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Volumn 5, Issue 2-3, 1994, Pages 507-555

Rules of procedure and evidence of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

(1)  Nsereko, Daniel D Ntanda a  

a NONE

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EID: 0346353849     PISSN: 10468374     EISSN: 15729850     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF01683227     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (177)
  • 1
    • 84936051688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 2
    • 84936044720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art 15.
  • 3
    • 84936025069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was established pursuant to Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Aug. 8, 1945, 82 U.N.T.S 279. The Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg is set out in id. at 284 [hereinafter Nuremberg Charter].
  • 4
    • 84936036152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuremberg Charter, supra note 3, art. 19. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was established pursuant to Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Aug. 8, 1945, 82 U.N.T.S. 279. The Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg is set out in id. at 284 [hereinafter Nuremberg Charter].
  • 5
    • 84935994765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Military Tribunal, Rules of Procedure, adopted Oct. 29, 1945, in 1 Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946, at 19 91947 [hereinafter Nuremberg Rules].
  • 6
    • 84936057051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add. 1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 15. art. 21, reproduces International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted Dec. 19, 1966, art. 14, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter International Covenant].
  • 7
    • 84936041023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Covenant, supra note 6, Statute, supra note 2, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 15. art 21, reproduces International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted Dec. 19, 1966, art 14, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter International Covenant], art. 14(3)(d).
  • 8
    • 84936022932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2 Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. In this connection, see G.A. Res. 2857 (XXVI), U.N. GAOR, 26th Sess., Supp. No. 29, at 94, U.N. Doc. A/8429 (1972) (calling for the progressive restriction of the number of offenses for which the death penalty may be imposed).
  • 9
    • 84936002269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U. N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995), R. 95 (“Evidence obtained directly or indirectly by means which constitute a serious violation of internationally protected human rights shall not be admissible”), reflects Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment art. 15, G.A. Res. 39/46, U.N. GAOR, 39th Sess., Supp. No. 51, at 197, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (1984) [hereinafter Torture Convention].
  • 10
    • 84936024409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules Governing the Detention of Persons Awaiting Trial or Appeal before the Tribunal or Otherwise Detained on the Authority of the Tribunal, U.N. Doc. IT/38/Rev.3 (1994). These rules rely on various sets of principles and standards, including Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, G.A. Res. 45/111, U.N. GAOR, 45th Sess., Supp. No. 49A, at 199, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (1990); Model Agreement on the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners and Recommendations on the Treatment of Foreign Prisoners, in Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders: Report Prepared by the Secretariat 53, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 121/22/Rev. 1, U.N. Sales No. E.86.IV.1 (1986); Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, E.S.C. Res. 663 (XXIV) C, U.N. ESCOR, 24th Sess., Supp. No. 1, at 11, U.N. Doc. E/3048 (1957), amended by E.S.C. 2076 (LXII), U.N. ESCOR, 62d Sess., Supp. No. 1, at 35, U.N. Doc. E/5988 (1977).
  • 11
    • 84936008535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretary-General's Report, supra note 2, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. For a discussion of the characterization of the Tribunal as a subsidiary organ, see Roman A. Kolodkin, An Ad Hoc International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia, in this issue of Criminal Law Forum.
  • 12
    • 84936024505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the Secretary-General, Apr. 5, 1993, U.N. Doc. S/25575 (1993), transmitting views and proposals on establishing an international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
  • 13
    • 84936040356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S.S. “Lotus” (Fr. v. Turk.), 1927 P.C.I.J. (ser. A) No. 10.
  • 14
    • 84936047477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretary-General's Report supra note 2, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report], ¶ 62.
  • 15
    • 84936037935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act § 26, Laws of Bots. ch. 08:02 (excluding murder from a general limitation period of 20 years from the commission of the offense); to similar effect, Criminal Procedure Act of 1977, § 18 (S. Afr.), analyzed in Etienne Du Toit, Commentary on the Criminal Procedure Act 1–12 (1987).
  • 16
    • 84936012923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Celia Hampton, Criminal Procedure 15 (3d ed. 1982).
  • 17
    • 84936029322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convention on the Non-applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity art. 1, G.A. Res. 2391 (XXIII), U.N. GAOR, 23d Sess., Supp. No. 18, at 40, U.N. Doc. A/7218 (1968).
  • 18
    • 84936052199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 15. art. 9(2).
  • 19
    • 84936041103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T.R. Proc. & Evid., supra note, 1, R. 8. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 20
    • 84936046005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 9.
  • 21
    • 84936025619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In November 1994 the International Tribunal formally requested Germany to transfer to its jurisdiction a Bosnian Serb then in custody who was suspected of being a key figure in ethnic cleansing campaigns against Moslems in the Prijedor region. Peter S. Canellos, U.N. Tribunal Seeks a Serb: Ethnic Cleansing Alleged as Trial Begins in the Hague, Boston Globe, Nov. 9, 1994, at 26, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allnws File; Yugo War Crimes Court Asks Germany to Extradite Bosnian Serb, Agence France Presse, Nov. 8, 1994, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allnws File. To make the transfer of this prisoner possible, the German Bundesrat approved amendments proposed by the government to permit the extradition of foreigners to the Tribunal, and constitutional changes to permit the extradition of German citizens are anticipated. Bonn Changes Law to Hand Over War Criminals, Reuters, Dec. 16, 1994, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allnws File.
  • 22
    • 84936017273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S.C. Res. 748, U.N. SCOR, 47th Year, 1992 S.C. Res. & Dec. at 52, U.N. Doc. S/INF/48 (1992).
  • 23
    • 84935996484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patrick John Fitzgerald, Criminal Law and Punishment 172 (1962).
  • 24
    • 84936009218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. Patrick John Fitzgerald, Criminal Law and Punishment 172 (1962).
  • 25
    • 84936029221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995) R. 51.
  • 26
    • 84936058555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, art. 15. art. 10(2) Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. see also I.T.R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995), R. 12.
  • 27
    • 84936023153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, art. 15. art. 10(3). The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this tissue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Stature]. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian. Law committed in the Terriotory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of criminal Law Forum. This article was wiritten on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 101(B)(v).
  • 28
    • 84936056307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, art. 15 art. 16(4). The Statute of the International Tribunal is ser out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this tissue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute].
  • 29
    • 84936024404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id.Statute, supra note 2, art. 15 art. 16(4)The Statute of the International Tribunal is ser out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute].
  • 30
    • 84935995372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • That the Security Council would insist on political acceptability became evident when it turned down the Secretary-General's first nominee, the highly regarded DePaul University law professor Cherif Bassiouni (member, and later chairman, of the Commission of Experts appointed to investigate serious violations of international humanitarian law in the former Yugoslavia). In the fall of 1993, the Council elected Ramón Escovar-Salom of Venezuela, S.C. Res. 877, U.N. SCOR, 48th Sess., 3296th mtg. at 1, U.N. Doc S/RES/877 (1993), available in U.N. Gopher/Documents/Security Council Resolutions, who resigned in early 1994, before taking up his duties, to accept an appointment in the newly formed Venezuelan government. The vacancy was not filled until July 1994, when Judge Richard Goldstone of South Africa was appointed to the post. S.C. Res. 936, U.N. SCOR, 49th Year, 3401st mtg. at 1, U.N. Doc. S/RES/936 (1994), available in U.N. Gopher/Documents/Security Council Resolutions. On the controversy over initially selecting a prosectutor, see Paul Lewis, Disputes Hamper U.N. drive for a War Crimes Tribunal, N.Y. Times, Sept. 9, 1993, at A10, available in LEXIS, World Libary, Allnws File; Stanley Meisler, U.N. Is Deadlocked on War-Crimes Prosecutor, Montreal Gazette, Sept. 12, 1993 at B1, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allnws File; Venezueland on War Crimes Panel: Tribunal Will Probe Atrocities in Former Yugoslavia, Chi. Tribune, Oct. 22, 1993 at B1, availablei in LEXIS, World Library, Allnws File. On the controversy over replacing Escovar-Salom, see Stephen Eagleburger, Balkan War-Crimes Prosecution Bogs Down, N.Y. Times, July 7, 1994, at A5, available in LEXIS, World Libary, Allnws File; Anthony Lewis, At Home Abroad: The Civilized World, N.Y. Times, July 1, 1994 at A25, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allnws File.
  • 31
    • 84936012792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, art. 15. art 16(1). The Statute of the International Tribunal is ser out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this tisue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute].
  • 32
    • 84935997957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. Statute, supra note 2, art. 15. art 16(1). The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute].
  • 33
    • 84936042411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On this issue, see Gourivt v. Union of Post Office Workers, 1978 App. Cas. 435 (1977); R. v. Sikumba, [1955] 3 S. Afr. L. Rep. 125 (E. Dist. Local Div.).
  • 34
    • 84936017008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • StPO (Criminal Procedure Statute) § 152(II) (Ger.) (requiring public prosecutor to take action against all prosecutable offenses if there is sufficient factual basis).
  • 35
    • 84936028247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See John H. Langbein, Comparative Criminal Procedure: Germany 91 (1977).
  • 36
    • 84936013572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, art. 18(4). The Statute of the International Tribunal is ser out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute], provides that “[u]pon a determination that a prima facie case exists, the Prosecutor shall prepare an indictment” (emphasis added); I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 47(A), similarly provides that “[i]f in the course of an investigation the Prosecutor is satisfied that there is sufficient evidence to provide reasonable grounds for believing that a suspect has committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, he shall prepare. an indictment” (emphasis added).
  • 37
    • 84936030651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lawyers Comm. for Human Rights, Preliminary Observations on the Role of Non-governmental Organizations 5 (memorandum submitted to the Round Table on the International War Crimes Tribunal, organized by the Center for Anti-war Action-Belgrade, Brussels, Belgium, Mar. 3–4, 1994). The contribution of NGOs is discussed at some length in M. Cherif Bassiouni, The Commission of Experts Established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780: Investigating Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia, in this tissue of Criminal Law Forum.
  • 38
    • 84936051407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act § 30(1), Laws of Bots. ch. 08∶02, permits a police officer to ask any person who may, in his opinion, be able to give evidence in regard to the commission or suspected commission of an offense to furnish “his full name and address.” This is all the officer is authorized to elicit out of a witness.
  • 39
    • 84936021552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In this regard, see Statute, supra note 2, art. 29. The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. Annual Report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, ¶ ¶ 84–94, 172–182, U.N. SCOR, 49th Year, Agenda Item 152, U.N. Doc. S/1994/1007 (1994). States usually assist each othe in these matters under trearies of mutual assistance in criminal matters and the national legislation implementing them. For further discussion, see David McClean, International Judicial Assistance (1992); William A. Schabas, International Judicial Assistance, 5 Crim. L.F. 137 (1994) (reviewing McClean's treatise).
  • 40
    • 84936003354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lawyers Comm. for Human Rights, International Tribunal on War Crimes in the Former Yugoslavia: Establishment, Proceedings to Date, and Jurisdiction 29 (memorandum submitted to the Round Table on the International War Crimes Tribunal, organized by the Centre for Anti-war Action-Belgrade, Brussels, Belgium, Mar. 3–4, 1994).
  • 41
    • 84936056989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, RR. 88(B), 105. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this tissue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 42
    • 84936047931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. See I.T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1, RR. 42(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Terriotory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was wirtten on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. r. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 43
    • 84936050214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretary-General's Report, supra note 2 ⋏ 106. Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. See supra note 6.
  • 44
    • 84936028130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The latest revision of the rules corrected this deficiency. U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 1995, supra note 1, R. 42(A)(iii), expressly confers on the suspect during investigation “the right to remain silent, and to be cautioned that any statement the makes shall be recorded and may be used in evidence.” On civil law practice, see Manfred Pieck, The Accused's Privilege against Self-incrimination in the Civil Law, 11 Am J. Comp. L. 585 (1962). On the recent, highly controversial changes in England regarding the drawing of an adverse inference from the accused's silence, see infra note 128. E.g. Waugh v. R., 1950 App. Cas. 203 (P.C.) (appeal taken from Jam.); Attorney-General v. Moagi, 1981 Bots. L. Rep. 1; Vezeau v. R., [1977] 2 S.C.R. 277 (Can. 1976); S.v. Mehlape, [1963] 2 S. Afr. L. Rep. 29, 34 (App. Div. 1962). In Waugh, 1950 App. Cas. at 211, the Privy Councial noted that in England, as in Jamaica, “it is a matter for the judge's discretion whether he shall comment on the fact that a prisoner has not given evidence; but the very fact that the prosecution are not permitted to comment on that facts shows how careful a judge should be in making such comment.” Under Waugh and later cases, the judge may not, however, comment that the defendant's failure to testify is evidence of gulit. R.v Sparrow, 57 Crim. App. 352 (Eng. C.A. 1973) (ciring Waugh). The law in England changed recently. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, 1994, §§ 34–39 (Eng. & Wales), now permits the fact-finder (jury or judge) to draw an adverse inference from the accused's silence. This provision and others curtailing the right to silence during questioning, as well as the right to peaceful assembly, have provoked a public uproar. For some background, see Fred Barbash, British Law Draws New Line on Crime: Classic Rights Suffer a Setback as Police Powers Get Big Boost, Int'l Herald Trib., Nov. 12, 1994, available in LEXIS, World Libary, Allnws File; Charles Glass, A Modern Enactment of the Star Chamber, The Independent, Nov. 9, 1994, at 18, available in LEXIS, UK Libary, Ukpaper File.
  • 45
    • 84936005163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, art 18(3). The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid. supra note 1, R. 42(B). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 46
    • 84936023277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, art 18(3). The Statute of the Internatioal Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this tissue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995), R. 42(A)(i). Counsel is picked from a list kept by the registrar. The list contains names of lawyers who speak one or both of the working languages of the Tribunal, are admitted to practice law in any state or are university professors of law, and have indicated their willingness to be assigned to indigent suspects or accused. Id. RR. 44–45.
  • 47
    • 84936032356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 45(B). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 48
    • 84936029339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note, 1, R. 45(E). International Tribunal of the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Terriory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 49
    • 84936039366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally Daniel D. Ntanda Nsereko, The Posioned Tree: Responses to Involuntary Confessions in Criminal Proceedings in Botswana, Uganda, and Zambia, 5 Afr. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 609 (1993) [hereinafter Nsereko, The Poisoned Tree]; Daniel D. Ntanda Nsereko, The Right to Legal Representation in Botswana, 18 Isr. Y.B. Hum. Rts. 211 (1988).
  • 50
    • 84936059044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 43. International Tribunal of the Prosecution of perssons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 51
    • 84936056945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1, R. 43(i). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 52
    • 84936000395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 43(ii). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Terriorty of the Former Yugoslava since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this tissue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 53
    • 84936003115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 43(iii). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Terriory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 54
    • 84936022205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 43(iv). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 55
    • 84936002321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I. T. R Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 43(v). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of perons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), repreinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 56
    • 84936039560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 42(A)(ii). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Terriotry of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), repreinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 57
    • 84936037560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stature, supra note 2 art. 18(4). The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responisble for Serious Violations of Internatonal Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Fhe Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [heriinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], supra note 1 R. 47(A) but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT./32/Rev.3 (1995) see Secretary-General's Report, supra note 2 Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Sercurity Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. ⋏ 95.
  • 58
    • 84935994245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. T. R. Proc. & Evid. supra note 1, R. 48. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 59
    • 84936020451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 49 I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 Internatonal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 60
    • 84936045297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, art. 19(1). The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. see I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 47(D) International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 61
    • 84936031113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note, 1, R. 47(E). Interational Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responisble for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslaiva since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 62
    • 84936006431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This plea is essentially the same as non bis in idem. See supra note 23-24 Patrick John Fitzgerald, Criminal Law and Punishment 172 (1962). and accompanying text.
  • 63
    • 84936044599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 50. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes by U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 64
    • 84936004974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 51. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 65
    • 84936016016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 66
    • 84936004839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 53 (B). I. T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this tissue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 67
    • 84936030958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 55(A). I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 68
    • 84935998139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 55(B). I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this tissue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 69
    • 84936028083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 55(C). I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note, 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 70
    • 84936019085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 56. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia sine 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994)[hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 71
    • 84936002694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 57.I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc., IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 72
    • 84935997013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 58. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). For a detailed discussion of this topic, see Kenneth S. Gallant, Securing the Presence of Defendants before the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Breaking with Extradition, in this tissue of Criminal Law Forum.
  • 73
    • 84936038804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I. T. R. Proc. & Evid. supra note 1, R. 59(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Commited in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 74
    • 84936030983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 59(B). I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 75
    • 84936045382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 60. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for th Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Formers Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 76
    • 84936057366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 61(D). I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responisble for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Commited in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 77
    • 84936056617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 80(B). I. T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995) R. 80(B).
  • 78
    • 84936013668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 62. I. T. R. Proc. & Evid. supra note 1 International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 79
    • 84936018089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 62(iii). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995) I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., Supra note, 1, R. 59(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 80
    • 84936050476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 63. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995) Supra note 1, R. 59(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 81
    • 84936026025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The accused is entitled to inspect “books, documents, photographs and tangible objects in his custody or control, which are material to the preparation of the defence, or are intended for use by the Prosecutor as evidence at trial or were obtained from or belonged to the accused.”Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 66(B).
  • 82
    • 84936012229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 64. For a discussion of these arrangements, see Julian J.E. Schutte, Legal and Practical Implications, from the Perspective of the Host Country, Relating to the Establishment of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, in this issue of Criminal Law Forum. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra, note 1, R. Id. R. 66(B).
  • 83
    • 84936017140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 65(B). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 84
    • 84936029684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 65(B). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 85
    • 84936005257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 65(C). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 86
    • 84936022911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 101(B)(iv). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humaitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I. T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 87
    • 84936019697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Stature, supra note 2, The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 21(2); I.T. R. Proc. & Evid. supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995). R. 78.
  • 88
    • 84936021399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attorney-General v. Leveller Magazine, 1979 App. Cas. 440, 450 (Lord Diplock).
  • 89
    • 84936013419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, RR. 52–53. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T.R. Proc & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 90
    • 84936046727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. supra, arts. 21(2), 23(2). I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, RR. 78–79, 88; Stature supra note 2, The Stature of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Stature].
  • 91
    • 84936042211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R.79(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T.R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995). The reasons for ordering a closed session must be made public. Id. R. 79(B). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T.R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3
  • 92
    • 84936044356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 81(D) International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T.R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3
  • 93
    • 84936047222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, supra, art. 13(1). The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute].
  • 94
    • 84936053267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 14(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 95
    • 84936031037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 10(C). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 96
    • 84936038441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 15(C). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 97
    • 84936003747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 15(D). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 98
    • 84936004920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 15(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 99
    • 84936053136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 15(B). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 100
    • 84936048319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 55(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 101
    • 84936046804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stature, supra note 2, art. 21(4)(b). The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L. M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute].
  • 102
    • 84936003434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 43(iv). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/REv. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 103
    • 84936049575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reading id. R. 50 together with RR. 47(A), 62(ii), 66(A). I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995) R. 43(iv).
  • 104
    • 84936044506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. Reading id. R. 50 together with RR. 47(A), 62(ii), 66(A). I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 105
    • 84936005016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid. supra note 1, R. 66(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Vilations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 106
    • 84936045940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. Reading id. R. 66(B) together with RR. 47(A), 62(ii), 66(A). I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 107
    • 84936031920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. RR. 67(A)(i), 69(B). I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 108
    • 84935994427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. r 67(C) I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995)
  • 109
    • 84936014825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995) R. 68 does not discuss the consequences of nondisclosure. In some common law jurisdictions, nondisclosure may be fatal to the prosecution's case because it results in a failure of justice. E.g., Mahadeo v. R., [1936] 2 All E.R. 813 (P.C.) (appeal taken from Fiji); R. v. Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 326, 332 (Can.) (Sopinka, J.); R. v. Fere, [1956–57] 8 Uganda L. Rep. 126 (High Ct. 1957).
  • 110
    • 84935996138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1, R. 42(A)(i). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 111
    • 84936019833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1, R. 55(A). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995).
  • 112
    • 84936042130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1, R. 62(i) International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995)
  • 113
    • 84936040414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1, R. 42(B). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995)
  • 114
    • 84936011580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1, R. 71(C). International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia sine 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995) (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 115
    • 84936031185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 63. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995)
  • 116
    • 84936024517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. R. 62(i); Statute, supra note 2, The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute], See Statute, supra, art. 15. art. 21(4)(d).
  • 117
    • 84936008619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See sources cited supra note Id. R. 62(i); Statute, supra note The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 15. art. 21(4)(d).
  • 118
    • 84936057745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See supra notes Statute, supra note The Stature of the International Tribunal is set out, as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Satute]. See Statute, supra, art. 15 art. 18(3); I.T.R. Proc. & Evid., supra note International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serius Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc.IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc.IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 42(A)(i). Counsel is picked from a list kept by the registrar. The list contains names of lawyers who speak one or both of the working languages of the Tribunal are admitted to practice law in any state or are university professors of law, and have indicated their willingness to be assigned to indigent suspects or accused. Id. RR. 44–45. Id. R. 42(A) See I.T.R. Proc. & Evid. supra note International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), repreinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc., IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). RR. 88(B), 105. and accompanying text.
  • 119
    • 84936026797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Under the rules of the International Military Tribunal, defendants were entitled to be assisted by counsel of their own choice at the expense of the tribunal, provided they applied for that “particular counsel”, and he were available. Nuremberg Rules, supra note International Military Tribunal, Rules of Procedure, adopted Oct. 29, 1945, in 1 Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946, at 19 (1947) [hereinafter Nuremberg Rules].
  • 120
    • 84936046203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, R. 85(B) International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc.IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 121
    • 84935999933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id R. 85. Under the rules of the International Military Tribunal, defendants were entitled to be assisted by counsel of their own choice at the expense of the tribunal, provided they applied for that “particular counsel” and he were available. Nuremberg Rules, supra note 5, International Military Tribunal, Rules of Procedure, adopted Oct. 29, 1945, in 1 Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946, at 19 (1947) [hereinafter Nuremberg Rules].
  • 122
    • 84936044589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prima facie case is established if there is “such evidence that, if it be uncontradicted at the trial, a reasonable minded jury may convict upon it.”Ex parte, Bidwell, [1937] 1 K.B. 305, 314 (1936).
  • 123
    • 84936055059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mirjan Damaska, Evidentiary Barriers to Conviction and Two Models of Criminal Procedure: A Comparative Study, 121 U. Pa. L. Rev. 506 (1973); Pieck, supra note 44. The Accused's Privilege against Self-incrimination in the Civil Law, 11 Am. J. Comp. L. 585 (1962).
  • 124
    • 84936024465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yuill v. Yuill, [1945] 1 All E.R. 183, 189 (Eng. C.A. 1944) (lord Greene), cited with approval in Lemme v. State, 1985 Bots. L. Rep. 576; accord R. v. Roopsing, [1956] 4 S. Afr. L. Rep. 509 (App. Div.).
  • 125
    • 84936032305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lemme, 1985 Bots. L. Rep. at 580 (Aguda, J.).
  • 126
    • 84936006692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid, supra note 1, R.85(C), provides that “[t]he accused may, if he so desires, appear as a witness in his own defence” (emphasis added). Id. RR. 55(A), 63 provide for the right to remain silent.
  • 127
    • 84936035915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Const. amend. V; Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609 (1965).
  • 128
    • 84936006967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., Waugh v. R., 1950 App. Cas 203 (P.C.) (appeal taken from Jam.); Attorney-General v. Moagi, 1981 Bots. L. Rep. 1; Vezeau v. R., [1977] 2 S.C.R. 277 (Can. 1976); S. v. Mehlape, [1963] 2 S. Afr. L. Rep. 29, 34 (App. Div. 1962). In Waugh, 1950 App. Cas at 211, the Privy Council noted that in England, as in Jamaica, “it is a matter for the fudge's discretion whether he shall comment on the fact that a prisoner has not given evidence; but the very fact that the prosecution are not permitted to comment on that fact shows how careful a judge should be in making such comment.” Under Waugh and later cases, the judge may not, however, comment that the defendant's failure to testify is evidence of guilt. R. v. Sparrow, 57 Crim. App. 352 (Eng. C.A. 1973) (citing Waugh). The law in England changed recently. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, 1994, § § 34–39 (Eng. & Wales), now permits the fact-finder (jury or judge) to draw an adverse inference from the accused's silence. This provision and others curtailing the right to silence during questioning, as well as the right to peaceful assembly, have provoked a public uproar. For some background, see Fred Barbash, British Law Draws New Line on Crime: Classic Rights Suffer a Setback as Police Powers Get Big Boost, Int'l Herald Trib., Nov. 12, 1994, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allnws File; Charles Glass, A Modern Enactment of the Star Chamber, The Independent, Nov. 9, 1994, at 18, available in LEXIS, UK Library, Ukpaper File.
  • 129
    • 84936019218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Damaska, supra note 123 Mirjan Damaska, Evidentiary Barriers to Conviction and Two Models of Criminal Procedure: A Comparative Study, 121 U. Pa.L. Rev. 506 (1973); Pieck, supra note 44 The Accused's Privilege against Self-incrimination in the Civil Law, 11 Am. J. Comp. L. 585 (1962).
  • 130
    • 84935996408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T.R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) R. 89(B), compares well with Nuremberg Charter, supra note 3, The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg was established pursuant to Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, Aug. 8, 1945, 82 U.N.T.S. 279. The Charter of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg is set out in id. at 284 [hereinafter Nuremberg Charter]. art. 19 (“The Tribunal shall not be bound by technical rules of evidence. It shall adopt and apply to the greatest possible extent expeditious and non-technical procedure, and shall admit any evidence which it deems to have probative value.”).
  • 131
    • 84936031323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See State v. Bagwasi, 1968–70 Bots. L. Rep. 129 (High Ct. 1969) (Dendy Young, C.J.) (discussing “physiological methods not involving physical pain [that] can result in breaking down the resistance of an individual and inducing him to confess”).
  • 132
    • 84936000918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Nsereko, The Poisoned Tree, supra note 49. See generally Daniel D. Ntanda Nsereko, The Poisoned Tree: Responses to Involuntary Confessions in Criminal Proceedings in Botswana, Uganda, and Zambia, 5 Afr. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 609 (1993) [hereinafter Nsereko, The Poisoned Tree]; Daniel D. Ntanda Nsereko, The Right to Legal REpresentation in Botswara, 18 Isr. Y.B. Hum. Rts. 211 (1988).
  • 133
    • 84936016707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment art. 2, G.A. Res. 3452 (XXX), U.N. GAOR, 30th Sess., Supp. No. 34, at 91, U.N. Doc. A/10034 (1975) [hereinafter Torture Declaration].
  • 134
    • 84936017009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torture Convention supra note 9 I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1. (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). art. 15; see also Torture Declaration, supra note 133 Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment art. 2, G.A. Res. 3452 (XXX), U.N. GAOR, 30th Sess., Supp. No. 34, at 91, U.N. Doc. A/10034 (1975) [hereinafter Torture Declaration]. art. 12.
  • 135
    • 84936044527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., Pakala Narayana Swami v. King-Emperor, [1939] 1 All E.R. 396, 405 (P.C.) (appeal taken from India) (Lord Atkin) (defining confession as a statement that “admit[s] in terms either the offence or, at any rate, substantially all the facts which constitute the offence”); R. v. Becker, [1929] 2 S. Afr. L. Rep. 167, 171 (App. Div. 1928) (DeVilliers, A.C.J.) (defining confession as “an unequivocal acknowledgement of guilt, the equivalent of a plea of guilty before a court of law”); accord Mohalenyane v. State, 1984 Bots. L. Rep. 291 (High Ct.); accord State v. Haban, [1971] 2 Bots. L. Rep. 66 (High Ct.).
  • 136
    • 84936021591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., Mohalenyane, 1984 Bots. L. Rep. at 291.
  • 137
    • 84936052025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act § 229, Laws of Bots. ch. 08:02; Evidence Act § 29(A) (as amended by Decree No. 25 of 1971), Laws of Uganda ch. 43. Pointing-out evidence that formed part of an inadmissible confession was held to be admissible by the Uganda Supreme Court, the Court saying that it would have been “negligent” on the part of the police officer if he had not acted on the otherwise inadmissible information given to him by the accused. Sserunkuma v. Uganda, S. Ct. Crim. App. No. 8 of 1989 (Uganda Nov. 2, 1990).
  • 138
    • 84936037386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev. 3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 95 (emphasis added).
  • 139
    • 84936055340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., Kuruma Son of Kaniu v. R., 1955, App. Cas. 197 (P.C.) (appeal taken from Kenya); Bercove v. Hermes, 49 A.L.R. 156 (Austl. Fed. Ct. W Austl. 1983); Police v. Machirus, [1977] 1 N.Z.L.R. 288 (1976); Nile Petro Station v. R., [1956–57] 8 Uganda L. Rep. 68 (High Ct. 1956).
  • 140
    • 84936050641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights arts. 3, 12, 17, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/810, at 71 (1948) [hereinafter Universal Declaration]; International Covenant, supra note 6 Statute, supra note 2 Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add. 1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 21, reproduces International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted Dec. 19, 1966, art. 14, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter International Covenant]. arts. 9(1), 17.
  • 141
    • 84936036931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T.R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 97(ii).
  • 142
    • 84936052721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apropos the discussion of privilege is id. R. 70, which provides in relevant part that “reports, memoranda, or other internal documents prepared by a party, its assistants or representatives in connection with the investigation or preparation of the case, are not subject to disclosure or notification.”
  • 143
    • 84936040688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bassiouni, supra note 37, Lawyers Comm. for Human Rights, Preliminary Observations on the Role of Non-governmental Organizations 5 (memorandum submitted to the Round Table on the International War Crimes Tribunal, organized by the Centre for Anti-war Action—Belgrade, Brussels, Belgium, Mar. 3–4, 1994). The contribution of NGOs is discussed at some length in M. Cherif Bassiouni, The Commission of Experts Established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780: Investigating Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Former Yugoslavia, in this issue of Criminal Law Forum, discusses the difficulties that lack of access to government documents posed to the Commission of Experts.
  • 144
    • 84936004625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. v. Jones, 19 Crim. App. 40, 41 (Eng. Crim. App. 1925) (Lord Hewart). England recently abolished the caution in rape cases. Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994, § 32 (Eng. & Wales). For a brief account, see Marcel Berlins, Writ Large, The Guardian (Manchester), Nov. 9, 1994, at T15, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allnws File.
  • 145
    • 84936049543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glanville Williams, Textbook of Criminal Law 238 (2d ed. 1983).
  • 146
    • 84935997388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alice Armstrong, Evidence in Rape Cases in Four Southern African Countries, 33 J. Afr. L. 172 (1989).
  • 147
    • 84936027351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Armand Arabian, The Cautionary Instruction in Sex Cases: A Lingering Insult, 10 Sw. U. L. Rev. 585 (1978).
  • 148
    • 84936000618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kathy Mack, Continuing Barriers to Women's Credibility: A Feminist Perspective on the Proof Process, 4 Crim. L.F. 327 (1993).
  • 149
    • 84936028012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Armstrong, supra note 146. Alice Armstrong, Evidence in Rape Cases in Four Southern African Countries, 33 J. Afr. L. 172 (1989).
  • 150
    • 84936047967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid. supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 96(i).
  • 151
    • 84936049769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., Universal Declaration, supra note 140, Universal Declaration of Human Rights arts. 3, 12, 17, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/810, at 71 (1948) [hereinafter Universal Declaration]; International Covenant, supra note 6, Statute, supra note 2, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add.1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secretary-General's Report]. The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute] See Statute, supra, art. 21, reproduces International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted Dec. 19, 1966, art. 14, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter International Covenant]. arts.1, 2; International Covenant, supra note 6, arts. 2, 3; Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, G.A. Res. 2263 (XXII), U.N. GAOR, 22d Sess., Supp. No. 16 at 35, U.N. Doc. A/6716 (1967); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, G.A. Res. 34/180, U.N. GAOR, 34th Sess., Supp. No. 46, at 193, U.N. Doc. A/34/46 (1979).
  • 152
    • 84935994145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 96(ii). The latest revision of the rules added a requirement, R. 96 (iii), that “before evidence of the victim's consent is admitted, the accused shall satisfy the Trial Chamber in camera that the evidence is relevant and credible.” U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev. 3 (1995), supra note 1. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1. (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995).
  • 153
    • 84936000652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 96(iii) (now R. 96iv).
  • 154
    • 84936056600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., R. v. Riley, 18 Q.B. 481 (Cr. Cas. Res. 1887); R. v. Bashir, 54 Crim. App. 1 (Eng. Leeds Assizes 1969); see R. v. Hopkins, 15 Crim. App. (Sent.) 373 (Eng. C.A. 1993).
  • 155
    • 84936021362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally Sara Sun Beale, Prior Similar Acts in Prosecutions for Rape and Child Sex Abuse, 4 Crim. L.F. 307 (1993).
  • 156
    • 84936013917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stirland v. Director of Public Prosecutions, 1944 App. Cas. 315; R. v. Watts, 77 Crim. App. 126 (Eng. C.A. 1983); Cross on Evidence 404 (7th ed. 1990).
  • 157
    • 84936007546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [1952] 2 Q.B. 911 (Crim. App.); accord Director of Public Prosecutions v. Boardman, 1975 App. Cas 421 (1974).
  • 158
    • 84936049067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is particularly so in cases where adult women are the victims. Because of the shame involved, victims may not call for help and may not report the crime soon enough to preserve crucial physical evidence (saliva, semen). No physical injury may occur to them either because they are already sexually active or because they do not physically resist the attacker for fear of further hurt.
  • 159
    • 84936052792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an exellent discussion of the justification for this species of evidence see Beale, supra note 155. See generally Sara Sun Beale, Prior Similar Acts in Prosecutions for Rape and Child Sex Abuse, 4 Crim. L.F. 307 (1993).
  • 160
    • 84936000503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 71(A)-(B).
  • 161
    • 84936022581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 90(B).
  • 162
    • 84936047732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 90(D).
  • 163
    • 84936054498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32.2 (1994). U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 91(E).
  • 164
    • 84936013500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 98.
  • 165
    • 84936041413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994). U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 94.
  • 166
    • 84936010003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 87. The judges must vote separately on each count in the indictment. According to id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 88(C), the trial judges may append a separate or dissenting opinion to the judgment.
  • 167
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    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 87. The judges must vote separately on each count in the indictment. According to id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 88(C), the trial judges may append a separate or dissenting opinion to the judgment. R. 100.
  • 168
    • 84935999493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 24(1); see also I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 10(A) (providing that a “convicted person may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term up to and including the remainder of his life”).
  • 169
    • 84935997801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 24(3); see also I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 105.
  • 170
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    • Statute, supra note 2, The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 24(1)–(2); see also I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 101(B). These provisions are criticized in Pavel Dolenc, A Slovenian Perspective on the Statute and Rules of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, in this issue of Criminal Law Forum.
  • 171
    • 84935994049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 101(B).
  • 172
    • 84936036324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 34; see Statute, supra note 2, The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 22. The unit's primary function is to recommend protective measures during trial and to provide counseling and support for victims, in particular in cases of rape and sexual assault.
  • 173
    • 84936030146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 106(C).
  • 174
    • 84936029449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 106(B).
  • 175
    • 84936052402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statute, supra note 2, The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 25(1). For the rules on appeal, see I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). RR. 107–118.
  • 176
    • 84936031041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra note 1, International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. IT/32 (1994), amended by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.2 (1994), U.N. Doc. IT/Rev.3 (1995), reprinted in appendix C of this issue of Criminal Law Forum. This article was written on the basis of U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.1 (1994) [hereinafter I.T. R. Proc. & Evid.], but it addresses some key changes effected by U.N. Doc. IT/32/Rev.3 (1995). R. 119. For the rules on review, see Statute, supra note 2, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Paragraph 2 of Security Council Resolution 808 (1993), U.N. Doc. S/25704 & Add. 1 (1993), reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1163 [hereinafter Secratary-General's Report]. The Statute of the International Tribunal is set out as an annex to Secretary-General's Report, supra, and is reprinted in appendix B of this issue of Criminal Law Forum and in 32 I.L.M. 1192 [hereinafter Statute]. See Statute, supra, art. 26; I.T. R. Proc. & Evid., supra, RR. 119–122. The prosecutor has a right to request review only “within one year after the final judgement has been pronounced.”Id. R. 119.
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    • Steven Fogelson, Note, The Nuremberg Legacy: AnUnfulfilled Promise, 63 S. Cal. L. Rev. 833, 860 (1990).


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