"Brainwashing" theories in European parliamentary and administrative reports on "cults" and "sects"

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 143-168

  Richardson, James T ^a   Introvigne, Massimo ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b Center for the Study of New Religion (CESNUR)   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346458598     PISSN: 00218294     EISSN: 14685906     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0021-8294.00046     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Anthony, Dick. 1990. Religious Movements and Brainwashing Litigation: Evaluating Key Testimony. In T. Robbins and D. Anthony, eds., In Gods We Trust, 295-44. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
2. _. 1996. Brainwashing and Totalitarian Influence: An Exploration of Admissibility Criteria for Testimony in Brainwashing Trials. Ph.D. Dissertation. Berkeley, CA: Graduate Theological Union.
3. _. 1999. Pseudoscience and Minority Religions: An Evaluation of the Brainwashing Theories of Jean-Marie Abgrall. Socia Justice Research 12:421-56.
4. Anthony, Dick, and Tom Robbins. 1992. Law, Social Science, and the "Brainwashing" Exception to the First Amendment. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 10:5-30.
5. _. 1995. Negligence, Coercion, and the Protection of Religious Belief. Journal of Church and State 37:509-36.
6. Anthony, Dick, Tom Robbins, and James McCarthy. 1983. Legitimating Repression. In D. Bromley and J. Richardson, eds., The Brainwashing/Deprogramming Controversy, 319-28, New York: Edwin Mellen.
7. Assemblée Nationale. 1996. Les Sectes en France. Rapport fait an nom de la Commission d'Enquête sur les sectes (document n. 246S). Paris: Les Documents d'Information de l'Assemblée Nationale.
8. _. 1999. Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'Enquête sur la situation financière, patrimoniale et fiscale des sectes, ainsi que sur leurs activités économiques et leurs relations avec les milieux économiques et financiers (document n. 1687). Paris: Les Documents d'Information de l'Assemblée Nationale.
9. Audit sur les dérives sectaires. Rapport du groupe d'experts genevois au Département de la Justice et Police et des Transports du Canton de Genève. 1997. Geneva: Editions Suzanne Hurter.
10. Barker, Eileen. 1984. The Making of a Moonie: Brainwashing or Choice? Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
11. _. 1989, New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
12. _. 1996. But is it a Genuine Religion? In L. Griel and T. Robbins, eds., Between Sacred and Secular: Research and Theory on Quasi-Religion, 97-109. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
13. Barthélemy, Denis. 1999. Intervention of the French delegation at the OSCE Supplementary Meeting on Freedom of Religion. Vienna, March 22, 1999.
14. Baumann, Martin. 1998. Channeling Information: The Stigmatization of Religious Studies as an Aspect of the Debate about the New Religious Movements in Germany. In E. Barker and M. Warburg, eds., New Religions and New Religiosity, 204-21. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
15. Besier, Gerhard, and Erwin K. Scheuch (eds.). 1999. Die neuen Inquisitoren. Religionsfreiheit und Glaubensneid. Zürich: Interfrom.
16. Bromley, David G. 1983. Conservatorships and Deprogramming: Legal and Political Prospects. In D. Bromley and J. Richardson, eds., The Brainwashing/Deprogramming Controversy, 267-93. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
17. Bromley, David G. (ed.). 1988. Falling from the Faith: Causes and Consequences of Religious Apostasy. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
18. _. 1998. The Politics of Religious Apostasy: The Role of Apostates in the Transformation of Religious Movements. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
19. Casanovas, Carlos Eguíluz. 1999. El Fiscal al Juzgado de Instrucción Numero Nueve. Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
20. Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. 1997. Enquête parlementaire visant à élaborer une politique en vue de lutter contre les pratiques illégales des sectes et les dangers qu'elles représentent pour la société et pour les personnes, particulièrement les mineurs d'âge. Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'Enquête, 2 vol. Bruxelles: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique.
21. Commission de gestion du Conseil National. 1999. ́Secteś ou mouvements endoctrinants en Suisse. La nécessité de l'action de l'Etat ou: vers une politique fédérale en matière de "sectes." Rapport de la Commission de gestion du Conseil national du I er juillet 1999. Bern: Commission de gestion du Conseil national.
22. Commission pénale sur les dérives sectaires. 1999. Rapport de la Commission pénale sur les dérives sectaires sur la question de la manipulation mentale. Geneva: Commission pénale sur les dérives sectaires.
23. Conseil fédéral. 2000. Response du Conseil fédéral au rapport de la CdG-CN: "'Sectes' ou mouvements endoctrinants en Suisse - La nécessité de l̂Òaction de l̂Òétat ou vers une politique fédérale en matière de 'sectes.'" Bern: Conseil fédéral.
24. Council of Europe - Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights. 1999. Illegal Activities of Sects: Report (Doc. 8373). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
25. Davie, Grace. 1994. Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without Belonging. Oxford: Blackwell.
26. Deutscher Bundestag - 13. Wahlperiode. 1998. Endbericht der Enquete-Kommission "Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen." Bonn: Deutscher Bundestag.
27. Dipartimento delle Istituzioni, Repubblica e Cantone del Ticino. 1998. Interrogazioni sulle sette religiose. Bellinzona: Dipartimento delle Istituzioni, Repubblica e Cantone del Ticino.
28. Dillon, Jane, and James T. Richardson. 1994. The "Cult" Concept: A Politics of Representation Analysis. SYZYGY: Journal of Alternative Religion and Culture 3:185-97.
29. Enquete-Commission on "So-Called Sects and Psychogroups." 1998. Final Report of the Enquete Commission on "So-Called Sects and Psychogroups" : New Religious and ideological Communities and Psychogroups in the Federal Republic of Germany. (English translation) Bonn: Deutscher Bundestag, Referat Öffentlichkeitsarbeit.
30. European Parliament, Committee on Civil Liberties and Internal Affairs. 1997. Draft Resolution on Cults in the European Union. Brussels-Strasbourg: European Parliament 1997.
31. Fautré, Willy. 1999. "Belgium's Anti-Sect War. Social Justice Research 12:377-92.
32. Fuller, D.C., and D. Myers. 1941. The Natural History of a Social Problem. American Sociological Review 6:21-51.
33. Ginsburg, Gerald, and James T. Richardson. 1998. "Brainwashing" Evidence in Light of Daubert. In Law and Science, edited by H. Reece, 265-88. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. Greil, Arthur L. 1996. Sacred Claims: The "Cult Controversy" as a Struggle Over the Right to the Religious Label. In D. Bromley and L. Carter, eds., The Issue of Authenticity in the Study of Religions, 46-63. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
35. Hexham, Irving, and Karla Poewe. 1999. "Verfassungsfeindlich": Church, State, and New Religions in Germany. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 2:208-27.
36. Hunter, Edward. 1953. Brain-Washing in Red China the Calculated Destruction of Men's Minds. New York: The Vanguard Press.
37. Introvigne, Massimo. 1999a. Defectors, Ordinary Leave-Takers, and Apostates: A Quantitative Study of Former Members of New Acropolis in France. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 3:83-99.
38. _. 1999b. Holy Mountains and Anti-Cult Ecology: The Campaign Against the Aumist Religion in France. Social Justice Research 12:365-76.
39. _. 1999c. Religion as Claim: Social and Legal Controversies. In J. G. Platvoet and A. L. Molendijk, eds., The Pragmatics of Defining Religion: Contexts, Concepts and Contests, 41-72. Leiden-Boston B Köln: Brill.
40. _. 2000. Moral Panics and Anti-Cult Terrorism in Western Europe. Terrorism and Political Violence, 12:47-59.
41. Introvigne, Massimo, and J. Gordon Melton (eds.). 1996. Pour en finir avec les sectes. Le débat sur le rapport de la commission parlementaire. 3rd ed. Paris: Dervy.
42. James, Gene. 1986. Brainwashing: The Myth and the Actuality. Thought: Fordham University Quarterly LXI (241):241-57.
43. Jenkins, Philip. 1996. Pedophiles and Priests: Anatomy of a Contemporary Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press.
44. _. 1998. Moral Panic: Changing Concepts of the Child Molester in Modern America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
45. Kriele, Martin. (1998). The Legal-Political Recommendations of the Sect Commission. Zeitschrift fur Rechtspolitik (Magazine for Legal Politics) 9:349.
46. La Scientologie en Suisse. Rapport préparé à l'intention de la Commission Consultative en matière de protection de l'État. 1998. Bem: Département fédéral de Justice et de Police.
47. Lewis, James R. 1986. Reconstructing the "Cult" Experience. Sociological Analysis 47:151-59.
48. _. 1989. Apostates and the Legitimation of Repression: Some Historical and Empirical Perspectives on the Cult Controversy. Sociological Analysis 49:386-96.
49. Lifton, Robert J. 1963. Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism. New York: W.W. Norton.
50. _. 1987. The Future of Immortality and Other Essays for a Nuclear Age. New York: Basic Books.
51. _. 1999. Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence and the New Global Terrorism. New York: Metropolitan Books-Henry Holt and Company.
52. Lutte contre les sectes. 1999. Séance du Sènat français du 16 décembre 1999 (minutes).
53. Miller, Donald. 1983. Deprogramming in Historical Perspective. In D. Bromley and J. Richardson, eds., The Brainwashing/Deprogramming Controversy, 15-28. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
54. MILS (Mission Interministérielle de Lutte contre les Sectes). 2000. Rapport d'activité. Paris: MILS.
55. Ministero dell'Interno, Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza - Direzione Centrale Polizia di Prevenzione. 1998. Sette religiose e nuovi movimenti magici in Italia. Rome: Ministero dell'Interno.
56. Motilla, Agustín. 1999. New Religious Movements in Spain. In New Religious Movement and the Law in the European Union. Proceedings of the Meeting: Lisbon, Universidade Moderna 8-9 November, 1997, 325-40. Milan: Giuffré.
57. Observatoire Interministériel sur les Sectes. 1997. Rapport annuel 1997. Paris: La Documentation Française 1998.
58. Richardson, James T. 1985. Active vs. Passive Convert: Paradigm Conflict in Conversion/Recruitment Research. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 24:163-79.
59. _. 1986. Consumer Protection and Deviant Religion. Review of Religious Research 28:168-79.
60. _. 1991. Cult/Brainwashing Cases and the Freedom of Religion. Journal of Church and State 33:55-74.
61. _. 1993. A Social Psychological Critique of ́Brainwashinǵ Claims about Recruitment to New Religions. In J. Hadden and D. Bromley, eds., The Handbook of Cults and Sects in America (vol. 3, part b of "Religion and the Social Order," 75-97). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
62. _. 1995a. Legal Status of Minority Religions in the United States. Social Compass 42:249-64.
63. _. 1995b. Minority Religions, Religious Freedom, and the an-European Political and Judicial Institutions. Journal of Church and State 37:39-60.
64. _. 1996a. "Brainwashing" Claims and Minority Religions Outside the United States: Cultural Diffusion of a Questionable Legal Concept. Brigham Young University Law Review 1996:873-904.
65. _. 1996b. Les resistances aux groupes religieux minoritaires en France. In M. Introvigne and J. G. Melton, eds., Pour en finir avec les sectes, 73-84. Paris: Dervy.
66. _. 1996c. Sociology and the New Religions: "Brainwashing", the Courts, and Religious Freedom. In P. Jenkins and S. Kroll-Smith, eds., Witnessing for Sociology: Sociologists in Court, 115-34. Westport, CT: Praeger.
67. _. 1997. The Social Construction of Satanism: Understanding an International Social Problem. Australian Journal of Social Issues 32:61-85.
68. _. 1999a. Social Justice and Minority Religions. Social Justice Research 12:241-52.
69. _. 1999b. Social Control of New Religions: From "Brainwashing" Claims to Child Sex Abuse Accusations. In S. Palmer and C. Hardman, eds., Children in New Religions, 172-86, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
70. Richardson, James T., and Brock Kilbourne. 1983. Classical and Contemporary Uses of Brainwashing Models: A Comparison and Critique. In D. Bromley and J. Richardson, eds., The Brainwashing/Deprogramming Controversy, 29-46, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
71. Richardson, James T., Jan van der Lans, and Frans Derks. 1986. Leaving and Labelling: Coerced and Voluntary Disaffiliation for Religious Social Movements. In K. Land and G. Lang, eds., Research in Social Movements, Conflict, and Change, Vol. 9, 97-126, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
72. Richardson, James T., and Barend van Driel 1994. New Religions in Europe: A Comparison of Developments and Reactions in England, France, Germany, and The Netherlands. In A Shupe and D. Bromley, eds., Anti-Cult Movements in Cross-Cultural Perspective, 129-70, New York: Garland.
73. Robbins, Tom, and Dick Anthony. 1982. Deprogramming, Brainwashing, and the Medicalization of Deviant Religion. Social Problems 29:283-97.
74. Rodríguez-Valdés, Eloy. 1999. Informe pericial que solicita el Juez a instancias del Ministerio Fiscal del juzgado de primera instancia, instrucción nE 4. Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
75. Seiwert, Hubert. 1999. The German Enquete Commission on Sects: Political Conflicts and Compromises. Social Justice Research 12:323-40.
76. Shupe, Anson, and David Bromley. 1994. Anti-Cult Movements in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Garland.
77. Solomon, Trudy. 1981. Integrating the Moonie Experience: A Survey of Ex-Members of the Unification Church. In T. Robbins and D. Anthony, eds., In Gods We Trust: New Patterns of Religious Pluralism in America, 275-94. Princeton: NJ: Rutgers University Press.
78. Stamm, Hugo. 1997a. Der Staatsschutz und der Freund der Sekten (State Security and the Friend of the Sects). Tagesamzeiger Zurich, Feb. 4.
79. _. 1997b. Naïve Staatsschhtzer (Naïve State Security Agents) Tagesamzeiger Zurich, Feb. 4.
80. Swedish Commission. 1998. In Good Faith. Society and the New Religious Movements (Official English-language summary). Stockholm: Norstedts Tryckeri AB.
81. Swantko, Jean. 1999. The Twelve Tribes Communities, the Anti-Cult Movement, and the Government's Response. Social Justice Research 12:341-64.
82. Witteveen, Tobias A. 1984. Overheid en Nieuwe Religieuze Bewegingen. Gravenhage: Kamerstukken.