Gender Differences in Long-Stay Psychiatric Inpatients: Observations from Northern Finland

International Journal of Mental Health

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 69-85

  Räsänen, Sami ^a   Hakko, Helinä ^a   Herva, Anne ^a   Isohanni, Matti ^a   Nieminen, Pentti ^a   Moring, Juha ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346408123     PISSN: 00207411     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00207411.1999.11449447     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Angermeyer, M.L., & Kuhn, L. (1988) Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 237, 351.
2. Goldstein, J.M., Tsuang, M.T., & Faraone, S.V. (1989) Gender and schizophrenia: Implications for understanding the heterogeneity of the illness. Psychiatry Research, 3, 243.
3. Häfner, H., Riecher, A., Maurer, K., Löffler, W., Munk-Jorgensen, P., & Stromgren, E. (1989) How does gender influence age at first hospitalization for schizophrenia? A transnational case register study. Psychological Medicine. 9(4), 903.
4. Häfner, H., Maurer, K., Löffler, W., & Riecher-Rössler, A. (1993) The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 80.
5. Lieberman, J., Jody, D., Geisler, S., Alvir, J., Loebel, A., Szymanski, S., Woerner, M., & Borenstein, M. (1993) Time course and biologic correlates of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 369.
6. Maurer, K., & Häfner, H. (1995) Methodological aspects of onset assessment in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 15, 265.
7. Häfner, H., Riecher-Rössler, A., AnDer Heiden, W., Maurer, K., Fätkenheuer, B., & Löffler, W. (1993) Generating and testing a causal explanation of the gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 23, 925.
8. Faraone, S.V., Chen, W.J., Goldstein, J.M., & Tsuang, M.T. (1994) Gender differences in age at onset of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 625.
9. Seeman, M.V. (1983) Interaction of sex, age and neuroleptic dose. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 125.
10. Schultz, S.K., Miller, D.D., Oliver, S.E., Arndt, S., Flaum, M., & Andreasen, N.C. (1997) The life course of schizophrenia: Age and symptom dimensions. Schizophrenia Research, 23, 15.
11. Salokangas, R.K., & Stengard, E. (1990) Gender and short-term outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 3(5-6), 333.
12. Pakaslahti, A.A. (1992) Prediction of working disability in schizophrenia. Finland: Publications of the Social Insurance Institution. ML: 119.
13. Angemeyer, M.C., Goldstein, J.M., & Kuhn, L. (1989) Gender differences in schizophrenia: Rehospitalization and community survival. Psychological Medicine, 19, 365.
14. Leff, J., Treiman, N., & Gooch, C. (1996) Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services (TAPS) Project 33: Prospective follow-up study of long-stay patients discharged from two psychiatric hospitals. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1318.
15. Rowlands, P., Milner, E., Wing, S., & Inch, H. (1998) New long-stay patients: From acute wards to where? International Journal of Clinical Practice, 52(2), 307.
16. Tuori, T., Lehtinen, V., Hakkarainen, A., Jääskeläinen, J., Kokkola, A., Ojanen, M., Pylkkänen, K., Salokangas, R.K.R., Solantaus, J., & Alanen, Y.O. (1998) The Finnish National Schizophrenia Project 1981-1987: 10-year evaluation of its results. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97, 10.
17. Borg. A. P., Widerlöv, B., Cullberg, J., & Stefansson, C.-G. (1991) Patterns of care among people with long-term functional psychosis in three different areas of Stockholm County. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 83, 223.
18. Hobbs, P., Deavoll, B., & Abernethy, P. (1992) Psychiatric service use: A cohort study of first attenders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 313.
19. Lamb. H.R. (1993) Lessons learned from deinstitutionalisation in the U.S. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 587.
20. Salokangas, R.K.R., Saarinen, S., & Honkonen, T. (1997) Psykiatristen sairaansijojen väheneminen ja skitsofreniapotilaiden selviytyminen Kotiutettujen Skitsofreniapotilaiden hoito. Suomen Lääkärilehti, 52, 2659.
21. Sosiaaliryhmitys (1954) Helsingin kaupungin tilastotoimisto. Helsinki.
22. Kuoppasalmi, K., Lönnqvist, J., Pylkkänen, K., & Huttunen, M. (1989) Classification of mental disorders in Finland. A comparison of the Finnish classification of mental disorders in 1987 with DSM-III-R. Psychiatrica Fennica, 20, 65.
23. Bech, P., Malt, U.F., Dencker, S.J., Ahifors, U.G., Eigen, K., Lewander, T., Lundell, A., Simpson, G.M., & Lingjarden, O. (1993) Scales for assessment of diagnosis and severity of mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, Suppl. 372, p. 30.
24. Endicott, J., Spitzer, R.L., Fleiss, J.L., & Cohen, G. (1978) The Global Assessment Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766.
25. American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.) (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
26. Hawk, A.B., Carpenter, W.T., & Strauss, J.S. (1975) Diagnostic criteria and five-year outcome in schizophrenia. A report from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 81, 240.
27. Baldessarini, R.J. (1985) Chemotherapy in psychiatry: Principles and practice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
28. Siegel, S., & Castellan, N.J. (1988) Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
29. Goldstein, J.M. (1988) Gender differences in the course of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 684.
30. Angermeyer, M.L., Kuhn, L., & Goldstein, J.M. (1990) Gender and the course of schizophrenia. Differences in treated outcomes. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 293.
31. Childers, S.E., & Harding, C.M. (1990) Gender, premorbid social functioning, and long-term outcome in DSM-III schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 309.
32. Honkonen, T. (1995) Need for care and support in schizophrenia. A follow-up study of discharged schizophrenia patients. Acta Universitatis Tamperensis, Ser. A, Vol. 437.
33. Gur, R.E., Petty, R.G., Turetsky, B.I., & Gur, R.C. (1996) Schizophrenia throughout life: Sex differences in severity and profile of symptoms. Schizophrenia Research, 21, 1.
34. Pakaslahti, A.A. (1986) Principles and practices in diagnosing schizophrenia (dissertation). Helsinki: Publications of the Social Insurance Institution. ML 57.
35. Isohanni, M., Mäkikyö, T., Moring, J., Räsänen, P., Hakko, H., Partanen, U., Koiranen, M., & Jones, P. (1997) A comparison of clinical and research DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia in a Finnish national birth cohort: Clinical and research diagnoses of schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 303.
36. Eaton, W.E., Day, R., & Kramer, M. (1988) The use of epidemiology for risk factor research in schizophrenia: An overview and methodologic critique. In H.A. Nasrallah (Ed.), Handbook of schizophrenia: Nosology, epidemiology, and genetics of schizophrenia. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
37. McGorry, P.D., Edwards, J., Mihalopoulos, C., Harrigan, S.M., & Jackson, H.J. (1996) EPPIC: An evolving system of early detection and optimal management. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22. 305.
38. Andia, A.M., Zisook, S., Heaton, R.K., Hesselink, J., Jernigan, T., Kuck, J., Morganville, J., & Braff, D.L. (1995) Gender differences in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 522.
39. Baldessarini, R.J., Kando, J.C., & Centorrino, F. (1995) Hospital use of antipsychotic agents in 1989 and 1993: Stable dosing with decreased length of stay. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1038.