Air Carrier Liability and State Responsibility for the Carriage of Inadmissible Persons and Refugees

International Journal of Refugee Law

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 675-686

  Abeyratne, R I R ^a  

^a Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346408173     PISSN: 09538186     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijrl/10.4.675     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. A32-WP/54, EC/7, 2/6/98, 1-2.
2. Ibid., 1.
3. See Annex 9 (Facilitation) to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Tenth edition, April 1997, Chapter I - Definitions and Applicability.
4. 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees; see further below, note 29 and accompanying text.
5. Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed at Chicago on 7 Dec. 1944. For full text see ICAO Doc 7300/6, Seventh edition, 1997.
6. Annex 9, above note 1, Chapter 3, Section E, 3.38.1.
7. Ibid., 3.38.
8. Ibid., 3.38.2.
9. Ibid., 3.39.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 3.39.1.
12. Ibid., 3.40.3.
13. Ibid., Recommended Practice 3.40.2.
14. The ICAO Facilitation Panel which met in Montreal from 17-21 Nov. 1997 suggested two new Recommended Practices to Annex 9: (1) the appropriate public authorities of Contracting States either singly or jointly should enter into co-operative arrangements such as memoranda of understanding with the airlines providing international services to and from that State, setting out guidelines for their mutual support and co-operation in countering the abuses associated with travel document fraud. Such arrangements should assign mutual responsibilities to the public authorities and to the airlines, in the ascertainment of the validity and authenticity of the travel documents of embarking passengers, and in the necessary steps to prevent the loss or destruction of documents by passengers en route to their destinations; and (2) Contracting Sates are encouraged to make arrangements such as memoranda of understanding with other Contracting States with the intention of permitting the positioning of 'liaison officers' at airports or to establish other forms of international co-operation in order to assist airlines to establish the validity and authenticity of the passports and visas of embarking passengers. See Facilitation Panel Report, First Meeting, Montreal, 17-21 Nov. 1997, 1-4.
15. For a more detailed discussion of the legal nature of the passport see R.I.R. Abeyratne, 'The Development of the Machine Readable Passport and Visa and the Legal Rights of the Data Subject', Annals Air & Space Law, Vol. XVII (Part II), 1992, 1, 12-14.
16. In conformity with art. 22 of the Chicago Convention, which confirms the agreement of Contracting States to adopt all practicable measures to prevent unnecessary delays to aircraft, passenger and crews especially in the administration of laws relating to immigration, quarantine customs and clearance, ICAO is actively seized of the development of a machine readable travel document which uses various devices to secure the passport, visa and other travel documents against fraud.
17. The full text of the Resolution is annexed to the present article; details of ICAO resolutions in force and other related information can be found at www.icao.int.
18. UNGA res. 48/102, 20 Dec. 1993. On developments in regard to smuggling, see also Andree Kirchner & Lorenzo Schiano di Pepe, ' International Attempts to Conclude a Convention to Combat Illegal Migration', above, 662-74.
19. UNGA res. 51/60, United Nations Declaration on Crime and Public Security', 12 Dec. 1996.
20. Fontan-de-Maldonado v. Lineas Aereas Costarricenses, S.A., 936 F 2d. 630 (1st Cir. 1991).
21. Trans World Airlines v. American Coupon Exchange Inc. 682F. Supp. 1476, 1481 (C.D. Cal. 1998).
22. 902 F. Supp. 315 (D.P.R. 1995).
23. Ibid., 319.
24. 65F 3d. 1034 (2d Cir. 1995).
25. Argenbright Security v. Ceskoslovenske Aeroline, 849 F Supp. 276 (S.D.N.Y. 1994).
26. Ibid., 281.
27. 846 F. Supp. 280 (S.D.N.Y. 1994).
28. Ibid., 285.
29. Arts. 1, 33, 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees: 189 UNTS 137; 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees: 606 UNTS 267.
30. 912 F. 2d 1027 (9th Cir. 1990).
31. Cf. Veeravagu v Canada, 27 May 1992, Federal Court of Appeal, Vancouver Appeal No. A-630-89.
32. Ref: 11 March 1993, QBD co/630/93. Cf. Nazaré Albuquerque Abell, 'The Compatibility of Readmission Agreements with the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees,' forthcoming in 11 IJRL No. 1 (1999).
33. (1989) 2 CLR 257.
34. (1925) RIAA, vol. ii, 615 at 641.
35. Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Limited, ICJ Rep., 1974, 253, 269-70.
36. Yearbook of International Law Commission 1976, Vol. II, Part One at 29.
37. ICJ Rep., 1970, at 32.
38. 'Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly on the Work of the 1st Session': UN doc. A/CN.4/13, 9 Jun. 1949, at 21.
39. (1932) PCIJ, Ser. A/B No. 46, at 167.
40. (1931) PCIJ, Ser. A/B No. 44, at 20.
41. Ibid., 24.
42. See Fitzmaurice, 92 Hague Recueil (1957, II) at 89.
43. See above, note 15.
44. 'Resolutions adopted at the 32nd Session of the Assembly', Montréal, 22 Sept.-2 Oct. 1998; for details and further information, see www.icao.int.