Representations of India, the English East India Company, and Self by an Eighteenth-Century Indian Emigrant to Britain

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 891-911

  Fisher, Michael H ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0346500723     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X9800314X     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. See Kumkum Chatterjee, 'History as Self-Representation: The Recasting of a Political Tradition in Late Eighteenth-Century Eastern India', in this issue, for an analysis of such histories and chronicles.
2. Cole suggests that, while some of these Persian authors occasionally criticized the West, they largely modeled their depictions on Western self-understanding. Juan R. I. Cole, 'Invisible Occidentalism: Eighteenth-Century Indo-Persian Constructions of the West', Iranian Studies 25, 3-4 (1992): 3-16.
3. For a full biography of Dean Mahomet and a republication of his book, see Michael H. Fisher, The First Indian Author in English (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996) or a shorter version, Dean Mahomet, Travels of Dean Mahomet, edited by Michael H. Fisher (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
4. For a full biography of Dean Mahomet and a republication of his book, see Michael H. Fisher, The First Indian Author in English (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996) or a shorter version, Dean Mahomet, Travels of Dean Mahomet, edited by Michael H. Fisher (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
5. Chatterjee, 'History as Self-Representation', and J. F. Richards, 'Norms of Comportment' in Barbara Metcalf (ed.), Moral Conduct and Authority (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984) pp. 255-89.
6. Chatterjee, 'History as Self-Representation', and J. F. Richards, 'Norms of Comportment' in Barbara Metcalf (ed.), Moral Conduct and Authority (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984) pp. 255-89.
7. Leading genres of Muslim travel literature were the rihla and pilgrimage accounts of the Haj. See Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). For a later and quite different sort of travel account by a Muslim in Europe, see Muhammad As-Saffar, Disorienting Encounters, ed. and trans. Susan Gilson Miller (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). See also Eric J. Leed, Mind of the Traveler (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1063); Henri Pérès, 'Voyaguers Musulmans', in Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, LXVIII (1940); Bernard Lewis, Muslim Discovery (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982); Mary Louise Pratt, 'Scratches', in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), 'Race', Writing and Difference (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 138-62.
8. Leading genres of Muslim travel literature were the rihla and pilgrimage accounts of the Haj. See Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). For a later and quite different sort of travel account by a Muslim in Europe, see Muhammad As-Saffar, Disorienting Encounters, ed. and trans. Susan Gilson Miller (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). See also Eric J. Leed, Mind of the Traveler (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1063); Henri Pérès, 'Voyaguers Musulmans', in Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, LXVIII (1940); Bernard Lewis, Muslim Discovery (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982); Mary Louise Pratt, 'Scratches', in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), 'Race', Writing and Difference (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 138-62.
9. Leading genres of Muslim travel literature were the rihla and pilgrimage accounts of the Haj. See Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). For a later and quite different sort of travel account by a Muslim in Europe, see Muhammad As-Saffar, Disorienting Encounters, ed. and trans. Susan Gilson Miller (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). See also Eric J. Leed, Mind of the Traveler (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1063); Henri Pérès, 'Voyaguers Musulmans', in Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, LXVIII (1940); Bernard Lewis, Muslim Discovery (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982); Mary Louise Pratt, 'Scratches', in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), 'Race', Writing and Difference (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 138-62.
10. Leading genres of Muslim travel literature were the rihla and pilgrimage accounts of the Haj. See Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). For a later and quite different sort of travel account by a Muslim in Europe, see Muhammad As-Saffar, Disorienting Encounters, ed. and trans. Susan Gilson Miller (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). See also Eric J. Leed, Mind of the Traveler (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1063); Henri Pérès, 'Voyaguers Musulmans', in Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, LXVIII (1940); Bernard Lewis, Muslim Discovery (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982); Mary Louise Pratt, 'Scratches', in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), 'Race', Writing and Difference (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 138-62.
11. Leading genres of Muslim travel literature were the rihla and pilgrimage accounts of the Haj. See Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). For a later and quite different sort of travel account by a Muslim in Europe, see Muhammad As-Saffar, Disorienting Encounters, ed. and trans. Susan Gilson Miller (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). See also Eric J. Leed, Mind of the Traveler (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1063); Henri Pérès, 'Voyaguers Musulmans', in Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, LXVIII (1940); Bernard Lewis, Muslim Discovery (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982); Mary Louise Pratt, 'Scratches', in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), 'Race', Writing and Difference (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 138-62.
12. Leading genres of Muslim travel literature were the rihla and pilgrimage accounts of the Haj. See Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). For a later and quite different sort of travel account by a Muslim in Europe, see Muhammad As-Saffar, Disorienting Encounters, ed. and trans. Susan Gilson Miller (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). See also Eric J. Leed, Mind of the Traveler (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1063); Henri Pérès, 'Voyaguers Musulmans', in Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, LXVIII (1940); Bernard Lewis, Muslim Discovery (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982); Mary Louise Pratt, 'Scratches', in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), 'Race', Writing and Difference (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 138-62.
13. Leading genres of Muslim travel literature were the rihla and pilgrimage accounts of the Haj. See Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). For a later and quite different sort of travel account by a Muslim in Europe, see Muhammad As-Saffar, Disorienting Encounters, ed. and trans. Susan Gilson Miller (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). See also Eric J. Leed, Mind of the Traveler (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Arab Rediscovery (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1063); Henri Pérès, 'Voyaguers Musulmans', in Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire, LXVIII (1940); Bernard Lewis, Muslim Discovery (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982); Mary Louise Pratt, 'Scratches', in Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (ed.), 'Race', Writing and Difference (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 138-62.
14. Cf. Edward W. Said's assertion: 'The power to narrate, or to block other narratives from forming and emerging . . . constitutes one of the main connections between . . . culture and imperialism . . . From the beginning of Western speculation about the Orient, the one thing the Orient could not do was to represent itself'. Orientalism (New York: Random House, 1978), pp. xiii, 283.
15. See Charles Batten, Pleasurable Instruction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).
16. E.g. Eliza Hamilton, Translation of the Letters of a Hindoo Rajah, 2 vols (London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1796); James Moirer, Adventures of Hajji Baba, 2 vols (London: John Murray, 1824); Charles de Secondat Montesquieu, Letters persanes (Cologne: Chez Pierre Marteau, 1730).
17. E.g. Eliza Hamilton, Translation of the Letters of a Hindoo Rajah, 2 vols (London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1796); James Moirer, Adventures of Hajji Baba, 2 vols (London: John Murray, 1824); Charles de Secondat Montesquieu, Letters persanes (Cologne: Chez Pierre Marteau, 1730).
18. E.g. Eliza Hamilton, Translation of the Letters of a Hindoo Rajah, 2 vols (London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1796); James Moirer, Adventures of Hajji Baba, 2 vols (London: John Murray, 1824); Charles de Secondat Montesquieu, Letters persanes (Cologne: Chez Pierre Marteau, 1730).
19. See Percy G. Adams, Travel Literature (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1983); Robert Adams Day, Told in Letters (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1966); Frank G. Black, Technique', Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature XV (1933).
20. See Percy G. Adams, Travel Literature (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1983); Robert Adams Day, Told in Letters (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1966); Frank G. Black, Technique', Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature XV (1933).
21. See Percy G. Adams, Travel Literature (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1983); Robert Adams Day, Told in Letters (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1966); Frank G. Black, Technique', Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature XV (1933).
22. Karl Weintraub, 'Autobiography', in Critical Inquiry 1, 4 (June 1975), pp. 821-48. For discussion of a Mughal 'individualistic' autobiography see Stephan F. Dale, 'Steppe Humanism', International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 22, no. 1 (February 1990), 37-58 . Von Grunebaum argues that the pre-modern Islamic biographical tradition generated impersonal stereotypes rather than individual characters. Gustav E. Von Grunebaum, Medieval Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946).
23. Karl Weintraub, 'Autobiography', in Critical Inquiry 1, 4 (June 1975), pp. 821- 48. For discussion of a Mughal 'individualistic' autobiography see Stephan F. Dale, 'Steppe Humanism', International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 22, no. 1 (February 1990), 37-58 . Von Grunebaum argues that the pre-modern Islamic biographical tradition generated impersonal stereotypes rather than individual characters. Gustav E. Von Grunebaum, Medieval Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946).
24. Karl Weintraub, 'Autobiography', in Critical Inquiry 1, 4 (June 1975), pp. 821- 48. For discussion of a Mughal 'individualistic' autobiography see Stephan F. Dale, 'Steppe Humanism', International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 22, no. 1 (February 1990), 37-58 . Von Grunebaum argues that the pre-modern Islamic biographical tradition generated impersonal stereotypes rather than individual characters. Gustav E. Von Grunebaum, Medieval Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946).
25. Philippe Lejeune, On Autobiography, tr. Katherine M. Leary (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), p. 4. See also James Olney (ed.), Autobiography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980); and Robert Folkenflik (ed.), Culture of Autobiography (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993).
26. Philippe Lejeune, On Autobiography, tr. Katherine M. Leary (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), p. 4. See also James Olney (ed.), Autobiography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980); and Robert Folkenflik (ed.), Culture of Autobiography (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993).
27. Philippe Lejeune, On Autobiography, tr. Katherine M. Leary (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), p. 4. See also James Olney (ed.), Autobiography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980); and Robert Folkenflik (ed.), Culture of Autobiography (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993).
28. Percy G. Adams, Travelers and Travel Liars (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962).
29. Throughout this article, to indicate pagination from Dean Mahomet's Travels, I will use (D) for Dedication and Roman numerals for the numbered Letters.
30. Patricia Meyer Spacks, Imagining a Self (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976).
31. See Batten, Pleasurable, pp. 84-5. Dean Mahomet occasionally paraphrased or plagiarized from John Henry Grose, Voyage to the East Indies (London: S. Hooper, 1757, 1766, 1772) and [Jemima] Kindersley, Letters from . . . the East Indies (London: Norse, 1777). While he selected words and phrases from these works, he recast them into his own argument.
32. See Batten, Pleasurable, pp. 84-5. Dean Mahomet occasionally paraphrased or plagiarized from John Henry Grose, Voyage to the East Indies (London: S. Hooper, 1757, 1766, 1772) and [Jemima] Kindersley, Letters from . . . the East Indies (London: Norse, 1777). While he selected words and phrases from these works, he recast them into his own argument.
33. See Batten, Pleasurable, pp. 84-5. Dean Mahomet occasionally paraphrased or plagiarized from John Henry Grose, Voyage to the East Indies (London: S. Hooper, 1757, 1766, 1772) and [Jemima] Kindersley, Letters from . . . the East Indies (London: Norse, 1777). While he selected words and phrases from these works, he recast them into his own argument.
34. See Barbara Maria Stafford, Voyage into Substance (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984).
35. Hodges, Travels, p. 26.
36. The Monthly Review 9 n.s. (May-August 1793): 133-8 and The Critical Review or Annals of Literature 7 n.s. (March 1793): 335-46.
37. The Monthly Review 9 n.s. (May-August 1793): 133-8 and The Critical Review or Annals of Literature 7 n.s. (March 1793): 335-46.
38. Thomas and William Daniell, Antiquities (London: The Authors, 1799), pl. 9 'W.W. View of the Fakeer's rock', and Oriental Scenery (London: The Authors, 1812- 16), part 5, pl. 9, 10. See Mildred G. Archer, Early Views (London: Thomas and Hudson, 1980).
39. Thomas and William Daniell, Antiquities (London: The Authors, 1799), pl. 9 'W.W. View of the Fakeer's rock', and Oriental Scenery (London: The Authors, 1812-16), part 5, pl. 9, 10. See Mildred G. Archer, Early Views (London: Thomas and Hudson, 1980).
40. Thomas and William Daniell, Antiquities (London: The Authors, 1799), pl. 9 'W.W. View of the Fakeer's rock', and Oriental Scenery (London: The Authors, 1812- 16), part 5, pl. 9, 10. See Mildred G. Archer, Early Views (London: Thomas and Hudson, 1980).
41. Willis' Current Notes (1851), pp. 22-3.
42. J. Jean Hecht, 'Continental and Colonial Servants', Smith College Studies in History, vol. 40 (1954).
43. For a European woman's view of her husband's elite Muslim family in the early nineteenth century see Mrs Meer Hasan Ali, Observations on the Mussulmauns, 2 vols (London: Parbury, Allen, 1832).
44. Abu Taleb Khan, 'Masir Talibi fi Bilad Afranji', vol. 1, fols 97-8, Add 8145, British Library; translated as Abu Taleb Khan, Travels, tr. Charles Stewart, 2 vols (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1810; 1814).
45. Abu Taleb Khan, 'Masir Talibi fi Bilad Afranji', vol. 1, fols 97-8, Add 8145, British Library; translated as Abu Taleb Khan, Travels, tr. Charles Stewart, 2 vols (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1810; 1814).
46. For discussion of Brahmins as 'native ethnographers' see Richard Burghart, 'Ethnographers', in Richard Fardon, Localizing Strategies (Edinburgh: Scottish Academy Press, 1990), 260-79.
47. See Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah, tr. Franz Rosenthal (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967).
48. Hastings Letter, July 15, 1782, in Warren Hastings, Memoir, ed. G.R. Gleig, 3 vols (London: Richard Bentley, 1841), 2:584-7. Hastings to Doorbijey Sing, July 15, 1782, Persian Correspondence, Translations of Issues, 1781-85, 26, pp. 1-18, No. 38, National Archives of India. Baker Letter 27 November, 1783, Bengal Public Consultation, December 18, 1783 and Minutes of Court of Directors September 10, 1784, Oriental and India Office Collections, British Library.