"For Zion's Sake": The Emergence of Mormon Nursing

Nursing History Review

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 51-69

  Sorensen, Elaine Shaw ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0346508457     PISSN: 10628061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.6.1.51     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Doctrine and Covenants (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1988) 24:13-14; 35:9; 42:43-52; 46:19-20; 66:9; 49:18-19; 84:67-73; 89.
2. Mark Twain, Roughing It (New York: Harper & Row, 1871), 308.
3. Ibid., 101.
4. See Jill Mulvay Derr, Janath Russell Cannon, and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, Women of Covenant: The Story of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992) for a comprehensive history of Relief Society.
5. "Nursing in the Relief Society," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1915): 316-317. To be "set apart" is to receive a Church assignment accompanied by a specific blessing (prayer) under the hands of a priesthood leader.
6. See Claudia L. Bushman, ed., Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah (Cambridge, MA: Emmeline Press, 1976); Linda K. Newell, "A Gift Given, A Gift Taken: Washing, Anointing and Blessing the Sick Among Mormon Women," Sunstone 6 (1981): 16-25; Linda K. Newell, "Gifts of the Spirit: Women's Share," in Sisters in Spirit, eds. Maureen Ursenbach Beecher and Lavina Fielding Anderson (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 111-150; Derr, Cannon, and Beecher, 44-46.
7. See Claudia L. Bushman, ed., Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah (Cambridge, MA: Emmeline Press, 1976); Linda K. Newell, "A Gift Given, A Gift Taken: Washing, Anointing and Blessing the Sick Among Mormon Women," Sunstone 6 (1981): 16-25; Linda K. Newell, "Gifts of the Spirit: Women's Share," in Sisters in Spirit, eds. Maureen Ursenbach Beecher and Lavina Fielding Anderson (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 111-150; Derr, Cannon, and Beecher, 44-46.
8. See Claudia L. Bushman, ed., Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah (Cambridge, MA: Emmeline Press, 1976); Linda K. Newell, "A Gift Given, A Gift Taken: Washing, Anointing and Blessing the Sick Among Mormon Women," Sunstone 6 (1981): 16-25; Linda K. Newell, "Gifts of the Spirit: Women's Share," in Sisters in Spirit, eds. Maureen Ursenbach Beecher and Lavina Fielding Anderson (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 111-150; Derr, Cannon, and Beecher, 44-46.
9. See Handbook of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1931); Amy Brown Lyman, National Woman's Relief Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 1842-1925 (Salt Lake City: General Board of the Relief Society, 1931); Sandra H. Noall, A History of Nursing Education in Utah, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Salt Lake City, University of Utah, 1969; Claudia Noall, Guardians of the Hearth: Utah's Pioneer Midwives and Women Doctors (Bounti- ful, UT: Horizon, 1974); Richard L. Jensen, "Forgotten Relief Societies, 1844-1967," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 16 (Spring 1983): 105-125.
10. See Handbook of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1931); Amy Brown Lyman, National Woman's Relief Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 1842-1925 (Salt Lake City: General Board of the Relief Society, 1931); Sandra H. Noall, A History of Nursing Education in Utah, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Salt Lake City, University of Utah, 1969; Claudia Noall, Guardians of the Hearth: Utah's Pioneer Midwives and Women Doctors (Bounti- ful, UT: Horizon, 1974); Richard L. Jensen, "Forgotten Relief Societies, 1844-1967," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 16 (Spring 1983): 105-125.
11. See Handbook of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1931); Amy Brown Lyman, National Woman's Relief Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 1842-1925 (Salt Lake City: General Board of the Relief Society, 1931); Sandra H. Noall, A History of Nursing Education in Utah, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Salt Lake City, University of Utah, 1969; Claudia Noall, Guardians of the Hearth: Utah's Pioneer Midwives and Women Doctors (Bounti- ful, UT: Horizon, 1974); Richard L. Jensen, "Forgotten Relief Societies, 1844-1967," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 16 (Spring 1983): 105-125.
12. See Handbook of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1931); Amy Brown Lyman, National Woman's Relief Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 1842-1925 (Salt Lake City: General Board of the Relief Society, 1931); Sandra H. Noall, A History of Nursing Education in Utah, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Salt Lake City, University of Utah, 1969; Claudia Noall, Guardians of the Hearth: Utah's Pioneer Midwives and Women Doctors (Bounti-ful, UT: Horizon, 1974); Richard L. Jensen, "Forgotten Relief Societies, 1844-1967," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 16 (Spring 1983): 105-125.
13. See Handbook of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 1931); Amy Brown Lyman, National Woman's Relief Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 1842-1925 (Salt Lake City: General Board of the Relief Society, 1931); Sandra H. Noall, A History of Nursing Education in Utah, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Salt Lake City, University of Utah, 1969; Claudia Noall, Guardians of the Hearth: Utah's Pioneer Midwives and Women Doctors (Bounti- ful, UT: Horizon, 1974); Richard L. Jensen, "Forgotten Relief Societies, 1844-1967," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 16 (Spring 1983): 105-125.
14. See Samuel Thomson, A Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson; Containing an Account of His System of Practice, and the Manner of Curing Disease with Vegetable Medicine, Upon a Plan Which Is Entirely New; to Which Is Added an Introduction to His New Guide to Health, or Botanic Family Physician, Containing the Principles Upon Which the System Is Founded, With Remarks on Fevers, Steaming, Poison, etc. (New York, Arno Press (reprint of 1822 edition), 1972); Frederick C. Waite, "Thomsonianisrn in Ohio," Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly 49:322-331, 1940; Christine R. Arrington, "Pioneer Midwives," in Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah, ed. Claudia Bushman (Cambridge, MA: Emmeline Press, 1976); Robert T. Divett, Medicine and the Mormons (Bountiful, UT: Horizon, 1981).
15. See Samuel Thomson, A Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson; Containing an Account of His System of Practice, and the Manner of Curing Disease with Vegetable Medicine, Upon a Plan Which Is Entirely New; to Which Is Added an Introduction to His New Guide to Health, or Botanic Family Physician, Containing the Principles Upon Which the System Is Founded, With Remarks on Fevers, Steaming, Poison, etc. (New York, Arno Press (reprint of 1822 edition), 1972); Frederick C. Waite, "Thomsonianisrn in Ohio," Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly 49:322-331, 1940; Christine R. Arrington, "Pioneer Midwives," in Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah, ed. Claudia Bushman (Cambridge, MA: Emmeline Press, 1976); Robert T. Divett, Medicine and the Mormons (Bountiful, UT: Horizon, 1981).
16. See Samuel Thomson, A Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson; Containing an Account of His System of Practice, and the Manner of Curing Disease with Vegetable Medicine, Upon a Plan Which Is Entirely New; to Which Is Added an Introduction to His New Guide to Health, or Botanic Family Physician, Containing the Principles Upon Which the System Is Founded, With Remarks on Fevers, Steaming, Poison, etc. (New York, Arno Press (reprint of 1822 edition), 1972); Frederick C. Waite, "Thomsonianisrn in Ohio," Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly 49:322-331, 1940; Christine R. Arrington, "Pioneer Midwives," in Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah, ed. Claudia Bushman (Cambridge, MA: Emmeline Press, 1976); Robert T. Divett, Medicine and the Mormons (Bountiful, UT: Horizon, 1981).
17. See Samuel Thomson, A Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of Samuel Thomson; Containing an Account of His System of Practice, and the Manner of Curing Disease with Vegetable Medicine, Upon a Plan Which Is Entirely New; to Which Is Added an Introduction to His New Guide to Health, or Botanic Family Physician, Containing the Principles Upon Which the System Is Founded, With Remarks on Fevers, Steaming, Poison, etc. (New York, Arno Press (reprint of 1822 edition), 1972); Frederick C. Waite, "Thomsonianisrn in Ohio," Ohio Archeological and Historical Quarterly 49:322-331, 1940; Christine R. Arrington, "Pioneer Midwives," in Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah, ed. Claudia Bushman (Cambridge, MA: Emmeline Press, 1976); Robert T. Divett, Medicine and the Mormons (Bountiful, UT: Horizon, 1981).
18. Claudia A. Noall, "Mormon Midwives," Utah Historical Quarterly 10 (1952)-86-95.
19. History of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: General Board of the Relief Society 1966), 85.
20. On pioneer midwives, see Kate B. Carter, "Pioneer Midwives," in Our Pioneer Heritage, ed. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963), 6:493-561; C. L. Bushman, Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah; Vickie Burgess-Olson, Sister Saints (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1978); Kenneth W. Godfrey, Audrey M. Godfrey, and Jill M. Derr, Women's Voices: The Untold History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1830-1900 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1982); Leonard J. Arrington and Susan A. Madsen, Sun-bonnet Sisters: True Stories of Mormon Women and Frontier Life (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1984); Noall, Guardians.
21. On pioneer midwives, see Kate B. Carter, "Pioneer Midwives," in Our Pioneer Heritage, ed. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963), 6:493-561; C. L. Bushman, Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah; Vickie Burgess-Olson, Sister Saints (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1978); Kenneth W. Godfrey, Audrey M. Godfrey, and Jill M. Derr, Women's Voices: The Untold History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1830-1900 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1982); Leonard J. Arrington and Susan A. Madsen, Sun-bonnet Sisters: True Stories of Mormon Women and Frontier Life (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1984); Noall, Guardians.
22. On pioneer midwives, see Kate B. Carter, "Pioneer Midwives," in Our Pioneer Heritage, ed. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963), 6:493-561; C. L. Bushman, Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah; Vickie Burgess-Olson, Sister Saints (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1978); Kenneth W. Godfrey, Audrey M. Godfrey, and Jill M. Derr, Women's Voices: The Untold History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1830-1900 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1982); Leonard J. Arrington and Susan A. Madsen, Sun-bonnet Sisters: True Stories of Mormon Women and Frontier Life (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1984); Noall, Guardians.
23. On pioneer midwives, see Kate B. Carter, "Pioneer Midwives," in Our Pioneer Heritage, ed. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963), 6:493-561; C. L. Bushman, Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah; Vickie Burgess-Olson, Sister Saints (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1978); Kenneth W. Godfrey, Audrey M. Godfrey, and Jill M. Derr, Women's Voices: The Untold History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1830-1900 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1982); Leonard J. Arrington and Susan A. Madsen, Sun-bonnet Sisters: True Stories of Mormon Women and Frontier Life (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1984); Noall, Guardians.
24. On pioneer midwives, see Kate B. Carter, "Pioneer Midwives," in Our Pioneer Heritage, ed. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963), 6:493-561; C. L. Bushman, Mormon Sisters: Women in Early Utah; Vickie Burgess-Olson, Sister Saints (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1978); Kenneth W. Godfrey, Audrey M. Godfrey, and Jill M. Derr, Women's Voices: The Untold History of the Latter-Day Saints, 1830-1900 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1982); Leonard J. Arrington and Susan A. Madsen, Sun-bonnet Sisters: True Stories of Mormon Women and Frontier Life (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1984); Noall, Guardians.
25. Thomas G. Alexander, Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-Day Saints (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 4.
26. Ibid., 4. Alexander notes the following: "After moving to Utah, the Latter-day Saints had built a community which conjoined church and state, politics, the economy, and society into one whole.... The Protestant majority in the United States responded with a series of laws, court tests, and political activities designed to break the back of the Mormon community and reshape it in the image of the remainder of the United States. These culminated in the [Congressional] passage of the Edmunds (1882) and Edmunds-Tucker (1887) acts.... They insisted that the Latter-day Saints conform to the norms of Victorian America, which allowed religious influence to be exercised on moral questions but generally interdicted extensive church interference -at least by religions considered deviant - in political and economic matters."
27. Ibid.; Deseret News, 15 February 1899; Deseret News, 17 November 1900.
28. Ibid.; Deseret News, 15 February 1899; Deseret News, 17 November 1900.
29. Alexander, 194-196.
30. "The Nurses and the Schools," Deseret News, 4 April 1916.
31. See Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Mormon Women," The Western Humanities Review 9 (1955): 145-164; Leonard J. Arrington, "Blessed Damozels: Women in Mormon History," Dialogue: Journal of Mormon Thought 6 (1971): 22-31; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons: Women in Mormon History," BYU Studies 20 (1979-1980): 39-58; B. D. Blumell, "Welfare Before Welfare: Twentieth Century LDS Church Charity Before the Great Depression" Journal of Mormon History 13 (1979): 3-19; Maureen U. Beecher, "Under the Sunbonnets: Mormon Women With Faces," BYU Studies 16 (1975-1976): 471-484; Carol C. Madsen, "Mormon Women and the Struggle for Definition: The Nineteenth Century Church," Sunstone (November-December, 1982): 7-11; A. F. Scott, "Mormon Women, Other Women: Paradoxes and Challenges," Journal of Mormon History 13 (1986-87): 3-19. Jan Shipps (Foreward in Sisters in Spirit, ix) noted that social and political transition eventually pushed Mormon women "back into the domestic sphere," and described both positive and negative consequences of that move.
32. See Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Mormon Women," The Western Humanities Review 9 (1955): 145-164; Leonard J. Arrington, "Blessed Damozels: Women in Mormon History," Dialogue: Journal of Mormon Thought 6 (1971): 22-31; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons: Women in Mormon History," BYU Studies 20 (1979-1980): 39-58; B. D. Blumell, "Welfare Before Welfare: Twentieth Century LDS Church Charity Before the Great Depression" Journal of Mormon History 13 (1979): 3-19; Maureen U. Beecher, "Under the Sunbonnets: Mormon Women With Faces," BYU Studies 16 (1975-1976): 471-484; Carol C. Madsen, "Mormon Women and the Struggle for Definition: The Nineteenth Century Church," Sunstone (November-December, 1982): 7-11; A. F. Scott, "Mormon Women, Other Women: Paradoxes and Challenges," Journal of Mormon History 13 (1986-87): 3-19. Jan Shipps (Foreward in Sisters in Spirit, ix) noted that social and political transition eventually pushed Mormon women "back into the domestic sphere," and described both positive and negative consequences of that move.
33. See Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Mormon Women," The Western Humanities Review 9 (1955): 145-164; Leonard J. Arrington, "Blessed Damozels: Women in Mormon History," Dialogue: Journal of Mormon Thought 6 (1971): 22-31; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons: Women in Mormon History," BYU Studies 20 (1979-1980): 39-58; B. D. Blumell, "Welfare Before Welfare: Twentieth Century LDS Church Charity Before the Great Depression" Journal of Mormon History 13 (1979): 3-19; Maureen U. Beecher, "Under the Sunbonnets: Mormon Women With Faces," BYU Studies 16 (1975-1976): 471-484; Carol C. Madsen, "Mormon Women and the Struggle for Definition: The Nineteenth Century Church," Sunstone (November-December, 1982): 7-11; A. F. Scott, "Mormon Women, Other Women: Paradoxes and Challenges," Journal of Mormon History 13 (1986-87): 3-19. Jan Shipps (Foreward in Sisters in Spirit, ix) noted that social and political transition eventually pushed Mormon women "back into the domestic sphere," and described both positive and negative consequences of that move.
34. See Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Mormon Women," The Western Humanities Review 9 (1955): 145-164; Leonard J. Arrington, "Blessed Damozels: Women in Mormon History," Dialogue: Journal of Mormon Thought 6 (1971): 22-31; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons: Women in Mormon History," BYU Studies 20 (1979-1980): 39-58; B. D. Blumell, "Welfare Before Welfare: Twentieth Century LDS Church Charity Before the Great Depression" Journal of Mormon History 13 (1979): 3-19; Maureen U. Beecher, "Under the Sunbonnets: Mormon Women With Faces," BYU Studies 16 (1975-1976): 471-484; Carol C. Madsen, "Mormon Women and the Struggle for Definition: The Nineteenth Century Church," Sunstone (November-December, 1982): 7-11; A. F. Scott, "Mormon Women, Other Women: Paradoxes and Challenges," Journal of Mormon History 13 (1986-87): 3-19. Jan Shipps (Foreward in Sisters in Spirit, ix) noted that social and political transition eventually pushed Mormon women "back into the domestic sphere," and described both positive and negative consequences of that move.
35. See Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Mormon Women," The Western Humanities Review 9 (1955): 145-164; Leonard J. Arrington, "Blessed Damozels: Women in Mormon History," Dialogue: Journal of Mormon Thought 6 (1971): 22-31; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons: Women in Mormon History," BYU Studies 20 (1979-1980): 39-58; B. D. Blumell, "Welfare Before Welfare: Twentieth Century LDS Church Charity Before the Great Depression" Journal of Mormon History 13 (1979): 3-19; Maureen U. Beecher, "Under the Sunbonnets: Mormon Women With Faces," BYU Studies 16 (1975-1976): 471-484; Carol C. Madsen, "Mormon Women and the Struggle for Definition: The Nineteenth Century Church," Sunstone (November-December, 1982): 7-11; A. F. Scott, "Mormon Women, Other Women: Paradoxes and Challenges," Journal of Mormon History 13 (1986-87): 3-19. Jan Shipps (Foreward in Sisters in Spirit, ix) noted that social and political transition eventually pushed Mormon women "back into the domestic sphere," and described both positive and negative consequences of that move.
36. See Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Mormon Women," The Western Humanities Review 9 (1955): 145-164; Leonard J. Arrington, "Blessed Damozels: Women in Mormon History," Dialogue: Journal of Mormon Thought 6 (1971): 22-31; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons: Women in Mormon History," BYU Studies 20 (1979-1980): 39-58; B. D. Blumell, "Welfare Before Welfare: Twentieth Century LDS Church Charity Before the Great Depression" Journal of Mormon History 13 (1979): 3-19; Maureen U. Beecher, "Under the Sunbonnets: Mormon Women With Faces," BYU Studies 16 (1975-1976): 471-484; Carol C. Madsen, "Mormon Women and the Struggle for Definition: The Nineteenth Century Church," Sunstone (November-December, 1982): 7-11; A. F. Scott, "Mormon Women, Other Women: Paradoxes and Challenges," Journal of Mormon History 13 (1986-87): 3-19. Jan Shipps (Foreward in Sisters in Spirit, ix) noted that social and political transition eventually pushed Mormon women "back into the domestic sphere," and described both positive and negative consequences of that move.
37. See Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Mormon Women," The Western Humanities Review 9 (1955): 145-164; Leonard J. Arrington, "Blessed Damozels: Women in Mormon History," Dialogue: Journal of Mormon Thought 6 (1971): 22-31; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons: Women in Mormon History," BYU Studies 20 (1979-1980): 39-58; B. D. Blumell, "Welfare Before Welfare: Twentieth Century LDS Church Charity Before the Great Depression" Journal of Mormon History 13 (1979): 3-19; Maureen U. Beecher, "Under the Sunbonnets: Mormon Women With Faces," BYU Studies 16 (1975-1976): 471-484; Carol C. Madsen, "Mormon Women and the Struggle for Definition: The Nineteenth Century Church," Sunstone (November-December, 1982): 7-11; A. F. Scott, "Mormon Women, Other Women: Paradoxes and Challenges," Journal of Mormon History 13 (1986-87): 3-19. Jan Shipps (Foreward in Sisters in Spirit, ix) noted that social and political transition eventually pushed Mormon women "back into the domestic sphere," and described both positive and negative consequences of that move.
38. Jan Shipps, "Foreward," in Sisters in Spirit, vii-xii.
39. See Amy Brown Lyman, In Retrospect: Autobiography of Amy Brown Lyman (Salt Lake City: General Board of Relief Society, 1945);
40. J. B. White, "Martha H. Cannon," in Sister Saints, ed Vickie Burgess-Olson (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1978), 385-397;
41. E. R. Olsen, "Women of Note," in Lessons for December, 1991 (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1991);
42. B. Pyles, "Once Upon a Time the Fairer Sex Ruled Kanab," Southern Utah News, 28 July 1992, 12.
43. The experiences of persecution and winter emigration of the early Latter-Day Saints provoked an official statement of the leadership of the Church in 1877 to save "a few years" supply of grain in case of famine. However, "the exhortations of church leaders failed to induce the men to forego immediate sale for cash. The failure of the men to store an adequate supply of grain led Brigham Young, in October 1876, to officially assign the task of grain conservation to the Relief Society," with another subtle motive to reduce consumption and trade for "finery, or unnecessary articles for personal or household ornament." Relief Society took the assignment seriously and developed an important independent industry of grain saving, from which profits were used for women's and children's health programs. Eventually the Church took over the effort and profited from grain sales from the women's granaries. For more complete discussion of grain saving, see Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Women"; E. Cecil McGavin and Albert L. Zobell, Jr., "Grain Storage Among the Latter-Day Saints," Improvement Era 44 (1941): 142.
44. The experiences of persecution and winter emigration of the early Latter- Day Saints provoked an official statement of the leadership of the Church in 1877 to save "a few years" supply of grain in case of famine. However, "the exhortations of church leaders failed to induce the men to forego immediate sale for cash. The failure of the men to store an adequate supply of grain led Brigham Young, in October 1876, to officially assign the task of grain conservation to the Relief Society," with another subtle motive to reduce consumption and trade for "finery, or unnecessary articles for personal or household ornament." Relief Society took the assignment seriously and developed an important independent industry of grain saving, from which profits were used for women's and children's health programs. Eventually the Church took over the effort and profited from grain sales from the women's granaries. For more complete discussion of grain saving, see Leonard J. Arrington, "The Economic Role of Pioneer Women"; E. Cecil McGavin and Albert L. Zobell, Jr., "Grain Storage Among the Latter-Day Saints," Improvement Era 44 (1941): 142.
45. See History of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: General Board of the Relief Society, 1966); A Centenary of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Relief Society General Board, 1942).
46. See History of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: General Board of the Relief Society, 1966); A Centenary of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Relief Society General Board, 1942).
47. A Centenary, 22.
48. Woman's Exponent, 16 March 1888, 156.
49. Lyman, In Retrospect, 63-64.
50. Bushman, Mormon Sisters, 57.
51. Ibid., 57; see A Centenary. 27. Woman's Exponent, 1 September 1872, 58.
52. John R. Morrell, "Medicine of the Pioneer Period," Utah Historical Quarterly 23 (1955), 137; Lester E. Bush, "The Mormon Tradition," in Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions, eds. R. L. Numbers and D. W. Amundsen (New York: Macmillan, 1986), 397-420.
53. John R. Morrell, "Medicine of the Pioneer Period," Utah Historical Quarterly 23 (1955), 137; Lester E. Bush, "The Mormon Tradition," in Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions, eds. R. L. Numbers and D. W. Amundsen (New York: Macmillan, 1986), 397-420.
54. Kate B. Carter, "Pioneer Women Doctors," in Our Pioneer Heritage, ed. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963), 6; A Centenary, 20. A Mormon ward is a local unit of the Church, resembling a parish. A "bishop" presides over the ward unit, and a "president of the ward Relief Society" leads the local organization of women within the ward. A stake is a group of five to ten wards, similar to a diocese, and includes the position of a woman "Stake Relief Society President."
55. Kate B. Carter, "Pioneer Women Doctors," in Our Pioneer Heritage, ed. Kate B. Carter (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963), 6; A Centenary, 20. A Mormon ward is a local unit of the Church, resembling a parish. A "bishop" presides over the ward unit, and a "president of the ward Relief Society" leads the local organization of women within the ward. A stake is a group of five to ten wards, similar to a diocese, and includes the position of a woman "Stake Relief Society President."
56. Woman's Exponent, 1 September 1872, 58
57. Carter, "Pioneer Women Doctors," 363; Maggie C. Shipp and Ellis R. Shipp, "Announcement," Woman's Exponent, 1894: 192; Romania B. Pratt, "Announcement," Woman's Exponent 25 (1896): 4; "Nursing in Relief Society," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1915): 316-317. Maggie Shipp later divorced Dr. M. Bard Shipp and became the wife of B. H. Roberts. Thereafter, she was known as Dr. Margaret Roberts.
58. Carter, "Pioneer Women Doctors," 363; Maggie C. Shipp and Ellis R. Shipp, "Announcement," Woman's Exponent, 1894: 192; Romania B. Pratt, "Announcement," Woman's Exponent 25 (1896): 4; "Nursing in Relief Society," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1915): 316-317. Maggie Shipp later divorced Dr. M. Bard Shipp and became the wife of B. H. Roberts. Thereafter, she was known as Dr. Margaret Roberts.
59. Carter, "Pioneer Women Doctors," 363; Maggie C. Shipp and Ellis R. Shipp, "Announcement," Woman's Exponent, 1894: 192; Romania B. Pratt, "Announcement," Woman's Exponent 25 (1896): 4; "Nursing in Relief Society," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1915): 316-317. Maggie Shipp later divorced Dr. M. Bard Shipp and became the wife of B. H. Roberts. Thereafter, she was known as Dr. Margaret Roberts.
60. Carter, "Pioneer Women Doctors," 363; Maggie C. Shipp and Ellis R. Shipp, "Announcement," Woman's Exponent, 1894: 192; Romania B. Pratt, "Announcement," Woman's Exponent 25 (1896): 4; "Nursing in Relief Society," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1915): 316-317. Maggie Shipp later divorced Dr. M. Bard Shipp and became the wife of B. H. Roberts. Thereafter, she was known as Dr. Margaret Roberts.
61. Woman's Exponent, 10 August 1881, 44.
62. Elizabeth Jane P. Evans, Personal notes from nursing courses from Dr. Ellis Shipp in Salt Lake City. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Archives, Special Collections.
63. Maggie C. Shipp, "Nurses," The Salt Lake Sanitarian 1 (April 1888): 27-28.
64. Kate B. Carter, "Pioneer Midwives," in Our Pioneer Heritage (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963) 6: 493-494.
65. "Scientific Nurses Graduate Today," Deseret Evening News, 18 May 1905.
66. Some information about the Relief Society Nurse School is from published histories, A Centenary and History of Relief Society, and colleagues' personal notes from unpublished minutes of Relief Society General Board meetings from 1912 to 1917 that were not available to the author. There is some evidence of discussion among the Relief Society sisters regarding the dilemma of training nurses, who then might prove costly in providing needed care. Evidently the women struggled with the need for competent charity care.
67. M. C. Roberts, "Reasons for a Relief Society Nurse School," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1914): 377.
68. Announcement (1916). Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives.
69. Emma Empey, "Report of Nurse Work," Notes from a talk given to Woman's Clubs, The Hermitage, Ogden, UT, 30 October 1907. Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives.
70. See R. L. Duffus, Lillian Wald: Neighbor and Crusader (New York: Macmillan, 1938).
71. Waters to Empey, 26 January 1909. Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives.
72. Empey to Waters, 15 February 1909. Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives.
73. Waters to Empey, 26 February 1909. Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives.
74. Deseret Evening News, January 1913.
75. Lyman, In Retrospect, 117.
76. Deseret Evening News, 3 April 1920; Deseret News, 26 June 1920; Susanna Young Gates, "L.D.S. Relief Society Class for Training Nurse Aids," Relief Society Magazine 7 (July 1920): 376; "Relief Society Nurses," Relief Society Magazine 11 (April 1924): 358.
77. Deseret Evening News, 3 April 1920; Deseret News, 26 June 1920; Susanna Young Gates, "L.D.S. Relief Society Class for Training Nurse Aids," Relief Society Magazine 7 (July 1920): 376; "Relief Society Nurses," Relief Society Magazine 11 (April 1924): 358.
78. Deseret Evening News, 3 April 1920; Deseret News, 26 June 1920; Susanna Young Gates, "L.D.S. Relief Society Class for Training Nurse Aids," Relief Society Magazine 7 (July 1920): 376; "Relief Society Nurses," Relief Society Magazine 11 (April 1924): 358.
79. Deseret Evening News, 3 April 1920; Deseret News, 26 June 1920; Susanna Young Gates, "L.D.S. Relief Society Class for Training Nurse Aids," Relief Society Magazine 7 (July 1920): 376; "Relief Society Nurses," Relief Society Magazine 11 (April 1924): 358.
80. Deseret Evening News, 26 June 1920.
81. "Relief Society Nurse School Commencement Exercises," Relief Society Magazine 9 (September 1922): 463, 467.
82. See History of Relief Society.
83. J. W. Beless, "The Episcopal Church in Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly 36 (1968): 80.
84. Divett.
85. Ralph Richards, Of Medicine, Hospitals, and Doctors (Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1953), 28.
86. E. M. Wells, Charities and Philanthropies, pamphlet published for the Worlds' Fair. Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons;" Olsen, "Women of Note."
87. E. M. Wells, Charities and Philanthropies, pamphlet published for the Worlds' Fair. Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons;" Olsen, "Women of Note."
88. E. M. Wells, Charities and Philanthropies, pamphlet published for the Worlds' Fair. Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives; Leonard J. Arrington, "Persons for All Seasons;" Olsen, "Women of Note."
89. Olsen, "Women of Note," 169.
90. Claire Noall, "Utah's Pioneer Women Doctors: The Story of the Deseret Hospital," Improvement Era 62 (1939): 274; Divett.
91. Alexander, 5; Ronald W. Walker, "Crisis in Zion: Heber J. Grant and the Panic of 1893," Arizona and the West 21 (Autumn 1979): 257-278. See also Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830- 1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958); Charles Huffman, The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1970); W. Jett Lauck, The Causes of the Panic of 1893 (Boston, 1907).
92. Alexander, 5; Ronald W. Walker, "Crisis in Zion: Heber J. Grant and the Panic of 1893," Arizona and the West 21 (Autumn 1979): 257-278. See also Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958); Charles Huffman, The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1970); W. Jett Lauck, The Causes of the Panic of 1893 (Boston, 1907).
93. Alexander, 5; Ronald W. Walker, "Crisis in Zion: Heber J. Grant and the Panic of 1893," Arizona and the West 21 (Autumn 1979): 257-278. See also Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830- 1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958); Charles Huffman, The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1970); W. Jett Lauck, The Causes of the Panic of 1893 (Boston, 1907).
94. Alexander, 5; Ronald W. Walker, "Crisis in Zion: Heber J. Grant and the Panic of 1893," Arizona and the West 21 (Autumn 1979): 257-278. See also Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830- 1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958); Charles Huffman, The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Corporation, 1970); W. Jett Lauck, The Causes of the Panic of 1893 (Boston, 1907).
95. "Training for Nurses," Deseret Evening News, 16 November 1910.
96. Florence Nightingale, Notes on Nursing (London: Harrison, 1859; reprint J. B. Lippincott, 1947), 16.
97. Emily M. Carlisle, "Cottonwood State Maternity Hospital," Relief Society Magazine 18 (1931): 415-416.
98. Jill M. Derr and Maureen U. Beecher, "Tenderness in the Dance: Sesquicentennial Reflections on Relief Society," paper presented at the Annual Brigham Young University/Relief Society Women's Conference, Provo, UT, May 1992; Derr, Cannon, and Beecher, 1992.
99. M. Bard Shipp and Maggie C. Shipp, "Editorial," The Salt Lake Sanitarian 1 (April 1888): 14; M. Bard Shipp, "Editorial," The Salt Lake Sanitarian 1 (May 1888): 38.
100. M. Bard Shipp and Maggie C. Shipp, "Editorial," The Salt Lake Sanitarian 1 (April 1888): 14; M. Bard Shipp, "Editorial," The Salt Lake Sanitarian 1 (May 1888): 38.
101. For an exhaustive study of Woman's Exponent, see Carol C. Madsen, Remember the Women of Zion: A Study of the Editorial Content of the "Woman 's Exponent": A Mormon Woman's Journal. Unpublished master's thesis, Salt Lake City, University of Utah, 1977.
102. See Sarah Walker Barney, Nursing and Health Care Among Mormon Women: An Analysis of the "Relief Society Magazine," 1914-1930. Unpublished master's thesis Provo, UT, Brigham Young University, 1993.
103. "Proper Dress for Nurses," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1914): 320.
104. "Food For the Sick," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1914): 325-26.
105. Lyman, National Woman's Relief Society; Woman's Exponent, 30 March 1902, 85.
106. History of Relief Society; "Public Health," Relief Society Magazine 2 (1914): 139.
107. "Century Watch Meeting," Program of Spring 1900. Salt Lake City: LDS Church Archives.
108. Loretta L. Hener, "The National Women's Relief Society and the United States Sheppard-Towner Act," Utah Historical Quarterly 50 (Summer 1982): 255-276.
109. Florence Nightingale, "Training of Nurses and Nursing the Sick," in Quain's Dictionary of Medicine (London: Longmans and Green, 1882), 1038.