In Search of . . . Brain-Based Education

Phi Delta Kappan

Volumn 80, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 649-657

  Bruer, John T ^a  

^a The James S McDonnell Foundation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346460683     PISSN: 00317217     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Renate Nummela Caine and Geoffrey Caine, Making Connections: Teaching and the Human Brain (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994); idem, "Building a Bridge Between the Neurosciences and Education: Cautions and Possibilities," NASSP Bulletin, vol. 82, 1998, pp. 1-8; Eric Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind (Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1998); and Robert Sylwester, A Celebration of Neurons (Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1995).
2. Renate Nummela Caine and Geoffrey Caine, Making Connections: Teaching and the Human Brain (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994); idem, "Building a Bridge Between the Neurosciences and Education: Cautions and Possibilities," NASSP Bulletin, vol. 82, 1998, pp. 1-8; Eric Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind (Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1998); and Robert Sylwester, A Celebration of Neurons (Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1995).
3. Renate Nummela Caine and Geoffrey Caine, Making Connections: Teaching and the Human Brain (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994); idem, "Building a Bridge Between the Neurosciences and Education: Cautions and Possibilities," NASSP Bulletin, vol. 82, 1998, pp. 1-8; Eric Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind (Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1998); and Robert Sylwester, A Celebration of Neurons (Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1995).
4. Renate Nummela Caine and Geoffrey Caine, Making Connections: Teaching and the Human Brain (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994); idem, "Building a Bridge Between the Neurosciences and Education: Cautions and Possibilities," NASSP Bulletin, vol. 82, 1998, pp. 1-8; Eric Jensen, Teaching with the Brain in Mind (Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1998); and Robert Sylwester, A Celebration of Neurons (Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1995).
5. See, for example, Michael Pressley and C. B. McCormick, Advanced Educational Psychology for Educators, Researchers, and Policymakers (New York: HarperCollins, 1995).
6. John T. Bruer, Schools for Thought: A Science of Learning in the Classroom (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); and idem, "Education and the Brain: A Bridge Too Far," Educational Researcher, November 1997, pp. 4-16.
7. John T. Bruer, Schools for Thought: A Science of Learning in the Classroom (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993); and idem, "Education and the Brain: A Bridge Too Far," Educational Researcher, November 1997, pp. 4-16.
8. Susan F. Chipman, "Integrating Three Perspectives on Learning," in Sarah L. Friedman, Kenneth A. Klivington, and R. W. Peterson, eds., The Brain, Cognition, and Education (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1986), pp. 203-32.
9. Bridging the Gap Between Neuroscience and Education: Summary of a Workshop Cosponsored by the Education Commission of the States and the Charles A. Dana Foundation (Denver: Education Commission of the States, 1996), p. 5.
10. Chipman, op. cit.; Howard Gardner, Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity (New-York: Basic Books, 1982); Mike Rose, "Narrowing the Mind and Page: Remedial Writers and Cognitive Reductionism," College Composition and Communication, vol. 39, 1988, pp. 267-302; and Jerre Levy, "Right Brain, Left Brain: Fact and Fiction," Psychology Today, May 1985, p. 38.
11. Chipman, op. cit.; Howard Gardner, Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity (New-York: Basic Books, 1982); Mike Rose, "Narrowing the Mind and Page: Remedial Writers and Cognitive Reductionism," College Composition and Communication, vol. 39, 1988, pp. 267-302; and Jerre Levy, "Right Brain, Left Brain: Fact and Fiction," Psychology Today, May 1985, p. 38.
12. Chipman, op. cit.; Howard Gardner, Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity (New-York: Basic Books, 1982); Mike Rose, "Narrowing the Mind and Page: Remedial Writers and Cognitive Reductionism," College Composition and Communication, vol. 39, 1988, pp. 267-302; and Jerre Levy, "Right Brain, Left Brain: Fact and Fiction," Psychology Today, May 1985, p. 38.
13. David A. Sousa, How the Brain Learns: A Classroom Teacher's Guide (Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1995).
14. M. C. Linn and A. C. Petersen, "Emergence and Characterization of Sex Differences in Spatial Ability: A Meta-Analysis," Child Development, vol. 56, 1985, pp. 1470-98.
15. Sally Springer and Georg Deutsch, Left Brain, Right Brain (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1993).
16. Sousa, pp. 95, 99.
17. Christopher F. Chabris and Stephen M. Kosslyn, "How Do the Cerebral Hemispheres Contribute to Encoding Spatial Relations?," Current Directions in Psychology, vol. 7, 1998, pp. 8-14.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Martha Farah, Visual Agnosias (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991).
21. Stephen M. Kosslyn et al., "A Computational Analysis of Mental Image Generation: Evidence from Functional Dissociations in Split-Brain Patients," Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 114, 1985, pp. 311-41.
22. Stephen M. Kosslyn et al., "Two Types of Image Generation: Evidence for Left and Right Hemisphere Processes," Neuropsychologia, vol. 33, 1995, pp. 1485-1510.
23. Michael I. Posner and Mark E. Raichle, Images of Mind (New York: Scientific American Library, 1994), p. 95.
24. Stanislaus Dehaene, "The Organization of Brain Activations in Number Comparison," Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 8, 1996, pp. 47-68.
25. Mark Jung Beeman and Christine Chiarello, "Complementary Right- and Left-Hemisphere Language Comprehension," Current Directions in Psychology, vol. 7, 1998, pp. 2-7.
26. Caine and Caine, p. 37.
27. Ibid., p. 91.
28. Ibid., pp. 9, 48, 91.
29. Ibid., pp. 127-30.
30. Ibid., pp. 47-48.
31. Beeman and Chiarello, op. cit.
32. David A. Sousa, "Is the Fuss About Brain Research Justified?," Education Week, 16 December 1998, p. 35.
33. Pat Wolfe and Ron Brandt, "What Do We Know from Brain Research?," Educational Leadership, November 1998, p. 12.
34. Jensen, p. 32.
35. Sousa, "Is the Fuss About Brain Research Justified?," p. 35.
36. Ronald Kotulak, Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries of How the Mind Works (Kansas City: Andrews McMeel, 1996), p. 46.
37. Years of Promise: A Comprehensive Learning Strategy for America's Children (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1996), pp. 9-10; and Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Building Knowledge for a Nation of Learners (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1996).
38. Years of Promise: A Comprehensive Learning Strategy for America's Children (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1996), pp. 9-10; and Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Building Knowledge for a Nation of Learners (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, 1996).
39. Rima Shore, Rethinking the Brain: New Insights into Early Development (New York: Families and Work Institute, 1997), pp. 21, 36.
40. Kotulak, p. 46.
41. Ronald Kotulak, "Learning How to Use the Brain," 1996, available on the Web at http://www.newhorizons.org/ofc_21cliusebrain.html.
42. Harry T. Chugani, "Neuroimaging of Developmental Nonlinearity and Developmental Pathologies," in R. W. Thatcher et al., eds., Developmental Neuroimaging (San Diego: Academic Press, 1996), pp. 187-95.
43. Debra Viadero, "Brain Trust," Education Week, 18 September 1996, pp. 31-33.
44. Better Beginnings (Pittsburgh: Office of Child Development, University of Pittsburgh, 1997); A. DiCresce, "Brain Surges," 1997, available on the Web at www.med.wayne.edu/wmp97/brain.htm; and Lynell Hancock, "Why Do Schools Flunk Biology?," Newsweek, 19 February 1996, pp. 58-59.
45. Better Beginnings (Pittsburgh: Office of Child Development, University of Pittsburgh, 1997); A. DiCresce, "Brain Surges," 1997, available on the Web at www.med.wayne.edu/wmp97/brain.htm; and Lynell Hancock, "Why Do Schools Flunk Biology?," Newsweek, 19 February 1996, pp. 58-59.
46. Better Beginnings (Pittsburgh: Office of Child Development, University of Pittsburgh, 1997); A. DiCresce, "Brain Surges," 1997, available on the Web at www.med.wayne.edu/wmp97/brain.htm; and Lynell Hancock, "Why Do Schools Flunk Biology?," Newsweek, 19 February 1996, pp. 58-59.
47. Harry Chugani, "A Critical Period of Brain Development: Studies of Cerebral Glucose Utilization with PET," Preventive Medicine, vol. 27, 1998, pp. 184-88.
48. Harry T. Chugani, M. E. Phelps, and J. C. Mazziota, "Positron Emission Tomography Study of Human Brain Function Development," Annals of Neurology, vol. 22, 1987, pp. 487-97.
49. Peter R. Huttenlocher, "Synaptic Density in Human Frontal Cortex - Developmental Changes of Aging," Brain Research, vol. 163, 1979, pp. 195-205; Peter R. Huttenlocher et al., "Synaptogenesis in Human Visual Cortex - Evidence for Synapse Elimination During Normal Development," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 33, 1982, pp. 247-52; Peter R. Huttenlocher and Ch. de Courten, "The Development of Synapses in Striate Cortex of Man," Human Neurobiology, vol. 6, 1987, pp. 1-9; and Peter R. Huttenlocher and A. S. Dabholkar, "Regional Differences in Synaptogenesis in Human Cerebral Cortex," Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 387, 1997, pp. 167-78.
50. Peter R. Huttenlocher, "Synaptic Density in Human Frontal Cortex - Developmental Changes of Aging," Brain Research, vol. 163, 1979, pp. 195-205; Peter R. Huttenlocher et al., "Synaptogenesis in Human Visual Cortex - Evidence for Synapse Elimination During Normal Development," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 33, 1982, pp. 247-52; Peter R. Huttenlocher and Ch. de Courten, "The Development of Synapses in Striate Cortex of Man," Human Neurobiology, vol. 6, 1987, pp. 1-9; and Peter R. Huttenlocher and A. S. Dabholkar, "Regional Differences in Synaptogenesis in Human Cerebral Cortex," Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 387, 1997, pp. 167-78.
51. Peter R. Huttenlocher, "Synaptic Density in Human Frontal Cortex - Developmental Changes of Aging," Brain Research, vol. 163, 1979, pp. 195-205; Peter R. Huttenlocher et al., "Synaptogenesis in Human Visual Cortex - Evidence for Synapse Elimination During Normal Development," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 33, 1982, pp. 247-52; Peter R. Huttenlocher and Ch. de Courten, "The Development of Synapses in Striate Cortex of Man," Human Neurobiology, vol. 6, 1987, pp. 1-9; and Peter R. Huttenlocher and A. S. Dabholkar, "Regional Differences in Synaptogenesis in Human Cerebral Cortex," Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 387, 1997, pp. 167-78.
52. Peter R. Huttenlocher, "Synaptic Density in Human Frontal Cortex - Developmental Changes of Aging," Brain Research, vol. 163, 1979, pp. 195-205; Peter R. Huttenlocher et al., "Synaptogenesis in Human Visual Cortex - Evidence for Synapse Elimination During Normal Development," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 33, 1982, pp. 247-52; Peter R. Huttenlocher and Ch. de Courten, "The Development of Synapses in Striate Cortex of Man," Human Neurobiology, vol. 6, 1987, pp. 1-9; and Peter R. Huttenlocher and A. S. Dabholkar, "Regional Differences in Synaptogenesis in Human Cerebral Cortex," Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 387, 1997, pp. 167-78.
53. Chugani, Phelps, and Mazziota, p. 496.
54. Chugani, "Neuroimaging of Developmental Non-linearity," p. 187.
55. Herman T. Epstein, "Growth Spurts During Brain Development: Implications for Educational Policy and Practice," in S. Chall and A. F. Mirsky, eds., Education and the Brain (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), pp. 343-70;
56. and Chipman, op. cit.
57. Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic, Jean-Pierre Bourgeois, and Pasko Rakic, "Synaptic Substrate of Cognitive Development: Synaptogenesis in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Nonhuman Primate," in N. A. Krasnegor, G. R. Lyon, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic, Development of the Prefrontal Cortex: Evolution, Neurobiology, and Behavior (Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks, 1997), pp. 27-47.
58. Bridging the Gap, p. 11.
59. Jacqueline S. Johnson and Elissa L. Newport, "Critical Period Effects on Universal Properties," Cognition, vol. 39, 1991, p. 215.
60. Hancock, p. 59.