Swords into ploughshares: John Herschel's progressive view of astronomical and imperial governance

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 419-435

  Musselman, Elizabeth Green ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0346388859     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0007087498003380     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Verse by J. Grahame, reported in J. Herschel to J. C. Stewart, 17 July 1834, reprinted in D. S. Evans et al. (eds.), Herschel at the Cape: Diaries and Correspondence of Sir John Herschel, 1834-1838, Austin, 1969, 80. Historian James Grahame befriended Herschel during their school-days in Slough. Together, they attended Cambridge and in 1822 toured Holland and Belgium.
2. Pyenson's many publications on astronomy and empire include: Civilizing Mission: Exact Sciences and French Overseas Expansion, 1830-1940, Baltimore, 1993; Empire of Reason: Exact Sciences in Indonesia, 1840-1940, Leiden, 1989; and Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas, 1900-1930, New York, 1985.
3. G. Basalla, 'The spread of Western science', Science (1967), 156, 612-13.
4. For two of many critiques of Pyenson, see P. Palladino and M. Worboys, 'Science and imperialism', Isis (1993), 84, 94-102; R. Drayton, 'Science and the European empires', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (1995), 23, 503-10.
5. For two of many critiques of Pyenson, see P. Palladino and M. Worboys, 'Science and imperialism', Isis (1993), 84, 94-102; R. Drayton, 'Science and the European empires', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (1995), 23, 503-10.
6. J. Herschel, Results of Astronomical Observations Made During the Years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope; Being the Completion of a Telescopic Survey of the Whole Surface of the Visible Heavens, Commenced in 1825, London, 1847.
7. For example, see B. Warner, 'The years at the Cape of Good Hope', in John Herschel 1792-1871: A Bicentennial Commemoration (ed. D. G. King-Hele), London, 1992; Evans et al., op. cit. (1), pp. xv-xxxi; M. Williams, 'Beyond the planets: early nineteenth-century studies of double stars', BJHS (1984), 17, 295-309; G. Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel (tr. B. Pagel), New York, 1970, 89-119; A. M. Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy, London, 1895, 162-82.
8. For example, see B. Warner, 'The years at the Cape of Good Hope', in John Herschel 1792-1871: A Bicentennial Commemoration (ed. D. G. King-Hele), London, 1992; Evans et al., op. cit. (1), pp. xv-xxxi; M. Williams, 'Beyond the planets: early nineteenth-century studies of double stars', BJHS (1984), 17, 295-309; G. Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel (tr. B. Pagel), New York, 1970, 89-119; A. M. Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy, London, 1895, 162-82.
9. For example, see B. Warner, 'The years at the Cape of Good Hope', in John Herschel 1792-1871: A Bicentennial Commemoration (ed. D. G. King-Hele), London, 1992; Evans et al., op. cit. (1), pp. xv-xxxi; M. Williams, 'Beyond the planets: early nineteenth-century studies of double stars', BJHS (1984), 17, 295-309; G. Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel (tr. B. Pagel), New York, 1970, 89-119; A. M. Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy, London, 1895, 162-82.
10. For example, see B. Warner, 'The years at the Cape of Good Hope', in John Herschel 1792-1871: A Bicentennial Commemoration (ed. D. G. King-Hele), London, 1992; Evans et al., op. cit. (1), pp. xv-xxxi; M. Williams, 'Beyond the planets: early nineteenth-century studies of double stars', BJHS (1984), 17, 295-309; G. Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel (tr. B. Pagel), New York, 1970, 89-119; A. M. Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy, London, 1895, 162-82.
11. For example, see B. Warner, 'The years at the Cape of Good Hope', in John Herschel 1792-1871: A Bicentennial Commemoration (ed. D. G. King-Hele), London, 1992; Evans et al., op. cit. (1), pp. xv-xxxi; M. Williams, 'Beyond the planets: early nineteenth-century studies of double stars', BJHS (1984), 17, 295-309; G. Buttmann, The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel (tr. B. Pagel), New York, 1970, 89-119; A. M. Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy, London, 1895, 162-82.
12. The British government, under William IV, offered to pay Herschel's passage to the Cape. See C. A. Lubbock, A Short Biography of Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bt., Cambridge, 1938, 3. Herschel did accept £1000 from the Duke of Northumberland to publish his Results. On gentlemen as but one kind of travelling naturalist in this period, see J. Browne, 'Biogeography and empire', in Cultures of Natural History (ed. N. Jardine, J. A. Secord and E. C. Spary), Cambridge, 1996, 306-8.
13. I use modern names for South African peoples, unless quoting a nineteenth-century source. Nineteenth-century Europeans often lumped together unrelated peoples. The 'Kaffirs' (also spelled Kafirs, Caffres or Caffers) called themselves the Xhosa or Amakósa, and were one of several lineages classed together as the Nguni (which also included the Zulu). The 'Hottentots' are (roughly) the Khoisan; and the 'bushmen' (also frequently lumped under the heading 'Hottentot') or Bosjesmen are the !Kung.
14. On reformers and missionaries in South Africa, see J. G. Pretorius, The British Humanitarians and the Cape Eastern Frontier, 1834-1836, Pretoria, 1988.
15. J. M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism, Manchester, 1988, 9-15; G. Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire, and the Imagining of Masculinities, London, 1994.
16. J. M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism, Manchester, 1988, 9-15; G. Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire, and the Imagining of Masculinities, London, 1994.
17. S. Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England, Chicago, 1994;
18. M. J. S. Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists, Chicago, 1985.
19. 'Will of the late Sir William Herschel', The Times, 9 October 1822, 2; John Herschel's daughter, C. A. Lubbock, wrote that he had 'inherited a comfortable fortune from his mother', op. cit. (7), 4.
20. D. Brewster, Book review of Results of Astronomical Observations, North British Review (1848), 8, 523.
21. J. Herschel to C. Babbage, 25 September 1826, John Herschel correspondence, Royal Society of London (hereafter JHC-RSL), 2.204.
22. R. Pigott, 'The impropriety of wantonly shooting birds', Naturalist (1838), cited in D. E. Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History, Princeton, 1976, 128.
23. R. Pigott, 'The impropriety of wantonly shooting birds', Naturalist (1838), cited in D. E. Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History, Princeton, 1976, 128.
24. For Darwin, see F. Burkhardt and S. Smith, Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 10 vols., Cambridge, 1985, i, 14-15; discussed in J. Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging, New York, 1995, 89-116; and A. Desmond and J. Moore, Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist, New York, 1991, 18-20.
25. For Darwin, see F. Burkhardt and S. Smith, Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 10 vols., Cambridge, 1985, i, 14-15; discussed in J. Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging, New York, 1995, 89-116; and A. Desmond and J. Moore, Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist, New York, 1991, 18-20.
26. For Darwin, see F. Burkhardt and S. Smith, Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 10 vols., Cambridge, 1985, i, 14-15; discussed in J. Browne, Charles Darwin: Voyaging, New York, 1995, 89-116; and A. Desmond and J. Moore, Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist, New York, 1991, 18-20.
27. J. Herschel, 'Approximate places and descriptions of 295 new double and triple stars...', Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (1827), 3, 47-63; 'Micrometrical measures of 364 double stars...', ibid. (1833), 5, 13-53; 'On the satellites of Uranus', ibid. (1835), 8, 1-24, on 5.
28. J. Herschel, 'Approximate places and descriptions of 295 new double and triple stars...', Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (1827), 3, 47-63; 'Micrometrical measures of 364 double stars...', ibid. (1833), 5, 13-53; 'On the satellites of Uranus', ibid. (1835), 8, 1-24, on 5.
29. J. Herschel, 'Approximate places and descriptions of 295 new double and triple stars...', Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (1827), 3, 47-63; 'Micrometrical measures of 364 double stars...', ibid. (1833), 5, 13-53; 'On the satellites of Uranus', ibid. (1835), 8, 1-24, on 5.
30. J. A. Secord, 'King of Siluria: Roderick Murchison and the imperial theme in nineteenth-century British geology', Victorian Studies (1982), 25, 413-42; R. A. Stafford, Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism, Cambridge, 1989; C. Darwin, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (ed. N. Barlow), New York, 1958, 79; S. S. Schweber, 'John Herschel and Charles Darwin: a study in parallel lives', Journal of the History of Biology (1989), 22, 1-71.
31. J. A. Secord, 'King of Siluria: Roderick Murchison and the imperial theme in nineteenth-century British geology', Victorian Studies (1982), 25, 413-42; R. A. Stafford, Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism, Cambridge, 1989; C. Darwin, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (ed. N. Barlow), New York, 1958, 79; S. S. Schweber, 'John Herschel and Charles Darwin: a study in parallel lives', Journal of the History of Biology (1989), 22, 1-71.
32. J. A. Secord, 'King of Siluria: Roderick Murchison and the imperial theme in nineteenth-century British geology', Victorian Studies (1982), 25, 413-42; R. A. Stafford, Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism, Cambridge, 1989; C. Darwin, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (ed. N. Barlow), New York, 1958, 79; S. S. Schweber, 'John Herschel and Charles Darwin: a study in parallel lives', Journal of the History of Biology (1989), 22, 1-71.
33. J. A. Secord, 'King of Siluria: Roderick Murchison and the imperial theme in nineteenth-century British geology', Victorian Studies (1982), 25, 413-42; R. A. Stafford, Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism, Cambridge, 1989; C. Darwin, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (ed. N. Barlow), New York, 1958, 79; S. S. Schweber, 'John Herschel and Charles Darwin: a study in parallel lives', Journal of the History of Biology (1989), 22, 1-71.
34. On hunting as a popular pastime among Cape Europeans, see F. J. G. van der Merwe, '"Athletic sports" and the Cape Town society, 1652-1900', Canadian Journal of the History of Sport (1988), 19, 28-9; W. J. Broderip, 'Sporting in southern Africa', Quarterly Review (1839), 64, 188-232; T. J. Lucas, Camp Life and Sport in South Africa; Experiences of Kaffir Warfare with the Cape Mounted Rifles, London, 1878.
35. On hunting as a popular pastime among Cape Europeans, see F. J. G. van der Merwe, '"Athletic sports" and the Cape Town society, 1652-1900', Canadian Journal of the History of Sport (1988), 19, 28-9; W. J. Broderip, 'Sporting in southern Africa', Quarterly Review (1839), 64, 188-232; T. J. Lucas, Camp Life and Sport in South Africa; Experiences of Kaffir Warfare with the Cape Mounted Rifles, London, 1878.
36. On hunting as a popular pastime among Cape Europeans, see F. J. G. van der Merwe, '"Athletic sports" and the Cape Town society, 1652-1900', Canadian Journal of the History of Sport (1988), 19, 28-9; W. J. Broderip, 'Sporting in southern Africa', Quarterly Review (1839), 64, 188-232; T. J. Lucas, Camp Life and Sport in South Africa; Experiences of Kaffir Warfare with the Cape Mounted Rifles, London, 1878.
37. For this period in Cape history see H. J. Aswegen, History of South Africa to 1854, Hatfield, Pretoria, 1990; J. Milton, The Edges of War: A History of Frontier Wars 1702-1878, Cape Town, 1983.
38. For this period in Cape history see H. J. Aswegen, History of South Africa to 1854, Hatfield, Pretoria, 1990; J. Milton, The Edges of War: A History of Frontier Wars 1702-1878, Cape Town, 1983.
39. John Herschel diary, 15-16 January 1834, 35-7. The original diary is held at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, but hereafter I will refer to the entry date and page number(s) in the published edition, Evans et al., op. cit. (1).
40. W. J. Burchell vividly describes Cape Town's orderly appearance and commanding views in Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, 1822-24, reprint edition, London, 1953, 53-7. M. L. Pratt also notes how the Cape's unique qualities made it a frequent site for exploration, colonization and the clash of empires in Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation, London, 1992, 39-40.
41. Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 24 January 1834, 42.
42. A. Fausto-Sterling, 'Gender, race, and nation: the comparative anatomy of "Hottentot" woman in Europe, 1815-1817', in Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture (ed. J. Terry and J. Urla), Bloomington, 1995; L. Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science, Boston, 1993, 160-72.
43. A. Fausto-Sterling, 'Gender, race, and nation: the comparative anatomy of "Hottentot" woman in Europe, 1815-1817', in Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and Popular Culture (ed. J. Terry and J. Urla), Bloomington, 1995; L. Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science, Boston, 1993, 160-72.
44. Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 17 February 1834, 47. The punctuation is as in the original.
45. S. Bannister, 'African Sketches...', Westminster Review (1835), 23, 415-23.
46. Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 23-25 February 1834, 49-50; and 27 February 1834, 51. Other accounts of the Herschels' temporarily unsettled feelings appear in J. Herschel to C. Babbage, 9 February 1834, JHC-RSL, 2.286; M. S. Herschel to Mrs A. Stewart, 25 December 1833, in Lady Herschel: Letters from the Cape 1834-1838 (ed. B. Warner), Cape Town, 1991, 22; and T. Maclear to F. Beaufort, 9 March 1834, Hydrographic Office, Taunton, Misc. letters and papers, file no. 34, quoted from ibid., 27.
47. J. Herschel to W. H. Smyth, 10 May 1834, JHC-RSL, 21.160; J. Herschel, A Treatise on Astronomy (new edn), London, 1833, 37-8.
48. J. Herschel to W. H. Smyth, 10 May 1834, JHC-RSL, 21.160; J. Herschel, A Treatise on Astronomy (new edn), London, 1833, 37-8.
49. M. S. Herschel to T. and M. Baldwin, 4 February 1834, Warner, op. cit. (26), 25; to T. and M. Baldwin, 18 December 1834, ibid., 59; see also Warner's footnote, p. 35.
50. Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 8 April 1834, 61; 11 May 1834, 66; 3 June 1834, 70; 4 July 1834, 76-7; 30 July 1834, 85; 10 November 1834, 101; 18 February 1835, 141; 17 May 1836, 241.
51. Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 20 March 1837, 285.
52. J. Herschel to T. Maclear, 3 March 1835, and 20 or 21 September 1835, in Maclear and Herschel: Letters and Diaries at the Cape of Good Hope 1834-1838 (ed. B. Warner and N. Warner), Cape Town, 1984, 78, 104. See also J. Herschel to W. Whewell, 21 September 1834, Whewell papers Add.ms.a.207.24, Trinity College, Cambridge; J. Herschel to C. Herschel, 22 February 1835, in Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 144; J. Herschel to C. Herschel, 1 October 1836, ibid., 238.
53. J. Herschel to C. Herschel, 24 October 1835, in Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 192, his italics.
54. T. Maclear to J. Herschel, 5 April 1834 and 14 January 1836, in B. Warner and N. Warner, op. cit. (31), 42, 120.
55. Warner, op. cit. (6), 63-4; and John Herschel, 'Occasional memoranda, November [1834]', Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 118.
56. MacKenzie, op. cit. (10), 56, 88-9.
57. MacKenzie, op. cit. (10), 28-38; Milton, op. cit. (19), 132.
58. MacKenzie, op. cit. (10), 28-38; Milton, op. cit. (19), 132.
59. Warner, op. cit. (6), 65.
60. Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 25 August 1834, 90, his italics. Herschel would later support Fairbairn and his South African Commercial Advertiser against a charge by 335 eastern settlers that the editor had helped incite the Xhosa to violence (ibid., 16 January 1835, 132-3). Both Fairbairn and his missionary father-in-law John Philip were frequent guests at Feldhausen. On several occasions, Margaret noted her husband's sympathies with the two men: M. S. Herschel to Mrs A. Stewart, 26 September 1834, Warner, op. cit. (26), 50; to J. Stewart, 18 January 1835, ibid., 61-3; to D. Stewart, 6 June 1835, ibid., 75; to Mrs A. Stewart, 7 October 1836, ibid., 123.
61. J. Herschel to H. Smith, 3 June 1837, JHC-RSL, 21.221; and [n.d.] July 1837, JHC-RSL, 21.225.
62. J. Herschel to J. Philip, 2 June 1835, JHC-RSL, 21.177. For similar views, see J. Herschel to C. Babbage, 23 December 1834, JHC-RSL, 2.288; J. Herschel to W. Somerville, 17 July 1835, JHC-RSL, 21.181; J. Herschel to F. Baily, 17 August 1835, JHC-RSL, 3.128; J. Herschel to J. Philip, [n.d.] February 1836, JHC-RSL 21.197; W. B. Boyce, Notes on South African Affairs from 1834 to 1838 (1838, reprint), Cape Town, 1971, pp. x-xi; C. Johnstone, 'Wrongs of the Caffre nation', Tait's Edinburgh Magazine (August 1837), 8, 515-23.
63. J. Herschel to W. Whewell, 25 July 1835, JHC-RSL, 21.182.
64. C. Ballard, 'Drought and economic distress: South Africa in the 1800s', Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1986), 17, 359-78; D. J. Webster, 'The political economy of food production and nutrition in southern Africa in historical perspective', Journal of Modern African Studies (1986), 3, 447-63.
65. C. Ballard, 'Drought and economic distress: South Africa in the 1800s', Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1986), 17, 359-78; D. J. Webster, 'The political economy of food production and nutrition in southern Africa in historical perspective', Journal of Modern African Studies (1986), 3, 447-63.
66. See for example H. W. Becher, 'Radicals, whigs and conservatives: the middle and lower classes in the analytical revolution at Cambridge in the age of aristocracy', BJHS (1995), 28, 405-26.
67. J. Herschel to J. Fairbairn, 1 March 1834, JHC-RSL, 21.157.
68. J. Herschel, December 1837, speech at South African College Prize-Giving, reprinted in W. T. Ferguson and R. F. M. Immelman (eds.), Sir John Herschel and Education at the Cape, 1834-40, Cape Town, 1961, 56-7.
69. S. Schaffer, 'On astronomical drawing', in Picturing Science, Producing Art (ed. P. Galison and C. Jones), London, forthcoming. While at Cape Town to sign a peace treaty with D'Urban, the Griqua chief, Andries Waterboer, visited Feldhausen. Herschel 'was much struck with the rational interest he appeared to take in what he saw [through the 20-foot telescope], comprehending readily and easily all that was told him, but without any sign of mere childish wonder, or any of those absurd remarks and questions which I am sorry to say I am in the habit of hearing from many civilised persons on similar occasions' (J. Herschel to J. Philip, 24 November 1834, JHC-RSL, 21.164).
70. J. Herschel, 'An address to the subscribers to the Windsor and Eton Public Library and Reading Room...', in Essays from the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, with Addresses and Other Pieces, London, 1857, 2, 7-10, 30, 38, 62.
71. On physical astronomy as a model science, see J. Herschel, 'Terrestrial magnetism', ibid., 66-8, 104-13.
72. B. Hevly, 'The heroic science of glacier motion', Osiris (1996), 11, 66-86, on 71-2.
73. M. Dettelbach, 'Humboldtian science', in Jardine et al., op. cit. (7), 289-91. See also S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period, New York, 1978, 73-110.
74. M. Dettelbach, 'Humboldtian science', in Jardine et al., op. cit. (7), 289-91. See also S. F. Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period, New York, 1978, 73-110.
75. M. S. Herschel to Mrs A. Stewart, 30-31 May 1834, Warner, op. cit. (26), 37-8; M. S. Herschel to M. Baldwin, 8 June 1834, ibid., 40; M. S. Herschel to Mrs A. Stewart, 11 July 1834, ibid., 40-1.
76. This was the figure he quoted to his wife; see M. S. Herschel to J. Stewart, 7 January 1836, Warner, op. cit. (26), 94-5.
77. Compare Herschel's pre-Cape inductivism in A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (1830, reprint), Chicago, 1987, to that in Herschel, 'Terrestrial magnetism', op. cit. (48), 110-11, 124-5. In the last work, many passages suggest analogies between astronomy and imperial management. See his discussion of geography and astronomy as sciences that track moving objects according to fixed points, for example London or the fixed stars (pp. 162-3); and the globular cluster as 'constituting in itself a family or society apart from the rest, and subject only to its own internal laws' (pp. 399-400).
78. Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 7 February 1837, 279; see also J. Herschel to C. Herschel, 10 January 1837, ibid., 281.
79. M. S. Herschel to C. Herschel, 19 May 1835, in Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 167-8.
80. 'The Herschel dinner', Athenaeum (16 June 1838), 555, 425.
81. M. S. Herschel to Mrs A. Stewart, 6 February 1834 and 28 March 1834, Warner, op. cit. (26), 26-7; John Herschel diary, 27 July 1834, 16 April 1835, 10 and 25 March 1836, in Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 84, 158, 221, 224; and M. S. Herschel to M. Baldwin, 20 June 1837, Warner, op. cit. (26), 142. On the moles, see J. Herschel to M. Baldwin, 6 December 1836, ibid., 132. On gardening as rational agriculture, see A. Cunningham, 'The culture of gardens', in Jardine et al., op. cit. (7).
82. A. Smith, Andrew Smith's Journal of His Expedition into the Interior of South Africa 1834-36 (ed. W. F. Lye), Cape Town, 1975, 6. See also A. Smith, Andrew Smith and Natal: Documents Relating to the Early History of That Province (ed. P. R. Kirby), Cape Town, 1955.
83. A. Smith, Andrew Smith's Journal of His Expedition into the Interior of South Africa 1834-36 (ed. W. F. Lye), Cape Town, 1975, 6. See also A. Smith, Andrew Smith and Natal: Documents Relating to the Early History of That Province (ed. P. R. Kirby), Cape Town, 1955.
84. Smith, Journal, op. cit. (58), 7-9. Herschel reiterated the importance of precision in his pamphlet, Instructions for Making and Registering Meteorological Observations in Southern Africa, and Other Countries in the South Seas, and also at Sea, London, 1835. Oddly, the 18-year-old astronomer assigned to the Smith expedition, John Burrow, left a wonderfully detailed but astronomically barren journal, Travels in the Wilds of South Africa (ed. P. R. Kirby), Cape Town, 1971.
85. M. S. Herschel to D. Stewart, 23 June 1836, Warner, op. cit. (26), 111-12.
86. Smith, Journal, op. cit. (58), 108-9, 145, 211, 213-14.
87. Evans et al., op. cit. (1), 14 November 1834, 106; 14 April 1835, 157.
88. Ferguson and Immelman, op. cit. (45).
89. T. Maclear to J. Herschel, 13 December 1837, in B. Warner and N. Warner, op. cit. (31), 206-7.
90. J. Herschel, Treatise, op. cit. (27), 162-3.
91. J. Herschel, 'On the advantages to be attained by a revision and re-arrangement of the constellations, with especial reference to those of the southern hemisphere, and on the principles upon which such re-arrangement ought to be conducted', Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society (1842), 12, 201-24, especially 201-3.
92. F. Baily to J. Herschel, 17 March 1843, JHC-RSL, 3.239. 68 Secord, op. cit. (17), 441.
93. R. Chambers, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation and Other Evolutionary Writings (ed. J. A. Secord), Chicago, 1994.
94. See L. Pyenson, 'Why science may serve political ends: cultural imperialism and the mission to civilize', Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1990), 13, 69-81; M. A. Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism, Bloomington, 1994; M. Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance, Ithaca, NY, 1989.
95. See L. Pyenson, 'Why science may serve political ends: cultural imperialism and the mission to civilize', Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1990), 13, 69-81; M. A. Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism, Bloomington, 1994; M. Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance, Ithaca, NY, 1989.
96. See L. Pyenson, 'Why science may serve political ends: cultural imperialism and the mission to civilize', Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1990), 13, 69-81; M. A. Osborne, Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French Colonialism, Bloomington, 1994; M. Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance, Ithaca, NY, 1989.