Social Cartesianism: François Poulain de la Barre and the Origins of the Enlightenment

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 58, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 617-640

  Stuurman, Siep ^a  

^a ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346540744     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3653963     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Paul Hazard, La crise de la conscience européenne, 1680-1715 (1935; Paris, 1961), ix, 256-60.
2. Ibid., 120.
3. Margaret C. Jacob, "The Crisis of the European Mind: Hazard revisited," Politics and Culture in Early Modern Europe, ed. Phyllis Mack and Margaret C. Jacob (Cambridge, 1987), 251-71, 268; see also Lionel Rothkrug, Opposition to Louis XIV: The Political and Social Origins of the French Enlightenment (Princeton, 1965), 82-85, 300.
4. Margaret C. Jacob, "The Crisis of the European Mind: Hazard revisited," Politics and Culture in Early Modern Europe, ed. Phyllis Mack and Margaret C. Jacob (Cambridge, 1987), 251-71, 268; see also Lionel Rothkrug, Opposition to Louis XIV: The Political and Social Origins of the French Enlightenment (Princeton, 1965), 82-85, 300.
5. Sometimes spelled Poullain; I use Poulain, following the author himself in his 1674 book.
6. Poulain also published Les Rapports de la Langue Latine avec la Françoise (Paris, 1672); here I leave out of account Poulain's later Genevan publications: Essai des Remarques Particulières sur la Langue Françoise, pour la Ville de Genève (1691), and La Doctrine des Protestans sur la liberté de lire l'Ecriture Sainte, etc. (1720).
7. Poulain also published Les Rapports de la Langue Latine avec la Françoise (Paris, 1672); here I leave out of account Poulain's later Genevan publications: Essai des Remarques Particulières sur la Langue Françoise, pour la Ville de Genève (1691), and La Doctrine des Protestans sur la liberté de lire l'Ecriture Sainte, etc. (1720).
8. Poulain also published Les Rapports de la Langue Latine avec la Françoise (Paris, 1672); here I leave out of account Poulain's later Genevan publications: Essai des Remarques Particulières sur la Langue Françoise, pour la Ville de Genève (1691), and La Doctrine des Protestans sur la liberté de lire l'Ecriture Sainte, etc. (1720).
9. Reprints and translations of some of these are available in French, English, and German: De l'éducation des dames, ed. B. Magné (Toulouse, 1980); De l'égalité des deux sexes (Paris, 1984); The Equality of the Two Sexes, ed. A. Daniel Frankforter and Paul J. Morman (Lewiston, 1989); The Equality of the Sexes, ed. Desmond M. Clarke (Manchester, 1990); "Die Gleichheit der Geschlechter" und "Die Erziehung der Frauen" bei Poullain de la Barre, ed. Irmgard Hierdeis (Frankfurt am Main, 1993). The 1677 English translation of the Egalité has also been reissued: The Woman as Good as the Man, ed. Gerald M. Maclean (Detroit, 1988).
10. Reprints and translations of some of these are available in French, English, and German: De l'éducation des dames, ed. B. Magné (Toulouse, 1980); De l'égalité des deux sexes (Paris, 1984); The Equality of the Two Sexes, ed. A. Daniel Frankforter and Paul J. Morman (Lewiston, 1989); The Equality of the Sexes, ed. Desmond M. Clarke (Manchester, 1990); "Die Gleichheit der Geschlechter" und "Die Erziehung der Frauen" bei Poullain de la Barre, ed. Irmgard Hierdeis (Frankfurt am Main, 1993). The 1677 English translation of the Egalité has also been reissued: The Woman as Good as the Man, ed. Gerald M. Maclean (Detroit, 1988).
11. Reprints and translations of some of these are available in French, English, and German: De l'éducation des dames, ed. B. Magné (Toulouse, 1980); De l'égalité des deux sexes (Paris, 1984); The Equality of the Two Sexes, ed. A. Daniel Frankforter and Paul J. Morman (Lewiston, 1989); The Equality of the Sexes, ed. Desmond M. Clarke (Manchester, 1990); "Die Gleichheit der Geschlechter" und "Die Erziehung der Frauen" bei Poullain de la Barre, ed. Irmgard Hierdeis (Frankfurt am Main, 1993). The 1677 English translation of the Egalité has also been reissued: The Woman as Good as the Man, ed. Gerald M. Maclean (Detroit, 1988).
12. Reprints and translations of some of these are available in French, English, and German: De l'éducation des dames, ed. B. Magné (Toulouse, 1980); De l'égalité des deux sexes (Paris, 1984); The Equality of the Two Sexes, ed. A. Daniel Frankforter and Paul J. Morman (Lewiston, 1989); The Equality of the Sexes, ed. Desmond M. Clarke (Manchester, 1990); "Die Gleichheit der Geschlechter" und "Die Erziehung der Frauen" bei Poullain de la Barre, ed. Irmgard Hierdeis (Frankfurt am Main, 1993). The 1677 English translation of the Egalité has also been reissued: The Woman as Good as the Man, ed. Gerald M. Maclean (Detroit, 1988).
13. Reprints and translations of some of these are available in French, English, and German: De l'éducation des dames, ed. B. Magné (Toulouse, 1980); De l'égalité des deux sexes (Paris, 1984); The Equality of the Two Sexes, ed. A. Daniel Frankforter and Paul J. Morman (Lewiston, 1989); The Equality of the Sexes, ed. Desmond M. Clarke (Manchester, 1990); "Die Gleichheit der Geschlechter" und "Die Erziehung der Frauen" bei Poullain de la Barre, ed. Irmgard Hierdeis (Frankfurt am Main, 1993). The 1677 English translation of the Egalité has also been reissued: The Woman as Good as the Man, ed. Gerald M. Maclean (Detroit, 1988).
14. Reprints and translations of some of these are available in French, English, and German: De l'éducation des dames, ed. B. Magné (Toulouse, 1980); De l'égalité des deux sexes (Paris, 1984); The Equality of the Two Sexes, ed. A. Daniel Frankforter and Paul J. Morman (Lewiston, 1989); The Equality of the Sexes, ed. Desmond M. Clarke (Manchester, 1990); "Die Gleichheit der Geschlechter" und "Die Erziehung der Frauen" bei Poullain de la Barre, ed. Irmgard Hierdeis (Frankfurt am Main, 1993). The 1677 English translation of the Egalité has also been reissued: The Woman as Good as the Man, ed. Gerald M. Maclean (Detroit, 1988).
15. Poulain, Egalité, preface.
16. See especially Henri Piéron, "De l'influence sociale des principes cartésiens. Un précurseur inconnu du féminisme et de la Révolution: Poulain de la Barre," Revue de Synthèse Historique, V (1902), 153-85, 270-82; Henri Grappin, "Notes sur un féministe oublié: le cartésien Poullain de la Barre," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 20 (1913), 852-67; Marie Louise Stock, Poullain de la Barre: A Seventeenth-century Feminist (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1961); Bernard Magné, Le féminisme de Poullain de la Barre. Origine et Signification (Ph.D. diss., Université de Toulouse, 1964); Michael A. Seidel, "Poulain de la Barre's The Woman as Good as the Man," JHI, 35 (1974), 499-508; Madeleine Alcover, Poullain de la Barre: une aventure philosophique (Paris, 1981) (by far the best discussion); Geneviève Fraisse, La Raison des Femmes (Paris, 1992), 29-45; and Margit Hauser, Gesellschaftsbild und Frauenrolle in der Aufklärung (Vienna, 1992).
17. See especially Henri Piéron, "De l'influence sociale des principes cartésiens. Un précurseur inconnu du féminisme et de la Révolution: Poulain de la Barre," Revue de Synthèse Historique, V (1902), 153-85, 270-82; Henri Grappin, "Notes sur un féministe oublié: le cartésien Poullain de la Barre," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 20 (1913), 852-67; Marie Louise Stock, Poullain de la Barre: A Seventeenth-century Feminist (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1961); Bernard Magné, Le féminisme de Poullain de la Barre. Origine et Signification (Ph.D. diss., Université de Toulouse, 1964); Michael A. Seidel, "Poulain de la Barre's The Woman as Good as the Man," JHI, 35 (1974), 499-508; Madeleine Alcover, Poullain de la Barre: une aventure philosophique (Paris, 1981) (by far the best discussion); Geneviève Fraisse, La Raison des Femmes (Paris, 1992), 29-45; and Margit Hauser, Gesellschaftsbild und Frauenrolle in der Aufklärung (Vienna, 1992).
18. See especially Henri Piéron, "De l'influence sociale des principes cartésiens. Un précurseur inconnu du féminisme et de la Révolution: Poulain de la Barre," Revue de Synthèse Historique, V (1902), 153-85, 270-82; Henri Grappin, "Notes sur un féministe oublié: le cartésien Poullain de la Barre," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 20 (1913), 852-67; Marie Louise Stock, Poullain de la Barre: A Seventeenth-century Feminist (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1961); Bernard Magné, Le féminisme de Poullain de la Barre. Origine et Signification (Ph.D. diss., Université de Toulouse, 1964); Michael A. Seidel, "Poulain de la Barre's The Woman as Good as the Man," JHI, 35 (1974), 499-508; Madeleine Alcover, Poullain de la Barre: une aventure philosophique (Paris, 1981) (by far the best discussion); Geneviève Fraisse, La Raison des Femmes (Paris, 1992), 29-45; and Margit Hauser, Gesellschaftsbild und Frauenrolle in der Aufklärung (Vienna, 1992).
19. See especially Henri Piéron, "De l'influence sociale des principes cartésiens. Un précurseur inconnu du féminisme et de la Révolution: Poulain de la Barre," Revue de Synthèse Historique, V (1902), 153-85, 270-82; Henri Grappin, "Notes sur un féministe oublié: le cartésien Poullain de la Barre," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 20 (1913), 852-67; Marie Louise Stock, Poullain de la Barre: A Seventeenth-century Feminist (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1961); Bernard Magné, Le féminisme de Poullain de la Barre. Origine et Signification (Ph.D. diss., Université de Toulouse, 1964); Michael A. Seidel, "Poulain de la Barre's The Woman as Good as the Man," JHI, 35 (1974), 499-508; Madeleine Alcover, Poullain de la Barre: une aventure philosophique (Paris, 1981) (by far the best discussion); Geneviève Fraisse, La Raison des Femmes (Paris, 1992), 29-45; and Margit Hauser, Gesellschaftsbild und Frauenrolle in der Aufklärung (Vienna, 1992).
20. See especially Henri Piéron, "De l'influence sociale des principes cartésiens. Un précurseur inconnu du féminisme et de la Révolution: Poulain de la Barre," Revue de Synthèse Historique, V (1902), 153-85, 270-82; Henri Grappin, "Notes sur un féministe oublié: le cartésien Poullain de la Barre," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 20 (1913), 852-67; Marie Louise Stock, Poullain de la Barre: A Seventeenth-century Feminist (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1961); Bernard Magné, Le féminisme de Poullain de la Barre. Origine et Signification (Ph.D. diss., Université de Toulouse, 1964); Michael A. Seidel, "Poulain de la Barre's The Woman as Good as the Man," JHI, 35 (1974), 499-508; Madeleine Alcover, Poullain de la Barre: une aventure philosophique (Paris, 1981) (by far the best discussion); Geneviève Fraisse, La Raison des Femmes (Paris, 1992), 29-45; and Margit Hauser, Gesellschaftsbild und Frauenrolle in der Aufklärung (Vienna, 1992).
21. See especially Henri Piéron, "De l'influence sociale des principes cartésiens. Un précurseur inconnu du féminisme et de la Révolution: Poulain de la Barre," Revue de Synthèse Historique, V (1902), 153-85, 270-82; Henri Grappin, "Notes sur un féministe oublié: le cartésien Poullain de la Barre," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 20 (1913), 852-67; Marie Louise Stock, Poullain de la Barre: A Seventeenth-century Feminist (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1961); Bernard Magné, Le féminisme de Poullain de la Barre. Origine et Signification (Ph.D. diss., Université de Toulouse, 1964); Michael A. Seidel, "Poulain de la Barre's The Woman as Good as the Man," JHI, 35 (1974), 499-508; Madeleine Alcover, Poullain de la Barre: une aventure philosophique (Paris, 1981) (by far the best discussion); Geneviève Fraisse, La Raison des Femmes (Paris, 1992), 29-45; and Margit Hauser, Gesellschaftsbild und Frauenrolle in der Aufklärung (Vienna, 1992).
22. See especially Henri Piéron, "De l'influence sociale des principes cartésiens. Un précurseur inconnu du féminisme et de la Révolution: Poulain de la Barre," Revue de Synthèse Historique, V (1902), 153-85, 270-82; Henri Grappin, "Notes sur un féministe oublié: le cartésien Poullain de la Barre," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 20 (1913), 852-67; Marie Louise Stock, Poullain de la Barre: A Seventeenth-century Feminist (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1961); Bernard Magné, Le féminisme de Poullain de la Barre. Origine et Signification (Ph.D. diss., Université de Toulouse, 1964); Michael A. Seidel, "Poulain de la Barre's The Woman as Good as the Man," JHI, 35 (1974), 499-508; Madeleine Alcover, Poullain de la Barre: une aventure philosophique (Paris, 1981) (by far the best discussion); Geneviève Fraisse, La Raison des Femmes (Paris, 1992), 29-45; and Margit Hauser, Gesellschaftsbild und Frauenrolle in der Aufklärung (Vienna, 1992).
23. See especially Henri Piéron, "De l'influence sociale des principes cartésiens. Un précurseur inconnu du féminisme et de la Révolution: Poulain de la Barre," Revue de Synthèse Historique, V (1902), 153-85, 270-82; Henri Grappin, "Notes sur un féministe oublié: le cartésien Poullain de la Barre," Revue d'Histoire Littéraire de la France, 20 (1913), 852-67; Marie Louise Stock, Poullain de la Barre: A Seventeenth-century Feminist (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1961); Bernard Magné, Le féminisme de Poullain de la Barre. Origine et Signification (Ph.D. diss., Université de Toulouse, 1964); Michael A. Seidel, "Poulain de la Barre's The Woman as Good as the Man," JHI, 35 (1974), 499-508; Madeleine Alcover, Poullain de la Barre: une aventure philosophique (Paris, 1981) (by far the best discussion); Geneviève Fraisse, La Raison des Femmes (Paris, 1992), 29-45; and Margit Hauser, Gesellschaftsbild und Frauenrolle in der Aufklärung (Vienna, 1992).
24. Poulain is briefly mentioned in Henri Sée, Les idées politiques en France au XVIIe siècle (1923; Geneva, 1978), 340; Paul Bénichou, Morales du grand siècle (Paris, 1948), 271; J. S. Spink, French Free-Thought from Gassendi to Voltaire (London, 1960), 200.
25. Poulain is briefly mentioned in Henri Sée, Les idées politiques en France au XVIIe siècle (1923; Geneva, 1978), 340; Paul Bénichou, Morales du grand siècle (Paris, 1948), 271; J. S. Spink, French Free-Thought from Gassendi to Voltaire (London, 1960), 200.
26. Poulain is briefly mentioned in Henri Sée, Les idées politiques en France au XVIIe siècle (1923; Geneva, 1978), 340; Paul Bénichou, Morales du grand siècle (Paris, 1948), 271; J. S. Spink, French Free-Thought from Gassendi to Voltaire (London, 1960), 200.
27. E.g., Erica Harth, Cartesian Women (Ithaca, N.Y., 1992), 138, who wonders whether Poulain's views "represented even that of a significant minority."
28. See Stock, Poullain, 1-90; Alcover, Poullain, 9-20.
29. See Stock, Poullain, 1-90; Alcover, Poullain, 9-20.
30. On 1 December 1666; certificate in the Poulain/Ravier papers, Archives d'Etat, Geneva.
31. Poulain refers to this academy as an institution which he knows "from his own experience" (Essai des Remarques, preface).
32. Education des Dames, 332-33; that Poulain was "converted" by Rohault I infer from the following: in the Education, 306ff, Poulain outlines an ideal curriculum; of the major contemporary Cartesians, he recommends De Cordemoy, De la Forge, and Rohault; de la Forge lectured mainly in Saumur, and died in the summer of 1666, when Poulain was still at his theological studies, whereas De Cordemoy delivered almost no public lectures at all. That leaves us with Rohault, who lectured regularly all through the 1660s. Moreover, it is attested that these lectures were extremely popular.
33. Education des Dames, 332-33; that Poulain was "converted" by Rohault I infer from the following: in the Education, 306ff, Poulain outlines an ideal curriculum; of the major contemporary Cartesians, he recommends De Cordemoy, De la Forge, and Rohault; de la Forge lectured mainly in Saumur, and died in the summer of 1666, when Poulain was still at his theological studies, whereas De Cordemoy delivered almost no public lectures at all. That leaves us with Rohault, who lectured regularly all through the 1660s. Moreover, it is attested that these lectures were extremely popular.
34. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
35. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
36. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
37. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
38. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
39. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
40. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
41. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
42. See, e.g., Charles Jourdain, Histoire de l'Université de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe Siècle (Paris 1867) 233-35; Trevor McClaughlin, "Censorship and Defenders of the Cartesian Faith in Mid-Seventeenth Century France," JHI, 40 (1979), 563-81; L. W. B. Brockliss, "Aristotle, Descartes and the New Science: Natural Philosophy at the University of Paris, 1600-1740," Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 33-69; Pierre Clair, Louis de la Forge (1632-1666). Oeuvres Philosophiques, avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1974); Pierre Clair, Jacques Rohault (1618-1672): Bio-Bibliographie, avec l'édition critique des entretiens sur la philosophie (Paris, 1978); Pierre Clair and François Girbal, Gerauld de Cordemoy (1626-1684). Oeuvres Philosophiques 'avec une étude bio-bibliographique (Paris, 1968); Henri Gouhier, Cartésianisme et Augustinisme au XVIIe siècle (Paris, 1978); Desmond M. Clarke, Occult Powers and Hypotheses. Cartesian Natural Philosophy under Louis XIV (Oxford, 1989); Steven M. Nadler, Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas (Princeton, 1989).
43. Poulain, Egalité, preface.
44. Poulain, Egalité, 1, 35.
45. Ibid., 61-62.
46. Poulain, Excellence, 323.
47. Poulain, Egalité, 32.
48. Ibid., 33.
49. Poulain, Excellence, 313-14.
50. Ibid., 325.
51. See also ibid., 49: "ny male ny femelle, ny Juif, ny Gentil, ny esclave à l'égard de Dieu."
52. Poulain, Egalité, 80.
53. Ibid., 90, 235.
54. Poulain, Egalité, 94-95.
55. Ibid., 96.
56. Ibid., 101-9.
57. Poulain, Education, 40.
58. Ibid., 9-10.
59. The same assertion was made by Jacques Rohault, Entretiens sur la Philosophie (Paris, 1671), preface. 33 Poulain is probably referring to the condemnation of Averroism by bishop Etienne Tempier in 1277.
60. Poulain, Education, 323-30, and also 97-99 (on Church censorship).
61. I hope to discuss Poulain's theological opinions more fully in a future article.
62. One wonders whether Locke, who stayed in France from 1675 to 1679, may have seen Poulain's Excellence, which was published in 1675. Poulain is, however, not mentioned in John Lough, "Locke's reading during his stay in France," The Library, fifth series (1953), VIII, 229-58; The Library of John Locke, ed. John Harrison and Peter Laslett (Oxford, 1971); Gabriel Bonno, Les Relations Intellectuelles de John Locke avec la France (Berkeley, 1955).
63. One wonders whether Locke, who stayed in France from 1675 to 1679, may have seen Poulain's Excellence, which was published in 1675. Poulain is, however, not mentioned in John Lough, "Locke's reading during his stay in France," The Library, fifth series (1953), VIII, 229-58; The Library of John Locke, ed. John Harrison and Peter Laslett (Oxford, 1971); Gabriel Bonno, Les Relations Intellectuelles de John Locke avec la France (Berkeley, 1955).
64. One wonders whether Locke, who stayed in France from 1675 to 1679, may have seen Poulain's Excellence, which was published in 1675. Poulain is, however, not mentioned in John Lough, "Locke's reading during his stay in France," The Library, fifth series (1953), VIII, 229-58; The Library of John Locke, ed. John Harrison and Peter Laslett (Oxford, 1971); Gabriel Bonno, Les Relations Intellectuelles de John Locke avec la France (Berkeley, 1955).
65. One wonders whether Locke, who stayed in France from 1675 to 1679, may have seen Poulain's Excellence, which was published in 1675. Poulain is, however, not mentioned in John Lough, "Locke's reading during his stay in France," The Library, fifth series (1953), VIII, 229-58; The Library of John Locke, ed. John Harrison and Peter Laslett (Oxford, 1971); Gabriel Bonno, Les Relations Intellectuelles de John Locke avec la France (Berkeley, 1955).
66. An allusion to Descartes's famous opening statement in the Discours de la méthode, that all men are convinced that they have enough "bon sens."
67. Poulain, Education, 198-99.
68. Poulain, Egalité, 102; Education, 234-35.
69. Poulain, Egalité, 102; Education, 234-35.
70. Poulain, Egalité, 109-10.
71. Ibid., 112.
72. Ibid., 169.
73. Poulain, Education, 321.
74. Poulain, Egalité, 163-65.
75. Poulain, Excellence, 268-69.
76. Ibid., 270.
77. Poulain, Education, 293.
78. Ibid., 68, 127.
79. Ibid., 311.
80. Poulain, Education, 154ff.
81. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
82. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
83. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
84. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
85. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
86. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
87. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
88. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
89. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
90. Cf. Carolyn C. Lougee, Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France (Princeton, 1976); Maité Albistur and Daniel Armogathe, Histoire du Féminisme Français (Paris, 1978); Ian MacLean, Woman Triumphant: Feminism in French Literature, 1610-1652 (Oxford, 1977); Joan Kelly, "Early Feminist Theory and the Querelle des Femmes," Signs, 8 (1982), 4-28; Evelyne Berriot-Salvadore, Les Femmes dans la Société Française de la Renaissance (Geneva, 1990); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990); Joan DeJean, Tender Geographies: Women and the Origin of the Novel in France (New York, 1991); Harth, Cartesian Women; Femmes et Pouvoirs sous l'Ancien Régime, ed. Danielle Haase-Dubosq and Eliane Viennot (Paris, 1991); also Gustave Reynier, La Femme au XVIIe siècle: ses ennemis et ses défenseurs (Paris, 1929). Some quantitative data on feminist publishing are provided by Jeanette Geffriaud Rosso, Etudes sur la feminité aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Pisa, 1984), 189-211.
91. This work went through numerous editions. MacLean, Woman Triumphant, 278-79, gives the first in 1632, the second in 1633, and supplements in 1634 and 1636; a third, not mentioned by MacLean, was published in 1640; I have used the fourth of 1662.
92. This was a reply to Chappuzeau's first play, the Cercle des femmes (Lyon 1656), which was reissued in Paris in 1663. De la Forge's Cercle was reprinted in 1667; see Samuel Chappuzeau, Le Cercle des femmes et l'Académie des femmes, ed. Joan Crow (University of Exeter, 1983), xv-xvi, xxvi; see also Clair, De la Forge, 63.
93. This was a reply to Chappuzeau's first play, the Cercle des femmes (Lyon 1656), which was reissued in Paris in 1663. De la Forge's Cercle was reprinted in 1667; see Samuel Chappuzeau, Le Cercle des femmes et l'Académie des femmes, ed. Joan Crow (University of Exeter, 1983), xv-xvi, xxvi; see also Clair, De la Forge, 63.
94. This was a reply to Chappuzeau's first play, the Cercle des femmes (Lyon 1656), which was reissued in Paris in 1663. De la Forge's Cercle was reprinted in 1667; see Samuel Chappuzeau, Le Cercle des femmes et l'Académie des femmes, ed. Joan Crow (University of Exeter, 1983), xv-xvi, xxvi; see also Clair, De la Forge, 63.
95. This was a reply to Chappuzeau's first play, the Cercle des femmes (Lyon 1656), which was reissued in Paris in 1663. De la Forge's Cercle was reprinted in 1667; see Samuel Chappuzeau, Le Cercle des femmes et l'Académie des femmes, ed. Joan Crow (University of Exeter, 1983), xv-xvi, xxvi; see also Clair, De la Forge, 63.
96. The text is identical with the 1662 edition.
97. Rosso's bibliography (Etudes, 197-99), mentions more publications but these are of a moralistic genre and not openly feminist. She does not mention Clement and the Apologie, nor are these mentioned by McLean, DeJean, Harth, and Fraisse.
98. Guillaume, Dames Illustres, 202-3.
99. Honneste Femme (ed. 1662), avertissement.
100. Clement, Dialogue, 120, 160-61.
101. Apologie, 102.
102. Buffet, Nouvelles Observations, 200; Buffet may have frequented the Cartesian salon of Mme. de Bonnevaux, see Clair and Girbal, Cordemoy, 28-29.
103. Buffet, Nouvelles Observations, 200; Buffet may have frequented the Cartesian salon of Mme. de Bonnevaux, see Clair and Girbal, Cordemoy, 28-29.
104. On Richesource, see Ch. J. Revillout, Un Maitre de conférences au milieu du XVIIe siècle: Jean de Soudier de Richesource (Montpellier, 1881), esp. 49-52;
105. and the "Advis de l'Académe" in La Première partie des conférences académiques et oratoires sur toutes sortes de sujets problématiques, utiles et agréables, accompagnées de leur décision, où l'on voit l'usage des plus belles maximes de la philosophie et les plus beaux preceptes de l'éloquence, par I. D. S. Escuyer, Sieur de Richesource, moderateur de l'académie, & la seconde partie etc. (in one vol., Paris, 1661), henceforth qouted as Richesource I-II. A third part, under the same title, published in 1665, will be quoted as Richesource III.
106. Richesource I-II, 389.
107. Richesource I-II, 392.
108. Richesource III, 35-36; the topic was proposed by Perachon, a lawyer in the Parliament of Paris, and the compte-rendu of the session was dedicated to Delamoignon, first president of the Parliament. Richesource himself had in his youth frequented Theophraste Renaudot's Bureau d'Adresse. Now, the question "s'il est expedent aux femmes d'estre sçavantes" was also discussed in the Renaudot's conferences (1633-41), but in the favorable replies given there, we do not find the principled critique of sexist discourse encountered in Richesource's academy; the arguments in the Bureau d'Adresse rely on "equity" instead of "equality" and are generally closer to the style of the older querelle des femmes; see Recueil général des questions traitées dans les conférences du Bureau d'Adresse, sur toutes sortes de matières, par les plus beaux esprits de ce temps (4 vols.; Paris, 1666), III, 59-62; for related matters: I, 140; IV, 96.
109. Richesource III, 35-36; the topic was proposed by Perachon, a lawyer in the Parliament of Paris, and the compte-rendu of the session was dedicated to Delamoignon, first president of the Parliament. Richesource himself had in his youth frequented Theophraste Renaudot's Bureau d'Adresse. Now, the question "s'il est expedent aux femmes d'estre sçavantes" was also discussed in the Renaudot's conferences (1633-41), but in the favorable replies given there, we do not find the principled critique of sexist discourse encountered in Richesource's academy; the arguments in the Bureau d'Adresse rely on "equity" instead of "equality" and are generally closer to the style of the older querelle des femmes; see Recueil général des questions traitées dans les conférences du Bureau d'Adresse, sur toutes sortes de matières, par les plus beaux esprits de ce temps (4 vols.; Paris, 1666), III, 59-62; for related matters: I, 140; IV, 96.
110. Richesource III, 35-36; the topic was proposed by Perachon, a lawyer in the Parliament of Paris, and the compte-rendu of the session was dedicated to Delamoignon, first president of the Parliament. Richesource himself had in his youth frequented Theophraste Renaudot's Bureau d'Adresse. Now, the question "s'il est expedent aux femmes d'estre sçavantes" was also discussed in the Renaudot's conferences (1633-41), but in the favorable replies given there, we do not find the principled critique of sexist discourse encountered in Richesource's academy; the arguments in the Bureau d'Adresse rely on "equity" instead of "equality" and are generally closer to the style of the older querelle des femmes; see Recueil général des questions traitées dans les conférences du Bureau d'Adresse, sur toutes sortes de matières, par les plus beaux esprits de ce temps (4 vols.; Paris, 1666), III, 59-62; for related matters: I, 140; IV, 96.
111. Those nominated were Madeleine de Scudéry, Antoinette DesHoulières and Anne Dacier, see DeJean, Tender Geographies, 234-35, n. 52; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind has no Sex? Women in the Origen of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 22.
112. Those nominated were Madeleine de Scudéry, Antoinette DesHoulières and Anne Dacier, see DeJean, Tender Geographies, 234-35, n. 52; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind has no Sex? Women in the Origen of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 22.
113. Apologie, 9, 81-82.
114. Clement, Dialogue, 134, 165.
115. Richesource III, 26.
116. There might be a connection; see Marcelle Maistre Welch, "La Réponse de Poullain de la Barre aux Femmes Savantes de Molière," Ordre et contestation au temps des classiques, eds. Roger Duchêne and Pierre Ronzeaud (2 vols.; Paris, 1992), I, 183-91.
117. See Siep Stuurman, "L'Egalité des Sexes qui ne se conteste plus en France: Feminism in the Seventeenth Century," Feminist Thought in European History: From the Middle Ages to the Present, eds. Tjitske Akkerman and Siep Stuurman (London, forthcoming).
118. Poulain, Egalité, preface.
119. Ibid., 47-54, 59-60.
120. Louis de la Forge, Traité de l'Esprit de l'Homme, de ses Facultez et Fonctions, et de son Union avec le corps, suivant les Principes de René Descartes (Paris, 1666), preface, 430.
121. Jacques Rohault, Traité de Physique (2 vols.; Paris, 1671), preface.
122. Poulain, Egalité, 2.
123. Ibid., 16-31.
124. In the Excellence, 323-26, Poulain depicts an original age of innocence of humanity that gradually turns into an "age of iron and servitude"; the passage strikingly anticipates Rousseau's first discourse. Rousseau might have seen Poulain's books when he was employed as a secretary by Madame Dupin to collect material for a book on the defense of the female sex (1746-1751); see Maurice Cranston, Jean-Jacques. The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1754 (Chicago, 1991), 205-6. The notion of an original age of innocence was, of course, not new; see Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property. Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991), 37-41.
125. In the Excellence, 323-26, Poulain depicts an original age of innocence of humanity that gradually turns into an "age of iron and servitude"; the passage strikingly anticipates Rousseau's first discourse. Rousseau might have seen Poulain's books when he was employed as a secretary by Madame Dupin to collect material for a book on the defense of the female sex (1746-1751); see Maurice Cranston, Jean-Jacques. The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1754 (Chicago, 1991), 205-6. The notion of an original age of innocence was, of course, not new; see Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property. Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991), 37-41.
126. In the Excellence, 323-26, Poulain depicts an original age of innocence of humanity that gradually turns into an "age of iron and servitude"; the passage strikingly anticipates Rousseau's first discourse. Rousseau might have seen Poulain's books when he was employed as a secretary by Madame Dupin to collect material for a book on the defense of the female sex (1746-1751); see Maurice Cranston, Jean-Jacques. The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1754 (Chicago, 1991), 205-6. The notion of an original age of innocence was, of course, not new; see Stephen Buckle, Natural Law and the Theory of Property. Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991), 37-41.
127. Poulain, Education, 114.
128. Ibid., 325.
129. See Rohault, Physique, preface; Rohault, Entretiens, preface.
130. See Rohault, Physique, preface; Rohault, Entretiens, preface.
131. De la Forge, Traité, 354; "Topinambour" refers to the Tupinambu, a Brazilian Amerindian people.
132. Cf. Roger Hahn, The Anatomy of a Scientific Institution. The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666-1803 (Berkeley, 1971), 8.
133. Poulain, Education, avertissement.
134. Ibid., 306.
135. See the extensive treatment in Lougee, Paradis des Femmes, ch. 11.
136. Nannerl O. Keohane, Philosophy and the State in France. The Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Princeton, 1980), 304.
137. Poulain, Egalité, 127-29; see also Education, 321; Excellence, 31-32, 42.
138. Poulain, Egalité, 127-29; see also Education, 321; Excellence, 31-32, 42.
139. Poulain, Egalité, 127-29; see also Education, 321; Excellence, 31-32, 42.
140. Cf Excellence 42, where Poulain asserts that "fear" is the primary impulse towards civil society. This was the conclusion that Pufendorf, whose Latin work Poulain may have seen, most ardently sought to avoid; see Simone Goyard-Fabre, Pufendorf et le droit naturel (Paris, 1994), 69.
141. Cf Excellence 42, where Poulain asserts that "fear" is the primary impulse towards civil society. This was the conclusion that Pufendorf, whose Latin work Poulain may have seen, most ardently sought to avoid; see Simone Goyard-Fabre, Pufendorf et le droit naturel (Paris, 1994), 69.
142. Cf. Quentin Skinner, "Thomas Hobbes and his Disciples in France and England," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 8 (1965-66), 153-67; Georges Lacour-Gayet, "Les traductions françaises de Hobbes sous le règne de Louis XIV," Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 12 (1899), 202-7.
143. Cf. Quentin Skinner, "Thomas Hobbes and his Disciples in France and England," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 8 (1965-66), 153-67; Georges Lacour-Gayet, "Les traductions françaises de Hobbes sous le règne de Louis XIV," Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 12 (1899), 202-7.
144. Bibliotheque Françoise de M. C. Sorel, ou le Choix et l'Examen des
145. Poulain, Egalité, 87-88.
146. Ibid., 15-16.
147. Poulain, Excellence, 32-33.
148. Poulain, Education, 183.
149. Ibid., 184.
150. Keohane, Philosophy and the State, 259; after 1667 censorship became more effective: Henri-Jean Martin, Livre, pouvoirs et société à Paris au XVIIe siècle (2 vols.; Geneva, 1969), II, 662-98.
151. Keohane, Philosophy and the State, 259; after 1667 censorship became more effective: Henri-Jean Martin, Livre, pouvoirs et société à Paris au XVIIe siècle (2 vols.; Geneva, 1969), II, 662-98.
152. Pensées de M. Pascal sur la Religion et sur quelques autres sujets (Paris, 1670), 185. Pascal's f mous observation that truth turns into error as one crosses the Pyrenees (Pensées, 193), is paralleled by Poulain's remark that truth is not the same in Spain as in France: Education, 99.
153. Pensées de M. Pascal sur la Religion et sur quelques autres sujets (Paris, 1670), 185. Pascal's f mous observation that truth turns into error as one crosses the Pyrenees (Pensées, 193), is paralleled by Poulain's remark that truth is not the same in Spain as in France: Education, 99.
154. Bénichou, Morales du grand siècle, 128-48; see also Moralistes du XVIIe siècle, ed. Jean Lafond (Paris, 1992).
155. Bénichou, Morales du grand siècle, 128-48; see also Moralistes du XVIIe siècle, ed. Jean Lafond (Paris, 1992).
156. Pensées 293.
157. Pierre Nicole, De l'éducation d'un prince (Paris, 1670), 269-85.
158. Ibid., preface.
159. The Jansenists themselves were divided on the proper attitude to established authority; see René Tavenaux, Jansénisme et politique (Paris, 1965), 17-26, 86-99; Dale K. van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution (New Haven, 1996), 62-65.
160. The Jansenists themselves were divided on the proper attitude to established authority; see René Tavenaux, Jansénisme et politique (Paris, 1965), 17-26, 86-99; Dale K. van Kley, The Religious Origins of the French Revolution (New Haven, 1996), 62-65.
161. See Gilbert Chinard, L'Amérique et le rêve exotique dans la littérature française au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1913); Geoffroy Atkinson, Les Relations de voyages du XVIIe siècle et l'évolution des idées (1924; Genève, 1972); Olive Patricia Dickason, The Myth of the Savage and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas (Edmonton, 1984).
162. See Gilbert Chinard, L'Amérique et le rêve exotique dans la littérature française au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1913); Geoffroy Atkinson, Les Relations de voyages du XVIIe siècle et l'évolution des idées (1924; Genève, 1972); Olive Patricia Dickason, The Myth of the Savage and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas (Edmonton, 1984).
163. See Gilbert Chinard, L'Amérique et le rêve exotique dans la littérature française au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1913); Geoffroy Atkinson, Les Relations de voyages du XVIIe siècle et l'évolution des idées (1924; Genève, 1972); Olive Patricia Dickason, The Myth of the Savage and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas (Edmonton, 1984).
164. Dickason, Myth of the Savage, 13-14.
165. F. I. Baptiste du Tertre, Histoire générale des Antilles habitées par les François (2 vols.; Paris, 1667), II, 373.
166. Nicolas Villault de Bellefond, Relation des Castes d'Afrique, appellées Guinée, avec la description du pays, moeurs & façons de vivre des habitans (Paris, 1669), 233, 239-53.
167. Foot-binding was mentioned in many European accounts of Chinese society; see Folkert Reichert, "Pulchritudo mulierum est parvos habere pedes: Ein Beitrag zur Begegnung Europas mit der chinesischen Welt," Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 71 (1989), 297-307; it is discussed, e.g., in Athanasius Kircher, Toonneel van China (Amsterdam, 1668), 140-41 (a French translation was published in Paris in 1670).
168. Foot-binding was mentioned in many European accounts of Chinese society; see Folkert Reichert, "Pulchritudo mulierum est parvos habere pedes: Ein Beitrag zur Begegnung Europas mit der chinesischen Welt," Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Bd. 71 (1989), 297-307; it is discussed, e.g., in Athanasius Kircher, Toonneel van China (Amsterdam, 1668), 140-41 (a French translation was published in Paris in 1670).
169. Poulain, Egalité, 11.
170. François Bernier, Suite des mémoires du Sr. Bernier sur l'empire du Grand Mogol (La Haye, 1671; sur la cop. impr. à Paris), 140-41.
171. Jean Thevenot, Relation d'un Voyage fait au Levant (Paris, 1664; Rouen, 1665), 107.
172. Du Tertre, Histoire générale des Antilles, II, 356-78.
173. See Hippolyte Rigault, Histoire de la querelle des anciens et des modernes (Paris, 1856), ch. 4-8; Hubert Gillot, La Querelle des anciens et des modernes en France (1914; Geneva, 1968), 370ff.; Hans Kortum, Der Antike-Streit im Zeitalter der klassischen französischen Literatur (Berlin, 1966); Paul. H. Meyer, "Recent German Studies of the Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns in France," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 18 (1984-85), 383-90.
174. See Hippolyte Rigault, Histoire de la querelle des anciens et des modernes (Paris, 1856), ch. 4-8; Hubert Gillot, La Querelle des anciens et des modernes en France (1914; Geneva, 1968), 370ff.; Hans Kortum, Der Antike-Streit im Zeitalter der klassischen französischen Literatur (Berlin, 1966); Paul. H. Meyer, "Recent German Studies of the Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns in France," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 18 (1984-85), 383-90.
175. See Hippolyte Rigault, Histoire de la querelle des anciens et des modernes (Paris, 1856), ch. 4-8; Hubert Gillot, La Querelle des anciens et des modernes en France (1914; Geneva, 1968), 370ff.; Hans Kortum, Der Antike-Streit im Zeitalter der klassischen französischen Literatur (Berlin, 1966); Paul. H. Meyer, "Recent German Studies of the Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns in France," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 18 (1984-85), 383-90.
176. See Hippolyte Rigault, Histoire de la querelle des anciens et des modernes (Paris, 1856), ch. 4-8; Hubert Gillot, La Querelle des anciens et des modernes en France (1914; Geneva, 1968), 370ff.; Hans Kortum, Der Antike-Streit im Zeitalter der klassischen französischen Literatur (Berlin, 1966); Paul. H. Meyer, "Recent German Studies of the Quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns in France," Eighteenth-Century Studies, 18 (1984-85), 383-90.
177. Sorel, Bibliographie française, 32-35.
178. Sorel, Bibliothèque française, 56, 67-68: women need less knowledge than men, for they do not meddle in public affairs; all the same, Sorel speaks with great respect about Marie de Gournay's learning.
179. Richesource III, 227-28, 232-33.
180. Les Avantages de la langue française sur la langue latine (Paris, 1667), 9; second, enlarged edition (Paris, 1669), 175.
181. Les Avantages de la langue française sur la langue latine (Paris, 1667), 9; second, enlarged edition (Paris, 1669), 175.
182. Jean Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin, La Comparaison de la langue et de la poësie Françoise avec la Grecque & la Latine. Et des Poëtes Grecs, Latins et François (Paris, 1670), 7.
183. Rohault, Physique, preface.
184. Journal des Sçavans, 1666, Epistre, n.d.
185. Journal des Sçavans, 4 Jan. 1666, 25 Jan. 1666.
186. Journal des Sçavans, 20 Dec. 1666.
187. Journal des Sçavans, 17 Sept. 1668.
188. Journal des Sçavans, 10 Oct. 1670.
189. Journal des Sçavans, 13 June 1672.
190. Supplement du Journal des Sçavans, 1 March 1672.
191. Supplement du Journal des Sçavans, 22 March 1672; see also the issues of 1 April 1672 and 10 May 1672 (on vipers and on menstruation).
192. Supplement du Journal des Sçavans, 2 May 1672.
193. With the significant exception of feminism, varying combinations of these elements are identified in the historiography of the origins of the Enlightenment; see Ira O. Wade, The Intellectual Origins of the French Enlightenment (Princeton, 1971); Anticipations of the Enlightenment in England, France, and Germany, ed. Alan C. Kors and Paul J. Korshin (Philadelphia, 1987).
194. With the significant exception of feminism, varying combinations of these elements are identified in the historiography of the origins of the Enlightenment; see Ira O. Wade, The Intellectual Origins of the French Enlightenment (Princeton, 1971); Anticipations of the Enlightenment in England, France, and Germany, ed. Alan C. Kors and Paul J. Korshin (Philadelphia, 1987).