Integrating Humans into Ecology: Opportunities and Challenges for Studying Urban Ecosystems

BioScience

Volumn 53, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 1169-1179

  Alberti, Marina ^a   Marzluff, John M ^b   Shulenberger, Eric ^c   Bradley, Gordon ^b   Ryan, Clare ^b   Zumbrunnen, Craig ^d  

^a Dept of Urban Design and Planning ^*  (United States)

^b Forestry Department   (United States)

^c Multidisc Research Development

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecology; Emergence; Human dominated ecosystems; Niche; Urban patterns

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346463314     PISSN: 00063568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1169:IHIEOA]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Alberti M. 1999. Modeling the urban ecosystem: A conceptual framework. Environment and Planning, B 26: 605-630.
2. Alberti M, Susskind L, eds. 1997. Managing urban sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review (special issue) 16 (4-6): 213-221.
3. Alberti M, Waddell P. 2000. An integrated urban development and ecological model. Integrated Assessment 1: 215-227.
4. Arnold CL, Gibbons C. 1996. Impervious surface coverage: The emergence of a key environmental indicator. Journal of the American Planning Association 62 (2): 243-258.
5. Audirac I, Shermyen AH, Smith MT. 1990. Ideal Urban Form and Visions of the Good Life: Florida's Growth Management Dilemma. Journal of the American Planning Association 56: 470-482.
6. Blair RB. 1996. Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications 6: 506-519.
7. Burchell RW, Lowenstein G, Dolphin WR, Galley CC, Downs A, Seskin S, Gray Still K, Moore T. 2002. Costs of Sprawl 2000. Washington (DC): National Academy Press.
8. Collins JP, Kinzig A, Grimm NB, Fagan WF, Hope D, Wu J, Borer ET. 2000. A new urban ecology. American Scientist 88: 416-425.
9. Costanza R, et al. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253-260.
10. Daily GC, ed. 1997. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington (DC): Island Press.
11. Elton C. 1927. Animal Ecology. New York: Macmillan.
12. Ewing R. 1994. Characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl: A literature review. Environmental and Urban Issues 21: 1-15.
13. _. 1997. Is Los Angeles-style sprawl desirable? Journal of the American Planning Association 63 (1): 107-126.
14. Flannery T. 2001. The Eternal Frontier. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
15. Folke C, Larsson J, Sweitzer J. 1996. Renewable resource appropriation by cities. Pages 201-221 in Costanza R, Segura O, Martinez-Alier J, eds. Getting Down to Earth: Practical Applications of Ecological Economics. Washington (DC): Island Press.
16. Graedel TE, Crutzen PJ. 1989. The changing atmosphere. Scientific American 261 (3): 28-36.
17. Grimm NB, Grove JM, Pickett STA, Redman CL. 2000. Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems. BioScience 50: 571-584.
18. Harrison P, Pearce F. 2001. AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment. Berkeley: University of California Press.
19. Hixon MA, Pacala PW, Sandin SA. 2002. Population regulation: Historical context and contemporary challenges of open vs. closed systems. Ecology 83: 1490-1508.
20. Holling CS. 2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems. Ecosystems 4: 390-405.
21. Hutchinson GE. 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 22: 415-427.
22. _. 1965. The Ecological Theater and Evolutionary Play. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
23. Innes JE, Booher DE. 1999. Metropolitan development as a complex system: A new approach to sustainability. Economic Development Quarterly 13: 141-156.
24. Jacobs J. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.
25. Krugman P. 1995. Development, Geography, and Economic Theory. London: MIT Press.
26. Leopold LB. 1968. Hydrology for Urban Planning - A Guidebook on the Hydrologic Effects of Urban Land Use. Washington (DC): US Geological Survey.
27. Levin SA. 1998. Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex adaptive systems. Ecosystems 1: 431-436.
28. Likens GE. 1998. Limitations to intellectual progress in ecosystem science. Pages 247-271 in Pace ML, Groffman PM, eds. Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. New York: Springer-Verlag.
29. Machlis GE, Force JE, Burch WR Jr. 1997. The human ecosystem, part I: The human ecosystem as an organizing concept in ecosystem management. Society and Natural Resources 10: 347-368.
30. Marzluff JM. 2001. Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. Pages 19-47 in Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R, eds. Avian Ecology in an Urbanizing World. Norwell (MA): Kluwer.
31. McDonnell MJ, Picket STA, eds. 1993. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.
32. McKinney ML. 2002. Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. BioScience 52: 883-890.
33. Nicolis G, Prigogine I. 1989. Understanding Complexity. New York: Freeman.
34. Oke TR. 1987. Boundary Layer Climates. London: Methuen.
35. Ottensmann JR. 1977. Urban sprawl, land values and the density of development. Land Economics 53: 389-400.
36. Pacyna JM, Pacyna EG. 2001. An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide. Environmental Review 9: 269-298.
37. Palumbi SR. 2001. Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force. Science 293: 1786-1790.
38. Pickett STA, Parker VT, Fiedler PL. 1992. The new paradigm in ecology: Implications for conservation biology above the species level. Pages 65-88 in Fiedler PL, Jain SK, eds. Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation, and Management. New York: Chapman and Hall.
39. Pickett STA, Burke IC, Dale VH, Gosz JR, Lee RG, Pacala SW, Shachak M. 1994. Integrated models in forested regions. Pages 120-141 in Groffman PM, Likens GE, eds. Integrated Regional Models. New York: Chapman and Hall.
40. Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM, Nilon CH, Pouyat RV, Zipperer WC, Costanza R. 2001. Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32: 127-157.
41. Pimm SL, Moulton MP, Justice LJ. 1994. Bird extinctions in the central Pacific. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 344: 27-33.
42. Postel SL, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR. 1996. Human appropriation of renewable fresh water. Science 271: 785-788.
43. Prentice IC, et al. 2001. The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Pages 185-237 in Houghton J, Yihui D, eds. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
44. Rees W. 1992. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization 4: 121-130.
45. Rees W, Wackernagel M. 1994. Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: Measuring the natural capital requirements of the human economy. Pages 362-390 in Jansson AM, Hammer M, Folke C, Costanza R, eds. Investing in Natural Capital. Washington (DC): Island Press.
46. Resnick MR. 1994. Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.
47. Reznick D, Bryant MJ, Bashey F. 2002. R-and K-selection revisited: The role of population regulation in life-history evolution. Ecology 83: 1509-1520.
48. Robles C, Desharnais D. 2002. History and current development of a paradigm of predation in rocky intertidal communities. Ecology 83: 1521-1536.
49. Rusk D. 1999. Inside Game, Outside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America. Washington (DC): Brookings.
50. Sadik N. 1999. The State of World Population 1999 - 6 Billion: A Time for Choices. New York: United Nations Population Fund. (13 October 2003; www.unfpa.org/swp/1999/pdf/swp99.pdf)
51. Sukopp H, Werner P. 1982. Nature in Cities: A Report and Review of Studies and Experiments Concerning Ecology, Wildlife and Nature Conservation in Urban and Suburban Areas. Strasbourg (France): Council of Europe. Nature and Environment Series 28.
52. Sukopp H, Numata M, Huber A, eds. 1995. Urban Ecology as the Basis for Urban Planning. The Hague: SPB Academic.
53. Turner BL II, Clark WC, Kates RW, Richards JF, Mathews JT, Meyer WB, eds. 1991. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge (United Kingdom): Cambridge University Press.
54. Vitousek PM, Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH, Matson PA. 1986. Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis. BioScience 36: 368-373.
55. Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenko J, Melillo JM. 1997a. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science 277: 494-499.
56. Vitousek PM, D'Antonio CM, Loope LL, Rejmánek M, Westbrooks R. 1997b. Introduced species: A significant component of human-based global change. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21: 1-16.
57. Weiher E, Keddy PA, eds. 1999. Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. Cambridge (United Kingdom): Cambrige University Press.
58. Wilson EO. 1998. Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Vintage.
59. Wu J, David JL. 2002. A spatially explicit hierarchical approach to modeling complex ecological systems: Theory and applications. Ecological Modelling 153: 7-26.