Central nervous system lupus: A clinical approach to therapy

Lupus

Volumn 12, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 935-942

  Sanna, Giovanni ^a   Bertolaccini, M L ^b   Mathieu, A ^c  

^a HOMERTON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

aPL; CNS; Immunosuppression; Ischemia; SLE

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; ERGOTAMINE; FLUOXETINE; HALOPERIDOL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LAMOTRIGINE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; RISPERIDONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PLASMAPHERESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; LUPUS VASCULITIS, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; MALE; METHOTREXATE; PLASMAPHERESIS; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0346493187     PISSN: 09612033     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1191/0961203303lu505oa     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Bruyn GA. Controversies in lupus: nervous system involvement. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54: 159-167.
2. Hanly JG, Fisk JD, Sherwood G, Jones E, Jones JV, Eastwood B. Cognitive impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 562-567.
3. Neuwelt CM, Lacks S, Kaye BR, Ellman JB, Borenstein DG. Role of intravenous cyclophosphamide in the treatment of severe neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1995; 98: 32-41.
4. The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 599-608.
5. Denburg SD, Carbotte RM, Denburg JA. Corticosteroids and neuropsychological functioning in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1311-1320.
6. Ainiala H, Loukkola J, Peltola J, Korpela M, Hietaharju A. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 2001; 57: 496-500.
7. Ainiala H, Hietaharju A, Loukkola J et al. Validity of the new American College of Rheumatology criteria for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes: a population-based evaluation. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45: 419-423.
8. Mok CC, Lau CS, Wong RW. Neuropsychiatric manifestations and their clinical associations in southern Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 766-771.
9. Brey RL, Holliday SL, Saklad AR et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in lupus: prevalence using standardized definitions. Neurology 2002; 58: 1214-1220.
10. Sanna G, Bertolaccini ML, Cuadrado MJ, Laing H, Mathieu A, Hughes GR. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and association with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 985-992.
11. Warnatz K, Peter HH, Schumacher M et al. Infectious CNS disease as a differential diagnosis in systemic rheumatic diseases: three case reports and a review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 50-57.
12. West SG. Lupus and the central nervous system. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1996; 8: 408-414.
13. Hanly JG, Hong C, Smith S, Fisk JD. A prospective analysis of cognitive function and anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 728-734.
14. Menon S, Jameson-Shortall E, Newman SP, Hall-Craggs MR, Chinn R, Isenberg DA. A longitudinal study of anticardiolipin antibody levels and cognitive functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 735-741.
15. Khamashta MA, Cervera R, Hughes GR. The central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 1991; 11: 117-119.
16. Tincani A, Brey R, Balestrieri G et al. International survey on the management of patients with SLE. II. The results of a questionnaire regarding neuropsychiatric manifestations. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996; 14(Suppl 16): S23-S29.
17. Moore PM. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. In Lahita RG ed. Systemic lupus erythematosus, Third edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1999: 575-601.
18. Brodie MJ, Dichter MA. Antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 168-175.
19. Devinsky O. Patients with refractory seizures. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1565-1570.
20. Hughes G. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and the lupus anticoagulant. BMJ 1983; 287: 1088-1089.
21. Toubi E, Khamashta MA, Panarra A, Hughes GR. Association of antiphospholipid antibodies with central nervous system disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 1995; 99: 397-401.
22. Sanna G, Bertolaccini ML, Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. Central nervous system involvement in the antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 200-213.
23. Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, Taub NA, Hunt BJ, Hughes GR. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 993-997.
24. Levine SR, Brey RL, Sawaya KL et al. Recurrent stroke and thromboocclusive events in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 119-124.
25. Sanna G, Piga M, Terryberry JW et al. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: cerebral imaging and serological profile in patients with and without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus 2000; 9: 573-583.
26. Karussis D, Leker RR, Ashkenazi A, Abramsky O. A subgroup of multiple sclerosis patients with anticardiolipin antibodies and unusual clinical manifestations: do they represent a new nosological entity? Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 629-634.
27. Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA, Ballesteros A, Godfrey T, Simon MJ, Hughes GRV. Can neurologic manifestations of Hughes (antiphospholipid) syndrome be distinguished from multiple sclerosis? Analysis of 27 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79: 57-68.
28. Harisdangkul V, Doorenbos D, Subramony SH. Lupus transverse myelopathy: better outcome with early recognition and aggressive high-dose intravenous corticosteroid pulse treatment. J Neurol 1995; 242: 326-331.
29. Cervera R, Asherson RA, Font J et al. Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical, radiologic, and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76: 203-212.
30. Herranz MT, Rivier G, Khamashta MA, Blaser KU, Hughes GR. Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and epilepsy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 568-571.
31. Brandt KD, Lessell S. Migrainous phenomena in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21: 7-16.
32. Chatham WW, Kimberly RP. Treatment of lupus with corticosteroids. Lupus 2001; 10: 140-147.
33. Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. Sticky blood and headache. Lupus 2001; 10: 392-393.
34. Hughes G, Cuadrado M, Khamashta M, Sanna G. Headache and memory loss: rapid response to heparin in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2001; 10: 778.
35. Cuadrado MJ, Sanna G, Sharief M, Khamashta MA, Hughes GRV. Double blind, crossover, randomised trial comparing low molecular weight heparin versus placebo in the treatment of chronic headache in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: D364.
36. Baca V, Lavalle C, Garcia R et al. Favorable response to intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide in children with severe neuropsychiatric lupus. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 432-439.
37. Quintero-Del-Rio AI, Van M. Neurologic symptoms in children with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Child Neurol 2000; 15: 803-807.
38. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Weingartner H et al. Cognitive effects of corticosteroids. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1297-1303.
39. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Canick J, Levin B, Lupien S. Glucocorticoid medication, memory and steroid psychosis in medical illness. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 823: 81-96.
40. Funauchi M, Ohno M, Nozaki Y, Sugiyama M, Kinoshita K, Kanamaru A. Intrathecal corticosteroids for systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system involvement. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 207-208.
41. Propper DJ, Bucknall RC. Acute transverse myelopathy complicating systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 512-515.
42. Boumpas DT, Yamada H, Patronas NJ, Scott D, Klippel JH, Balow JE. Pulse cyclophosphamide for severe neuropsychiatric lupus. Q J Med 1991; 81: 975-984.
43. Lee T, von Scheven E, Sandborg C. Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13: 415-421.
44. Takada K, Illei GG, Boumpas DT. Cyclophosphamide for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2001; 10: 154-161.
45. Sakic B, Kolb B, Whishaw IQ, Gomy G, Szechtman H, Denburg JA. Immunosuppression prevents neuronal atrophy in lupus-prone mice: evidence for brain damage induced by autoimmune disease? J Neuroimmunol 2000; 111: 93-101.
46. Farrell M, Sakic B, Szechtman H, Denburg JA. Effect of cyclophosphamide on leukocytic infiltration in the brain of MRL/lpr mice. Lupus 1997; 6: 268-274.
47. Sakic B, Szechtman H, Denburg SD, Denburg JA. Immunosuppressive treatment prevents behavioral deficit in autoimmune MRL-lpr mice. Physiol Behav 1995; 58: 797-802.
48. Trevisani VF, Castro AA, Neves Neto JF, Atallah AN. Cyclophosphamide versus methylprednisolone for the treatment of neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000: CD002265.
49. Barile L, Lavalle C. Transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus-the effect of IV pulse methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 370-372.
50. Ramos PC, Mendez MJ, Ames PR, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. Pulse cyclophosphamide in the treatment of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996; 14: 295-299.
51. Martin-Suarez I, D'Cruz D, Mansoor M, Fernandes AP, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. Immunosuppressive treatment in severe connective tissue diseases: effects of low dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56: 481-487.
52. Stojanovich L, Stojanovich R, Kostich V, Dzjolich E. Neuropsychiatric lupus favorable response to low dose i.v. cyclophosphamide and prednisolone (pilot study). Lupus 2003; 12: 3-7.
53. Schroeder JO, Euler HH. Treatment combining plasmapheresis and pulse cyclophosphamide in severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989; 260: 203-213.
54. Euler HH, Schroeder JO, Harten P, Zeuner RA, Gutschmidt HJ. Treatment-free remission in severe systemic lupus erythematosus following synchronization of plasmapheresis with subsequent pulse cyclophosphamide. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1784-1794.
55. Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV. Immunomodulation of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with intravenous immune globulin. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 747-755.
56. Hughes RA, Raphael JC, Swan AV, van Doom PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: CD002063.
57. Schroeder JO, Zeuner RA, Euler HH, Loffler H. High dose intravenous immunoglobulins in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and serological results of a pilot study. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 71-75.
58. Levy Y, Sherer Y, George J et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of lupus nephritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000; 29: 321-327.
59. Levy Y, Sherer Y, Ahmed A et al. A study of 20 SLE patients with intravenous immunoglobulin-clinical and serologic response. Lupus 1999; 8: 705-712.
60. Sherer Y, Levy Y, Langevitz P, Lorber M, Fabrizzi F, Shoenfeld Y. Successful treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus cerebritis with intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Rheumatol 1999; 18: 170-173.
61. Tomer Y, Shoenfeld Y. Successful treatment of psychosis secondary to SLE with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10: 391-393.
62. Valesini G, Priori R, Francia A et al. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a new therapeutic approach with intrathecal dexamethasone and methotrexate. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1994; 16: 313-321.
63. Dong Y, Zhang X, Tang F, Tian X, Zhao Y, Zhang F. Intrathecal injection with methotrexate plus dexamethasone in the treatment of central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. Chin Med J (Engl) 2001; 114: 764-766.
64. Hay EM. Psychiatric disorder and cognitive impairment in SLE. Lupus 1994; 3: 145-148.
65. Schantz V, Oestergaard LL, Junker P. Shrinking spinal cord following transverse myelopathy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and the phospholipid antibody syndrome. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1425-1428.
66. Moore PM, Isenberg D. Therapy of neuro-psychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Europe 1997; 26: 36-39.
67. Yazawa S, Kawasaki S, Ohi T et al. Development of severe longitudinal atrophy of thoracic spinal cord following lupus-related myelitis. Intern Med 2001; 40: 353-357.
68. Grisanti M, Nader A, Cacciuttolo R. Central nervous system involvement due to systemic lupus erythematosus/antiphospholipid syndrome: successful treatment with mycophenolate mofetil. Lupus 2001; 10: S31.
69. Mathieu A, Sanna G, Mameh A et al. Sustained normalization of cerebral blood-flow after iloprost therapy in a patient with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2002; 11: 52-56.
70. Wallace DJ, Silverman S, Goldstein J, Hughes D. Use of hyperbaric oxygen in rheumatic diseases: case report and critical analysis. Lupus 1995; 4: 172-175.