A psychobiographical approach to the evaluation for sentence mitigation

Journal of Psychiatry and Law

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 319-354

  Connell, Mary A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COGNITION; DEATH; HUMAN; LAW SUIT; LITERATURE; MENTAL HEALTH; MORALITY; REVIEW; VIOLENCE;

EID: 0346341060     PISSN: 00931853     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009318530303100304     Document Type: Review

References (115)

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3. Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 193 (1976).
4. Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604 (1978).
5. Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 304 (1976).
6. Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 112 (1982).
7. Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J. & West, V. (2000). A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, at http://www.law.columbia. edu/instructionalservices/liebman/; http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?-abstract_id=232712, reprinted in part in James S. Liebman, Jeffrey Fagan, Valerie West & Jonathan Lloyd, Capital Attrition: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, 78 TEX. L. REV. 1839 (2000).
8. Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J. & West, V. (2000). A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, at http://www.law.columbia. edu/instructionalservices/liebman/; http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?-abstract_id=232712, reprinted in part in James S. Liebman, Jeffrey Fagan, Valerie West & Jonathan Lloyd, Capital Attrition: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, 78 TEX. L. REV. 1839 (2000).
9. Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J. & West, V. (2000). A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, Appendix C, at http://www.law. columbia.edu/instructionalservices/liebman/; http://papers.ssrn.com/ paper.taf?-abstract_id=232712.
10. Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J. & West, V. (2000). A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, Appendix C, at http://www.law. columbia.edu/instructionalservices/liebman/; http://papers.ssrn. com/paper.taf?-abstract_id=232712.
11. State v. Michael, 530 So.2d 929 (Fla. 1987). Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J. & West, V. (2000). A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, Appendix C, at http://www.law.columbia. edu/instructionalservices/liebman/; http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?-abstract_id=232712.
12. State v. Michael, 530 So.2d 929 (Fla. 1987). Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J. & West, V. (2000). A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, Appendix C, at http://www.law.columbia. edu/instructionalservices/liebman/; http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?-abstract_id=232712.
13. People v. Morgan, 719 N.E.2d 681 (Ill. 1999). Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J. & West, V. (2000). A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, Appendix C, at http://www.law.columbia. edu/instructional services/liebman/; http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf? -abstract_id=232712.
14. People v. Morgan, 719 N.E.2d 681 (Ill. 1999). Liebman, J. S., Fagan, J. & West, V. (2000). A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973-1995, Appendix C, at http://www.law.columbia. edu/instructional services/liebman/; http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf? -abstract_id=232712.
15. Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104 (1982).
16. Wright v. Walls, _ F.3d _ (April 24, 2002).
17. Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104 (1982).
18. California v. Brown, 479 U.S. 538, 545 (1987).
19. Texas Statutes and Codes (2000). Texas Code Criminal Procedure, article 37.071; also ORS 163.150(1)(b)(B), "Whether there is a probability that the defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society."
20. Texas Statutes and Codes (2000). Texas Code Criminal Procedure, article 37.071.
21. Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
22. Webster, C. D., Eaves, D., Douglas, K. S. & Wintrup, A. (1995). The HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment Scheme: The assessment of dangerousness and risk-Version 1. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University; Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D. & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence-Version 2. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
23. Webster, C. D., Eaves, D., Douglas, K. S. & Wintrup, A. (1995). The HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment Scheme: The assessment of dangerousness and risk-Version 1. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University; Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D. & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence-Version 2. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
24. Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E. & Cormier, C. A. (1998). Violent Offenders: Appraising and Managing Risk. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
25. Cunningham, M. D. & Goldstein, A. M. (2003). Sentencing determinations in death penalty cases. In A. M. Goldstein & I. B. Weiner (eds.), Handbook of Psychology, Volume II (pp. 407-436). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
26. 18 U.S.C. § 3592 (a)(8).
27. California v. Brown, 479 U.S. 538, 545 (1987).
28. Cunningham, M. D. & Vigen, M. P. (2002). Death row inmate characteristics, adjustment, and confinement: A critical review of the literature. Behavioral Science and the Law, 20, 191-210.
29. Cunningham, M. D. & Vigen, M. P. (2002). Death row inmate characteristics, adjustment, and confinement: A critical review of the literature. Behavioral Science and the Law, 20, 191-210.
30. Skipper v. South Carolina, 461 U.S. 1 (1986).
31. American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (IV.E.; V.B.); American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
32. American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (IV.E.; V.B.); American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
33. American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (IV.E.; V.B.); American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
34. American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.
35. For example, in United States v. Vest (a), 905 F.Supp. 651 (W.D. Mo. 1995) the court granted the government's motion for compelled mental health examination of the defendant for penalty phase use, since the defendant had placed his mental status into issue in the penalty phase and thus had waived his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination; however, the court, to preserve constitutional rights, sealed the results of the government examination pending the guilty verdict on the capital charge and ordered that no evidence obtained as a result of the examination could be introduced or used until (1) the defendant opened the door to such use and (2) the court ruled on the admissibility of such evidence; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.
36. For example, in United States v. Vest (a), 905 F.Supp. 651 (W.D. Mo. 1995) the court granted the government's motion for compelled mental health examination of the defendant for penalty phase use, since the defendant had placed his mental status into issue in the penalty phase and thus had waived his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination; however, the court, to preserve constitutional rights, sealed the results of the government examination pending the guilty verdict on the capital charge and ordered that no evidence obtained as a result of the examination could be introduced or used until (1) the defendant opened the door to such use and (2) the court ruled on the admissibility of such evidence; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.
37. American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.
38. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (IV.E.); American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
39. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (IV.E.); American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
40. Cunningham, M. D. and Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
41. Eisenberg, J. R. (2001). The Role of the Forensic Psychologist in Death Penalty Litigation. Workshop handout presented at the American Academy of Forensic Psychology, San Antonio, TX.
42. Cunningham, M. D. and Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
43. Goldstein, A. M. (2002). Criminal sentencing: Case 3 Principle: Decline referral when impartiality is unlikely. In K. Heilbrun, G. R. Marczyk & D. DeMatteo (eds.), Forensic Mental Health Assessment: A Casebook (pp. 134-150). New York: Oxford University Press.
44. Cunningham, M. D. and Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
45. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (VI.C.).; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
46. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (VI.C.).; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
47. Cunningham, M. D. & Vigen, M. P. (2002). Death row inmate characteristics, adjustment, and confinement: A critical review of the literature. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 20, 191-210.
48. While race cannot, in and of itself, be considered as either an aggravating or a mitigating factor, ". . . the effects and experiences of race may be admissible if a defendant can show that his life has been marked by discrimination . . ." Walker and Diaz v. Reno, 925 F.Supp. 124 (N.D. NY 1995).
49. Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104 (1982) at 115.
50. Johnson v. Texas (92-5653), 509 U.S. 350 (1993).
51. However, it does not necessarily follow that what may be offered as mitigating may be treated as aggravating. The Court ruled that aggravating circumstances cannot encompass factors "that actually should militate in favor of a lesser penalty, such as perhaps the defendant's mental illness. " Zant v. Stephens, 462 U.S. 862 at 885 (1983).
52. Lyon, D. R. & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2000). Legal and ethical issues in psychopathy assessment. In C. B. Gacono (ed.), The Clinical and Forensic Assessment of Psychopathy: A Practitioner's Guide (139-173). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
53. Slutske, W. S., True, W. R., Scherrer, J. F., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J., Lyons, M. J. & Ming, T. (1999). The heritability of alcoholism symptoms: "Indicators of Genetic and Environmental Influence in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals" revisited. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 759-769; Heath, A. C. (1995). Genetic influences on alcoholism risk: A review of adoption and twin studies. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 166-171; Finn, P. R., Sharkansky, E. J., Brandt, K. M. & Turcotte, N. (2000). The effects of familial risk, personality, and expectancies on alcohol use and abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 122-133.
54. Slutske, W. S., True, W. R., Scherrer, J. F., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J., Lyons, M. J. & Ming, T. (1999). The heritability of alcoholism symptoms: "Indicators of Genetic and Environmental Influence in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals" revisited. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 759-769; Heath, A. C. (1995). Genetic influences on alcoholism risk: A review of adoption and twin studies. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 166-171; Finn, P. R., Sharkansky, E. J., Brandt, K. M. & Turcotte, N. (2000). The effects of familial risk, personality, and expectancies on alcohol use and abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 122-133.
55. Slutske, W. S., True, W. R., Scherrer, J. F., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J., Lyons, M. J. & Ming, T. (1999). The heritability of alcoholism symptoms: "Indicators of Genetic and Environmental Influence in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals" revisited. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 759-769; Heath, A. C. (1995). Genetic influences on alcoholism risk: A review of adoption and twin studies. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 166-171; Finn, P. R., Sharkansky, E. J., Brandt, K. M. & Turcotte, N. (2000). The effects of familial risk, personality, and expectancies on alcohol use and abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 122-133.
56. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991) (III.A.).
57. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991) (III.A.).
58. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991) (III.A.).
59. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991) (III.A.).
60. Haney, C. (1995). The social context of capital murder: Social histories and the logic of mitigation. Santa Clara Law Review, 35, 547-609.
61. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991); Heilbrun, K. (1992). The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 257-272.
62. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991); Heilbrun, K. (1992). The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 257-272.
63. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991); Heilbrun, K. (1992). The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 257-272.
64. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991); Heilbrun, K. (1992). The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 257-272.
65. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author; American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073; Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991); Heilbrun, K. (1992). The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 257-272.
66. Heilbrun, K. (1992). The role of psychological testing in forensic assessment. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 257-272.
67. Cunningham, M. D., & Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490; Cunningham, M. D., & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43.
68. Cunningham, M. D., & Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490; Cunningham, M. D., & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43.
69. Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
70. I b i d.
71. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (VI.F.1.); American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical guidelines for the practice of forensic psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
72. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665 (VI.F.1.); American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical guidelines for the practice of forensic psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
73. I b i d.
74. Stetler, R. (1999, August). Capital cases: Post-conviction investigations in death penalty cases. Champion, 41-43.
75. People v. Ochoa, 19 Cal. 4th 353, 966 P.2d 442, 79 Cal. Rptr. 2d 408 (cert denied, 528 U. S. 862 (1999).
76. Franklin v. Lynaugh, 487 U.S. 164 (1988).
77. California v. Brown, 479 U.S. 538, 543 (1987).
78. Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95 (1979).
79. Skipper v. South Carolina, 461 U.S. 1 (1986).
80. The most important case establishing this principle of fair rebuttal was Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349 (1977), wherein the Court found that the judge who imposed the death sentence relied upon a confidential pre-sentence report not disclosed to defense counsel, and invalidated the death sentence.
81. In Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154 (1994), for example, the High Court reversed the sentence of death because the trial court failed to tell the jury the truth regarding the defendant's parole ineligibility if sentenced to life, transgressing Simmons' due process right of fair rebuttal, especially in light of the fact that the prosecutor had stressed future dangerousness in his sentencing-phase argument.
82. Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43; Edens, J. F., Poythress, N. G. & Lilienfeld, S. O. (1999). Identifying inmates at risk for disciplinary infractions: A comparison of two measures of psychopathy. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 17, 435-443.
83. Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43; Edens, J. F., Poythress, N. G. & Lilienfeld, S. O. (1999). Identifying inmates at risk for disciplinary infractions: A comparison of two measures of psychopathy. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 17, 435-443.
84. Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43.
85. Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
86. In United States v. (Billie Jerome) Allen (a), 247 F.3d 741 (8th Cir. 2001), the Court found that "future dangerousness" is an appropriate consideration in sentencing. In United States v. Barnette (a), 211 F.3d 803 (4th Cir. 2000), the court, in response to expert testimony about the limitations in relevance and reliability for such measures in capital sentencing, observed that there appeared to be merely a disagreement between professionals, and that the district court did not err in failing to go further to evaluate reliability.
87. Cunningham and Reidy have explored this issue at greater length in several publications; see Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1998). Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy: Diagnostic dilemmas in classifying patterns of antisocial behavior in sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, 333-351; Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43; and Cunningham, M. D. and Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
88. Cunningham and Reidy have explored this issue at greater length in several publications; see Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1998). Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy: Diagnostic dilemmas in classifying patterns of antisocial behavior in sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, 333-351; Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43; and Cunningham, M. D. and Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
89. Cunningham and Reidy have explored this issue at greater length in several publications; see Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1998). Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy: Diagnostic dilemmas in classifying patterns of antisocial behavior in sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 16, 333-351; Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43; and Cunningham, M. D. and Reidy, T. J. (2001). A matter of life or death: Special considerations and heightened practice standards in capital sentencing evaluations. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 473-490.
90. U.S. v. Willis Haynes, PJM-98-0520. Pleading filed in the US District Court for Maryland by Lisa Greenman, defense attorney, to object to the testimony to be offered by government expert Tom Ryan, Ph.D. Dr. Ryan withdrew his report, so the court did not rule on the motion and there is no published opinion. Willis Haynes is serving a life sentence. The reader is invited to contact Lisa Greenman, defense attorney in Willis Haynes matter, at lgreenman@ starpower.net, for a copy of the motion.
91. Affidavits attached to pleading-contact author for copies. The reader may contact Lisa Greenman, defense attorney in Willis Haynes matter, at lgreenman@starpower.net, for copies of these affidavits.
92. Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 702 (2001).
93. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
94. Hitchcock v. Dugger, 481 U.S. 393 (1987). The death penalty was allowed, on remand, to stand.
95. Delo v. Lashley, 507 U.S. 272 (1993).
96. Goldstein, A. M. (2001, Spring). Expert opinion. AP-LS News, 21, 8-14.
97. American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073. (Preamble, Principle C: Integrity, p. 1062.)
98. Goldstein, A. M. (2001, Spring). Expert opinion. AP-LS News, 21, 8-14.
99. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
100. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665; American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1995). Ethical Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry. Greenfield, CT: Author.
101. It was noted by Cunningham and Reidy that the educative function of the risk assessment expert, in particular, may be facilitated by use of such teaching aids to assist the court by providing visual depictions of complex testimony. Cunningham, M. D. & Reidy, T. J. (1999). Don't confuse me with the facts: Common errors in violence risk assessment at capital sentencing. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 26, 20-43.
102. Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815, 856 (1988). The Thompson Court found that "Under the Eighth Amendment, the death penalty has been treated differently from all other punishments."
103. For example, Zant v. Stephens, 462 U.S. 862 (1983).
104. In some jurisdictions the jury must weigh aggravating and mitigating circumstances to determine whether death is the appropriate punishment; in other states the jury is not instructed to weigh but only to consider both aggravating and mitigating instructions.
105. Carriger v. Lewis, 971 F.2d 329 (9th Cir. 1992).
106. Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639 (1990).
107. Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367 (1988).
108. Smith v. McCormick, 914 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1990).
109. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665.
110. Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665.
111. Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 26, requires that the expert disclose all cases in which testimony has been given, or reports or opinions offered, and when not prohibited by confidentiality issues, the forensic mental health professional must be prepared to do so. Data that are useful include case styling, date of testimony, jurisdiction, and area of law about which the opinion centered.
112. American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.
113. Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 704, holds that testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.
114. K. Heilbrun, G. R. Marczyk & D. DeMatteo (eds.), Forensic Mental Health Assessment: A Casebook. (This citation derives from p. 12, within chapter 1, titled Introduction and Overview, with no author identified.) New York: Oxford University Press; Melton, G., Petrila, J., Poythress, N. & Slobogin, C. (1997). Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
115. K. Heilbrun, G. R. Marczyk & D. DeMatteo (eds.), Forensic Mental Health Assessment: A Casebook. (This citation derives from p. 12, within chapter 1, titled Introduction and Overview, with no author identified.) New York: Oxford University Press; Melton, G., Petrila, J., Poythress, N. & Slobogin, C. (1997). Psychological Evaluations for the Courts: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.