminism in the Nineties', Contemporary French Civilization, vol. XVI, no. 2, 1992, p. 182; see also Vernon Rosario, 'Sexual Liberalism and Compulsory Heterosexuality', where he remarks that 'Rigid gender binarism too has been rather thoroughly digested in France and is no longer the object of attack by French feminists as it is by feminists in the U.S.': Contemporary French Civilization, vol. XVI, no. 2, 1992, p. 273.
59. Gill Allwood, French Feminisms: Gender and Violence in Contemporary Theory (UCL Press) London, 1998; and Naomi Schor, 'French Feminism is a Universalism', Differences, vol. 7, no. 1, 1995, pp. 20-3; Claire Goldberg Moses, 'Made in America: French Feminism in Academia', Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 2, 1998, pp. 255-6; also in Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 11, no. 23, 1996, pp. 17-31.
60. Gill Allwood, French Feminisms: Gender and Violence in Contemporary Theory (UCL Press) London, 1998; and Naomi Schor, 'French Feminism is a Universalism', Differences, vol. 7, no. 1, 1995, pp. 20-3; Claire Goldberg Moses, 'Made in America: French Feminism in Academia', Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 2, 1998, pp. 255-6; also in Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 11, no. 23, 1996, pp. 17-31.
61. Gill Allwood, French Feminisms: Gender and Violence in Contemporary Theory (UCL Press) London, 1998; and Naomi Schor, 'French Feminism is a Universalism', Differences, vol. 7, no. 1, 1995, pp. 20-3; Claire Goldberg Moses, 'Made in America: French Feminism in Academia', Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 2, 1998, pp. 255-6; also in Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 11, no. 23, 1996, pp. 17-31.
62. Gill Allwood, French Feminisms: Gender and Violence in Contemporary Theory (UCL Press) London, 1998; and Naomi Schor, 'French Feminism is a Universalism', Differences, vol. 7, no. 1, 1995, pp. 20-3; Claire Goldberg Moses, 'Made in America: French Feminism in Academia', Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 2, 1998, pp. 255-6; also in Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 11, no. 23, 1996, pp. 17-31.
63. Allwood, French Feminisms, p. 39; Moses, 'Made in America', p. 267.
64. Allwood, French Feminisms, p. 39; Moses, 'Made in America', p. 267.
65. Fassin, 'American Feminism in a French Mirror', p. 119.