Karl Popper, the Vienna Circle, and Red Vienna

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 59, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 711-734

  Hacohen, Malachi H ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0346337282     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3653940     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Karl Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies (2 vols.; London, 1945).
2. Karl Popper, Logik der Forschung: Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft (Vienna, 1935); The Logic of Scientific Discovery, tr. Karl Popper (London, 1959).
3. Karl Popper, Logik der Forschung: Zur Erkenntnistheorie der modernen Naturwissenschaft (Vienna, 1935); The Logic of Scientific Discovery, tr. Karl Popper (London, 1959).
4. Breyten Bretenbach, "The Long March from Hearth to Heart," Social Research, 58 (1991), 81.
5. Karl Popper, "The History of Our Time: An Optimist's View," in Conjectures and Refutations (New York, 1963), 364-76; idem, "Zum Thema Freiheit," in Die Philosophie und die Wissenschaften, ed. Ernst Oldemeyer (Meisenheim am Glan, 1967), 1-12.
6. Karl Popper, "The History of Our Time: An Optimist's View," in Conjectures and Refutations (New York, 1963), 364-76; idem, "Zum Thema Freiheit," in Die Philosophie und die Wissenschaften, ed. Ernst Oldemeyer (Meisenheim am Glan, 1967), 1-12.
7. Malachi Hacohen, "Dilemmas of Cosmopolitanism: Karl Popper, Jewish Identity and 'Central European Culture,'" forthcoming in Journal of Modern History, 71 (1999).
8. "Gespräch mit Karl Popper," in Theorie und Politik aus kritisch-rationaler Sicht, ed. Georg Lührs et al. (Berlin, 1978), 18.
9. Karl Popper, Realism and the Aim of Science (London, 1983), 260.
10. Idem, draft of Autobiography, Hoover Institute Archives, Popper Papers (134, 4). Henceforth: Popper Archives.
11. Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin, Wittgenstein's Vienna (New York, 1972).
12. Friedrich Stadler introduced the term "late enlightenment" (Spätaufklärung) in "Spätaufklärung und Sozialdemokratie in Wien, 1918-1938," Aufbruch und Untergang: österreichische Kultur zwischen 1918 und 1938, ed. Franz Kadrnoska (Vienna, 1981), 441-73. See also Ingrid Belke, Die sozialreformerischen Ideen von Joseph Popper-Lynkeus (1838-1921) in Zusammenhang mit allgemeinen Reformbestrebungen des Wiener Bürgertums um die Jahrhundertwende (Tübingen, 1978). In a letter to the editor of Austria Today, Popper recommended Belke's work as a counter-balance to Wittgenstein's Vienna (Popper Archives, 270, 30).
13. Friedrich Stadler introduced the term "late enlightenment" (Spätaufklärung) in "Spätaufklärung und Sozialdemokratie in Wien, 1918-1938," Aufbruch und Untergang: österreichische Kultur zwischen 1918 und 1938, ed. Franz Kadrnoska (Vienna, 1981), 441-73. See also Ingrid Belke, Die sozialreformerischen Ideen von Joseph Popper-Lynkeus (1838-1921) in Zusammenhang mit allgemeinen Reformbestrebungen des Wiener Bürgertums um die Jahrhundertwende (Tübingen, 1978). In a letter to the editor of Austria Today, Popper recommended Belke's work as a counter-balance to Wittgenstein's Vienna (Popper Archives, 270, 30).
14. Friedrich Stadler introduced the term "late enlightenment" (Spätaufklärung) in "Spätaufklärung und Sozialdemokratie in Wien, 1918-1938," Aufbruch und Untergang: österreichische Kultur zwischen 1918 und 1938, ed. Franz Kadrnoska (Vienna, 1981), 441-73. See also Ingrid Belke, Die sozialreformerischen Ideen von Joseph Popper-Lynkeus (1838-1921) in Zusammenhang mit allgemeinen Reformbestrebungen des Wiener Bürgertums um die Jahrhundertwende (Tübingen, 1978). In a letter to the editor of Austria Today, Popper recommended Belke's work as a counter-balance to Wittgenstein's Vienna (Popper Archives, 270, 30).
15. Eva Holleis, Die Sozialpolitische Partei: Sozialliberale Bestrebungen in Wien um 1900 (Munich, 1978).
16. Ingrid Belke, Joseph Popper-Lynkeus, esp. 5-56; Albert Fuchs, Geistige Strömungen in Österreich, 1867-1918 (Vienna, 1949), 133-62; John Boyer, "Freud, Marriage, and Late Viennese Liberalism," Journal of Modern History, 50 (1978), 72-102.
17. Ingrid Belke, Joseph Popper-Lynkeus, esp. 5-56; Albert Fuchs, Geistige Strömungen in Österreich, 1867-1918 (Vienna, 1949), 133-62; John Boyer, "Freud, Marriage, and Late Viennese Liberalism," Journal of Modern History, 50 (1978), 72-102.
18. Ingrid Belke, Joseph Popper-Lynkeus, esp. 5-56; Albert Fuchs, Geistige Strömungen in Österreich, 1867-1918 (Vienna, 1949), 133-62; John Boyer, "Freud, Marriage, and Late Viennese Liberalism," Journal of Modern History, 50 (1978), 72-102.
19. Karl Popper, Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography (La Salle, Ill., 1976), 11 (henceforth, Autobiography); draft of Autobiography, Popper Archives (134, 4).
20. Karl Popper, Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography (La Salle, Ill., 1976), 11 (henceforth, Autobiography); draft of Autobiography, Popper Archives (134, 4).
21. 2).
22. Ibid., esp. 133-70; Ingrid Belke, Joseph Popper-Lynkeus, 132-70.
23. Ibid., esp. 133-70; Ingrid Belke, Joseph Popper-Lynkeus, 132-70.
24. John Boyer, Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897-1918 (Chicago, 1995), ch. 4.
25. Michael Hainisch, Die Zukunft der Deutsch-Österreicher (Vienna, 1892); Otto Wittelshöfer, Politische und wirtschaftliche Gesichtspunkte in der österreichischen Nationalitätenfrage, Preussische Jahrbücher, 76 (Berlin, 1894).
26. Michael Hainisch, Die Zukunft der Deutsch-Österreicher (Vienna, 1892); Otto Wittelshöfer, Politische und wirtschaftliche Gesichtspunkte in der österreichischen Nationalitätenfrage, Preussische Jahrbücher, 76 (Berlin, 1894).
27. Steven Beller, "Patriotism and the National Identity of Habsburg Jewry, 1860-1914," Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 41 (1996), 215-38.
28. Theodor Hertzka, Freiland: Ein soziales Zukunftsbild (Leipzig, 1890); Anton Menger, Neue Staatslehre (Jena, 1904); Joseph Popper-Lynkeus, Die allgemeine Nährpflicht.
29. Theodor Hertzka, Freiland: Ein soziales Zukunftsbild (Leipzig, 1890); Anton Menger, Neue Staatslehre (Jena, 1904); Joseph Popper-Lynkeus, Die allgemeine Nährpflicht.
30. Theodor Hertzka, Freiland: Ein soziales Zukunftsbild (Leipzig, 1890); Anton Menger, Neue Staatslehre (Jena, 1904); Joseph Popper-Lynkeus, Die allgemeine Nährpflicht.
31. Rudolf Springer (Karl Renner), Der Kampf der Österreichischen Nationen um den Staat (Leipzig, 1902); Otto Bauer, Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie (1907) (Vienna, 1924).
32. Rudolf Springer (Karl Renner), Der Kampf der Österreichischen Nationen um den Staat (Leipzig, 1902); Otto Bauer, Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie (1907) (Vienna, 1924).
33. Paul Silverman, "Law and Economics in Interwar Vienna: Kelsen, Mises and the Regeneration of Austrian Liberalism" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1984), 26.
34. Karl Marx, "Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung," Werke (41 vols.; Berlin, 1959-68), I, esp. 390.
35. Siegmund Pflug (Simon Popper), Anno Neunzehnhundertdrei in Freilichtmalerei (Leipzig, 1904).
36. John Boyer, Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna, chap. 4.
37. John T. Blackmore, Ernst Mach: His Life, Work, and Influence (Berkeley, 1972); Friedrich Stadler, Vom Positivismus zur "Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung" (Vienna, 1982).
38. John T. Blackmore, Ernst Mach: His Life, Work, and Influence (Berkeley, 1972); Friedrich Stadler, Vom Positivismus zur "Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung" (Vienna, 1982).
39. Popper, Autobiography, 12-13.
40. Rudolf Haler, "Einleitung" and "Gibt es eine Österreichische Philosophie?" in his Fragen zu Wittgenstein und Aufsätze zur Österreichischen Philosophie (Amsterdam, 1986), 11-43; "Wittgenstein and Austrian Philosophy," in his Questions on Wittgenstein (Lincoln, Neb., 1988), 1-26. The quotations are from "Einleitung," 22, and "Wittgenstein," 2, respectively.
41. Rudolf Haler, "Einleitung" and "Gibt es eine Österreichische Philosophie?" in his Fragen zu Wittgenstein und Aufsätze zur Österreichischen Philosophie (Amsterdam, 1986), 11-43; "Wittgenstein and Austrian Philosophy," in his Questions on Wittgenstein (Lincoln, Neb., 1988), 1-26. The quotations are from "Einleitung," 22, and "Wittgenstein," 2, respectively.
42. Peter Simons, "The Anglo-Austrian Analytic Axis," in From Bolzano to Wittgenstein, ed. J. C. Nyíri (Vienna, 1986), 98-107.
43. Fritz Mauthner, Die Sprache (Frankfurt, 1906), 114.
44. Carl Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York, 1980).
45. Ibid., 231-45.
46. For Nietzsche's revolutionary reception, William McGrath, Dionysian Art and Populist Politics in Austria (New Haven, 1974). Friedrich Jodl and Wilhelm Jerusalem "domesticated" Schopenhauer. Robert Reininger attempted to reconcile Kant's and Nietzsche's diametrically opposed positions on ethics: Philosophie der Wirklichkeitsnähe: Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag Robert Reiningers (Vienna, 1949), esp. 192-97. Both Schopenhauer and Nietzsche became essential components of the academic curriculum.
47. For Nietzsche's revolutionary reception, William McGrath, Dionysian Art and Populist Politics in Austria (New Haven, 1974). Friedrich Jodl and Wilhelm Jerusalem "domesticated" Schopenhauer. Robert Reininger attempted to reconcile Kant's and Nietzsche's diametrically opposed positions on ethics: Philosophie der Wirklichkeitsnähe: Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag Robert Reiningers (Vienna, 1949), esp. 192-97. Both Schopenhauer and Nietzsche became essential components of the academic curriculum.
48. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (1944-45; London, 1957), ch. 10.
49. Autobiography, 32.
50. Ibid., 31-39.
51. Popper to Rudolf Carnap, 6 January 1947, Carnap Collection, Archives for Scientific Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh.
52. Popper, Autobiography, 7-8, 10, 39-41, 53-55, 71-78, 197 n. 2; my interview with Popper, 26 January 1984. For a detailed account, see Malachi Hacohen, Karl Popper: the Formative Years, 1902-1945 (forthcoming, New York, 1999), chs. 2-4.
53. Popper, Autobiography, 7-8, 10, 39-41, 53-55, 71-78, 197 n. 2; my interview with Popper, 26 January 1984. For a detailed account, see Malachi Hacohen, Karl Popper: the Formative Years, 1902-1945 (forthcoming, New York, 1999), chs. 2-4.
54. Popper, "Axiome, Postulate und Definitionen in der Geometrie," Popper Archives (4, 6); and Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (1930-33), ed. Troels Egger Hansen (Tübingen, 1979), sections 3, 5-6, 47; Leonard Nelson, "Die Unmöglichkeit der Erkenntnistheorie (1911)," Gesammelte Schriften (9 vols.; Hamburg, 1970-74), II.
55. Popper, "Axiome, Postulate und Definitionen in der Geometrie," Popper Archives (4, 6); and Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (1930-33), ed. Troels Egger Hansen (Tübingen, 1979), sections 3, 5-6, 47; Leonard Nelson, "Die Unmöglichkeit der Erkenntnistheorie (1911)," Gesammelte Schriften (9 vols.; Hamburg, 1970-74), II.
56. Popper, "Axiome, Postulate und Definitionen in der Geometrie," Popper Archives (4, 6); and Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (1930-33), ed. Troels Egger Hansen (Tübingen, 1979), sections 3, 5-6, 47; Leonard Nelson, "Die Unmöglichkeit der Erkenntnistheorie (1911)," Gesammelte Schriften (9 vols.; Hamburg, 1970-74), II.
57. Friedrich Stadler, Studien zum Wiener Kreis (Frankfurt, 1997), includes biographies, bibliographies, and documentation on proceedings and conferences. Secondary literature is bountiful: Herbert Feigl, "The 'Wiener Kreis' in America," in The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960, ed. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn (Cambridge, Mass., 1969); Rudolf Haler and Friedrich Stadler (eds.), Wien-Berlin-Prag: Der Aufstieg der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie (Vienna, 1993); Victor Kraft, The Vienna Circle (New York, 1953). English selections: Alfred Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York, 1959).
58. Friedrich Stadler, Studien zum Wiener Kreis (Frankfurt, 1997), includes biographies, bibliographies, and documentation on proceedings and conferences. Secondary literature is bountiful: Herbert Feigl, "The 'Wiener Kreis' in America," in The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960, ed. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn (Cambridge, Mass., 1969); Rudolf Haler and Friedrich Stadler (eds.), Wien-Berlin-Prag: Der Aufstieg der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie (Vienna, 1993); Victor Kraft, The Vienna Circle (New York, 1953). English selections: Alfred Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York, 1959).
59. Friedrich Stadler, Studien zum Wiener Kreis (Frankfurt, 1997), includes biographies, bibliographies, and documentation on proceedings and conferences. Secondary literature is bountiful: Herbert Feigl, "The 'Wiener Kreis' in America," in The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960, ed. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn (Cambridge, Mass., 1969); Rudolf Haler and Friedrich Stadler (eds.), Wien-Berlin-Prag: Der Aufstieg der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie (Vienna, 1993); Victor Kraft, The Vienna Circle (New York, 1953). English selections: Alfred Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York, 1959).
60. Friedrich Stadler, Studien zum Wiener Kreis (Frankfurt, 1997), includes biographies, bibliographies, and documentation on proceedings and conferences. Secondary literature is bountiful: Herbert Feigl, "The 'Wiener Kreis' in America," in The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960, ed. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn (Cambridge, Mass., 1969); Rudolf Haler and Friedrich Stadler (eds.), Wien-Berlin-Prag: Der Aufstieg der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie (Vienna, 1993); Victor Kraft, The Vienna Circle (New York, 1953). English selections: Alfred Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York, 1959).
61. Friedrich Stadler, Studien zum Wiener Kreis (Frankfurt, 1997), includes biographies, bibliographies, and documentation on proceedings and conferences. Secondary literature is bountiful: Herbert Feigl, "The 'Wiener Kreis' in America," in The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930-1960, ed. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn (Cambridge, Mass., 1969); Rudolf Haler and Friedrich Stadler (eds.), Wien-Berlin-Prag: Der Aufstieg der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie (Vienna, 1993); Victor Kraft, The Vienna Circle (New York, 1953). English selections: Alfred Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York, 1959).
62. Popper, Autobiography, 72-90 and draft, Popper Archives (134, 12); Popper's academic transcripts, Popper Archives (335, 19); Hacohen, Karl Popper, ch. 5.
63. Popper, Autobiography, 72-90 and draft, Popper Archives (134, 12); Popper's academic transcripts, Popper Archives (335, 19); Hacohen, Karl Popper, ch. 5.
64. Popper, Autobiography, 72-90 and draft, Popper Archives (134, 12); Popper's academic transcripts, Popper Archives (335, 19); Hacohen, Karl Popper, ch. 5.
65. Popper completed only the first volume of Die beiden Grundprobleme on induction. The second, on demarcation, was never completed. Hansen collected in Grundprobleme all extant material, dating from late 1932 and early 1933. In July 1933 Popper began work on Logik der Forschung. For details, Hacohen, Karl Popper, chs. 5-6.
66. Popper, Die beiden Grundprobleme, esp. section 11 (written in the fall of 1932), and The Logic of Scientific Discovery, esp. ch. V.
67. Popper, Die beiden Grundprobleme, esp. section 11 (written in the fall of 1932), and The Logic of Scientific Discovery, esp. ch. V.
68. Rudolf Carnap reported on Popper's work in "Über Protokolsätze," Erkenntnis, 3 (1932), 223-28. See also his correspondence with Popper and Neurath in fall 1932, Carnap Collection. For Popper's publication efforts see Logik der Forschung correspondence file (17, 6) and letters to Julius Kraft 1932-33, Popper Archives (316, 24 under Victor Kraft).
69. Rudolf Carnap reported on Popper's work in "Über Protokolsätze," Erkenntnis, 3 (1932), 223-28. See also his correspondence with Popper and Neurath in fall 1932, Carnap Collection. For Popper's publication efforts see Logik der Forschung correspondence file (17, 6) and letters to Julius Kraft 1932-33, Popper Archives (316, 24 under Victor Kraft).
70. Carnap recommended the book to Schlick, 19 January 1933, Schlick Nachlass, Philosophisches Archiv, University of Constance (original at the Wiener-Kreis Stichting, Amsterdam). Schlick informed Philipp Frank of his positive decision on 9 June 1933. Springer offered a contract to Popper on 30 June 1933 (Springer file, Schlick Nachlass). Popper delivered the first version of Logik der Forschung to Schlick in April 1934: see Popper to Anon. (Schlick), 24 April 1934, Hoover Archives (17, 6) and Popper to Springer, 9 April 1934 (352, 1), Popper Archives. Publication lagged until early December 1934. For Popper's contacts see the correspondence with Carnap and Reichenbach 1933-34, Carnap and Reichenbach Collections, Archives for Scientific Philosophy. For the circle's view of Popper see Feigl to Schlick, 14 September 1933 and Schlick to Carnap, 1 November 1934, Schlick Nachlass.
71. Moritz Schlick, "Die Wende in der Philosophie," Erkenntnis, 1 (1930), 4-11; Rudolf Carnap, "Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache," Erkenntnis, 2 (1931), 219-41.
72. Moritz Schlick, "Die Wende in der Philosophie," Erkenntnis, 1 (1930), 4-11; Rudolf Carnap, "Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache," Erkenntnis, 2 (1931), 219-41.
73. Popper, Logik, 9-11; Logic, 37-39.
74. Popper, Logik, 9-11; Logic, 37-39.
75. Rudolf Carnap, "Psychologie in physicalischer Sprache," Erkenntnis, 3 (1932), 107-42; Otto Neurath, "Soziologie im Physikalismus," Erkenntnis, 2 (1931), 393-431.
76. Rudolf Carnap, "Psychologie in physicalischer Sprache," Erkenntnis, 3 (1932), 107-42; Otto Neurath, "Soziologie im Physikalismus," Erkenntnis, 2 (1931), 393-431.
77. Popper, "The Demarcation between Science and Metaphysics," in Conjectures and Refutations, 264-79, esp. 274-77.
78. Popper, Grundprobleme, 389-95, 429-33; Logik, 14-19, 40-67; Logic, 43-48, 78-111.
79. Popper, Grundprobleme, 389-95, 429-33; Logik, 14-19, 40-67; Logic, 43-48, 78-111.
80. Popper, Grundprobleme, 389-95, 429-33; Logik, 14-19, 40-67; Logic, 43-48, 78-111.
81. Otto Neurath, "Radikaler Physikalismus und 'wirkliche Welt,'" Erkenntnis, 4 (1934), 346-62.
82. "Physikalismus (1931)," Gesammelte philosophische und methodologische Schriften (2 vols.; Vienna, 1981), I, 419: "hinter die Sprache kann man nicht zurück."
83. "Protokollsätze," Erkenntnis, 3 (1932), 205.
84. "Physikalismus," 419.
85. "Einheit der Wissenschaft als Aufgabe," Erkenntnis, 5 (1935), 17.
86. Neurath, "Pseudorationalismus der Falsifikation," Erkenntnis, 5 (1935), 354.
87. Ibid., 365.
88. Carnap-Neurath correspondence, 1935-37, 1942-45, Carnap Collection.
89. In The Positivism Dispute in German Sociology (London, 1976) Habermas proposed that extending natural science logic to communicative rationality is positivist. Popper declines such a sharp division. Criticism involves communicative action.
90. Nancy Cartwright et al., Otto Neurath (Cambridge, 1996); Jordi Cat, "The Popper- Neurath Debate and Neurath's Attack on Scientific Method," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 26 (1995), 219-50; Thomas Uebel, Overcoming Logical Positivism from within (Amsterdam, 1992); Danilo Zolo, Reflexive Epistemology (Boston, 1989). I discuss these issues at length in Karl Popper, ch. 6.
91. Nancy Cartwright et al., Otto Neurath (Cambridge, 1996); Jordi Cat, "The Popper-Neurath Debate and Neurath's Attack on Scientific Method," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 26 (1995), 219-50; Thomas Uebel, Overcoming Logical Positivism from within (Amsterdam, 1992); Danilo Zolo, Reflexive Epistemology (Boston, 1989). I discuss these issues at length in Karl Popper, ch. 6.
92. Nancy Cartwright et al., Otto Neurath (Cambridge, 1996); Jordi Cat, "The Popper- Neurath Debate and Neurath's Attack on Scientific Method," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 26 (1995), 219-50; Thomas Uebel, Overcoming Logical Positivism from within (Amsterdam, 1992); Danilo Zolo, Reflexive Epistemology (Boston, 1989). I discuss these issues at length in Karl Popper, ch. 6.
93. Nancy Cartwright et al., Otto Neurath (Cambridge, 1996); Jordi Cat, "The Popper- Neurath Debate and Neurath's Attack on Scientific Method," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 26 (1995), 219-50; Thomas Uebel, Overcoming Logical Positivism from within (Amsterdam, 1992); Danilo Zolo, Reflexive Epistemology (Boston, 1989). I discuss these issues at length in Karl Popper, ch. 6.
94. Ludwig Wittgenstein expressed this view in Philosophical Investigations, ed. Anscombe and Rhees (London, 1958). Karl Popper criticized it in "The Myth of the Framework," The Abdication of Philosophy, ed. Eugene Freeman (La Salle, Ill., 1976), 23-48.
95. Ludwig Wittgenstein expressed this view in Philosophical Investigations, ed. Anscombe and Rhees (London, 1958). Karl Popper criticized it in "The Myth of the Framework," The Abdication of Philosophy, ed. Eugene Freeman (La Salle, Ill., 1976), 23-48.
96. Oskar Morgenstern's diary, 9 December 1934, Morgenstern Papers, Special Collections, Duke University.
97. Reviews of Logik der Forschung and exchanges by Carnap, Hempel, Neurath and Reichenbach, Erkenntnis, 5 (1935).
98. For Popper's "network" 1934-36, see correspondence in Popper Archives with Alfred Ayer (270, 35), Carnap (282, 24), Einstein (292, 12), Heisenberg and disciples (305, 32; 293, 29; 360, 22), Neurath (331, 28), Reichenbach (341, 24), Susan Stebbing (352, 15), and Alfred Tarski (354, 8); see also correspondence with Felix Kaufmann, Kaufmann Nachlass, Sozialwissenschaftliches Archiv, University of Constance.
99. Victor Kraft to Karl Popper, 20 July 1946, 12 December 1946, 1 June 1947, and 22 December 1947, Popper Archives (316, 24).
100. Popper, draft of Autobiography, section 20, p. 18 (135, 1). Popper later deleted this statement.
101. Popper, draft of Autobiography, first and second versions, sections 20 and 21 respectively, Popper Archives (135, 1; 137, 3); Malachi Hacohen, "Karl Popper in Exile: The Viennese Progressive Imagination and the Making of The Open Society," Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 26 (1996), 452-92.
102. Popper, draft of Autobiography, first and second versions, sections 20 and 21 respectively, Popper Archives (135, 1; 137, 3); Malachi Hacohen, "Karl Popper in Exile: The Viennese Progressive Imagination and the Making of The Open Society," Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 26 (1996), 452-92.
103. Popper to Carnap, 23 June 1945, Carnap Collection.
104. Popper, Autobiography, 32-41, 107; The Open Society, ch. 18, notes 18-22, ch. 19, note 39; "Vorwort" to Fritz Kolb, Es kam ganz anders (Vienna, 1981); correspondence concerning The Open Society with Alfred Braunthal, Hoover Archives (28, 2), and Rudolf Carnap, 1946-47, Carnap Collection.
105. Popper, Autobiography, 32-41, 107; The Open Society, ch. 18, notes 18-22, ch. 19, note 39; "Vorwort" to Fritz Kolb, Es kam ganz anders (Vienna, 1981); correspondence concerning The Open Society with Alfred Braunthal, Hoover Archives (28, 2), and Rudolf Carnap, 1946-47, Carnap Collection.
106. Popper, Autobiography, 32-41, 107; The Open Society, ch. 18, notes 18-22, ch. 19, note 39; "Vorwort" to Fritz Kolb, Es kam ganz anders (Vienna, 1981); correspondence concerning The Open Society with Alfred Braunthal, Hoover Archives (28, 2), and Rudolf Carnap, 1946-47, Carnap Collection.
107. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, 3. Popper rewrote much of Poverty for publication in 1944-45. His views on social science had meanwhile developed significantly. The following account reflects the published version. In Karl Popper, ch. 8, I reconstruct Poverty's composition.
108. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, 3. Popper rewrote much of Poverty for publication in 1944-45. His views on social science had meanwhile developed significantly. The following account reflects the published version. In Karl Popper, ch. 8, I reconstruct Poverty's composition.
109. Ibid., 35-42, 105-30; Popper, The Open Society, II, 246-56.
110. Ibid., 35-42, 105-30; Popper, The Open Society, II, 246-56.
111. Popper, The Open Society, II, chs. 13-22, especially 132-34, 151-54.
112. Ibid., 134.
113. Ibid., ch. 18, fn. 22: Popper is paraphrasing Karl Kraus's statement.
114. Ibid., ch. 19, 135-54.
115. 2).
116. Anson Rabinbach, The Crisis of Austrian Socialism (Chicago, 1983), 1-2.
117. Popper, The Open Society, II, 152.
118. Ernst Fischer, Erinnerungen und Reflexionen (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1969), 248.
119. Ralf Dahrendorf, "The End of the Social-Democratic Consensus?" in his Life Chances (Chicago, 1979); Richard Löwenthal, "Beyond the Social-Democratic Consensus," in his Social Change and Cultural Crisis (New York, 1984).
120. Ralf Dahrendorf, "The End of the Social-Democratic Consensus?" in his Life Chances (Chicago, 1979); Richard Löwenthal, "Beyond the Social-Democratic Consensus," in his Social Change and Cultural Crisis (New York, 1984).
121. Popper, The Poverty of Historicism, 55-93, 130-53.
122. See correspondence between Hayek and Popper in both their collections, Hoover Archives.
123. Popper, Autobiography, 9.
124. Loci classici: Benjamin Constant, "The Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation (1813-15)," Political Writings, tr. Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge, 1988); Germaine de Staël, Considérations sur la Révolution française (1817) (Paris, 1983).
125. Loci classici: Benjamin Constant, "The Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation (1813-15)," Political Writings, tr. Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge, 1988); Germaine de Staël, Considérations sur la Révolution française (1817) (Paris, 1983).
126. 2).
127. The Open Society, esp. I, 109-11, and II, 204-6, 224-26.
128. Karl Popper, "Normal Science and Its Dangers," in Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, ed. Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave (Cambridge, 1970).
129. "On Reason and the Open Society," Encounter, 38 (1972), 13-18.
130. The Open Society, II, 185-86.
131. Ibid., ch. 25. See also addendum to the fourth edition (London, 1962), 369-96.