Distinguishing fault reactivation from flexural deformation in the distal stratigraphy of the Peripheral Blountian foreland basin, southern Appalachians, USA

Basin Research

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 503-526

  Bayona, Germán ^a   Thomas, William A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; FAULTING; FLEXURE; FORELAND BASIN; LAURENTIA; ORDOVICIAN; REACTIVATION; STRATIGRAPHY;

APPALACHIANS; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 0346317105     PISSN: 0950091X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00217.x     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. ALLEN, P. & ALLEN, J. (1992) Basin Analysis, Principles and Applications. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
2. ALLEN, P.A., BURGESS, P.M., GALEWSKY, J. & SINCLAIR, H.D. (2001) Flexural-eustatic numerical model for drowning of the Eocene perialpine carbonate ramp and implications for Alpine geodynamics. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 1052-1066.
3. BAYONA, G. (2003) Controls on Middle to Late Ordovician synorogenic deposition in the southeaster corner of Laurentia. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Kentucky, USA (http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukygeol2003d00074/).
4. BEARCE, D.N. (1999) Geology of the Blue Circle limestone quarry, Calera, Alabama. Alabama Geological Society Winter Fieldtrip Guidebook, Alabama Geological Survey, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
5. BENEDICT, G.L. & WALKER, K.R. (1978) Palaeobathymetric analysis in Palaeozoic sequences and its geodynamic significance. Am. J. Sci., 278, 579-607.
6. BENSON, D.J. (1986a) Stratigraphic setting of the Middle Ordovician of the Alabama Appalachians. In: Depositional History of the Middle Ordovician of the Alabama Appalachians (Ed. by D.J. Benson & C.W. Stock), Alabama Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 23, 3-14.
7. BENSON, D.J. (1986b) Depositional setting and history of the Middle Ordovician of the Alabama Appalachians. In: Depositional History of the Middle Ordovician of the Alabama Appalachians (Ed. by D.J. Benson & C.W. Stock), Alabama Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 23, 15-31.
8. BENSON, D.J. (1992) Tectonic vs. Eustatic controls on Ordovician deposition in the Alabama Appalachians. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts Programs, 24(7), 141.
9. BERGSTRÖM, S.M. (1973) Biostratigraphy and facies relationships in the lower Middle Ordovician of easternmost Tennessee. Am. J. Sci., 273-A, 261-293.
10. BERGSTRÖM, S.M. (1977) Notes on the conodont biostratigraphy of the Alcoa highway section. In: The Ecostratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician of the southern Appalachians (Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia), USA: A Field Excursion Ed. by S.C. Ruppel & K.R. Walker), Dept. Geol. Sci. Stud. Geol. Univ. Tennessee, 1, 74-76. Knoxville, Tennessee.
11. BOND, G.C. & KOMINZ, M.A. (1991) Disentangling Middle Palaeozoic sea level and tectonics events in cratonic margins and cratonic basins of North America. J. Geophys. Res., 96(B4), 6619-6639.
12. BRADLEY, D.C. (1989) Taconic plate kinematics as revealed by foredeep stratigraphy, Appalachian orogen. Tectonics, 8, 1037-1049.
13. BRADLEY, D.C. & KIDD, W.S. (1991) Flexural extension of the upper continental crust in collisional foredeeps. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 1416-1438.
14. CALDWELL, B.E. (1992) The lithostratigraphy, petrology, and depositional environments of Middle Ordovician rocks of the Red Hills and Sand Mountain belts, Whitfield and Murray counties, Georgia. Unpublished MS Thesis, The Florida State University, USA.
15. CHOWNS, T.M. (1989) Stratigraphy and major thrust sheets in the Appalachian thrust belt of Georgia. In: Excursions in Georgia Geology (Ed. by W.J. Fritz), Georgia Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 9, 211-238.
16. CHOWNS, T.M. & CARTER, B.D. (1983) Middle Ordovician section along Mount Alto Road at southwest end of Horseleg Mountain. In: Geology of Palaeozoic Rocks in the Vicinity of Rome, Georgia (Ed. by T.M. Chowns), Guidebook of the 18 Annual Fiel Trip of the Georgia Geol. Soc., 70-73.
17. CHOWNS, T.M., SANDERS, R.P., CONNELL, D.A., O'CONNOR, B.J. & FRIDDELL, M.S. (1992) Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Knox Group at Graysville gap, Catoosa county, Georgia. In: Cambro-Ordovician Strata in Northwest Georgia and Southeast Tennessee; the Knox Group and the Sequatchie Formation (Ed. by T.M. Chowns & B.J. O'Connor), Georgia Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 12, 5-38.
18. CRAMPTON, S.L. & ALLEN, P.A. (1995) Recognition of forebulge unconformities associated with early stage foreland basin development: example from the North Alpine foreland basin. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 79, 1495-1514.
19. CRESSLER, C.W. (1974) Geology and ground-water resources of Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties, Georgia. Georgia Geol. Survey Inf. Circular, 47, 56pp.
20. DECELLES, P.G. & GILES, K.A (1996) Foreland basin systems. Basin Res., 8, 105-123.
21. DIECCHIO, R.J. (1991) Taconian sedimentary basins of the Appalachians. In: Advances in Ordovician Geology (Ed. by C.R. Barnes & S.H. Williams), Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90(9), 225-234.
22. DOROBEK, S.L. (1995) Synorogenic carbonate platforms and reefs in foreland basins: controls on stratigraphic evolution and platform/reef morphology. In: Stratigraphic Evolution of Foreland Basins (Ed. by S.L. Dorobek & G.M. Ross), Spec. Publ. SEPM, 52, 127-147.
23. DRAHOVZAL, J.A. & NEATHERY, T.L. (1971) Middle and Upper Ordovician stratigraphy of the Alabama Appalachians. In: The Middle and Upper Ordovician of the Alabama Appalachians (Ed. by J.A. Drahovzal & T.L. Neathery), Alabama Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 9, 1-62.
24. ETTENSOHN, F.R. (1991) Flexural interpretation of relationships betweeen Ordovician tectonism and stratigraphic sequences, central and southern Appalachians, USA. In: Advances in Ordovician Geology (Ed. by C.R. Barnes & S.H. Williams), Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90(9), 213-224.
25. FERRILL, B.A. (1989) Middle Cambrian to Lower Mississipian synsedimentary structures in the Appalachian fold-thrust belt in Alabama and Georgia. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, The University of Alabama, USA.
26. FINNEY, S.C. (1977) Graptolites of the Middle Ordovician Athens Shale, Alabama. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, The Ohio State University, USA.
27. FINNEY, S.C., GRUBB, B.J. & HATCHER, R.D. Jr (1996) Graphic correlation of Middle Ordovician graptolite shale, southern Appalachians: An approach for examining the subsidence and migration of a Taconic foreland basin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 355-371.
28. FLEMINGS, P.B. & JORDAN, T.E. (1990) Stratigraphic modelling of foreland basins: interpreting thrust deformation and lithosphere rheology. Geology, 18, 430-434.
29. GUPTA, S. & ALLEN, P.A. (2000) Implications of foreland palaeotopography for stratigraphic development in the Eocene distal Alpine foreland basin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 515-530.
30. GUTHRIE, G.M. (1994) Geology of the Columbiana area, Chilton, Coosa, and Shelby counties, Alabama. Geol. Survey Alabama Bull., 151, 80pp.
31. HALL, J.C. (1986) Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician in the western overthrust region and Sequatchie Valley ofthe southern Appalachians. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, The Ohio State University, USA.
32. HALL, J.C., BERGSTRÖM, S.M. & SCHMIDT, M.A. (1996) Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician Chickamauga Group and related strata of the Alabama Appalachians. In: Depositional History of the Middle Ordovician of the Alabama Appalachians (Ed. by D.J. Benson & C.W. Stock), Alabama Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 23, 61-80.
33. HARRIS, A.G. & REPETSKI, J.E. (1982) Conodonts revise the Lower-Middle Ordovician boundary and timing of miogeoclinal events in the east-central Appalachians. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstracts Programs, 14, 261.
34. HAYNES, J.T. (1994) The Ordovician Deicke and Millbrig K-Bentonite beds of the Cincinnati Arch and the southern Valley and Ridge province. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 290, 80 pp.
35. HOLLAND, S.M. & PATZKOWSKY, M.E. (1997) Distal orogenic effects of peripheral bulge sedimentation: Middle and Upper Ordovician of the Nashville dome. J. Sedim. Res., 67, 250-263.
36. JENKINS, C.M. (1984) Depositional environments of the Middle Ordovician Greensport Formation and Colvin Mountain Sandstone in Calhoun, Etowah, and St Clair Counties, Alabama. Thesis, The University of Alabama.
37. JONES, B. & DESROCHERS, A. (1992) Shallow platform carbonates. In: Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change (Ed. by R.G. Walker & N. James), pp. 277-301. Geological Association of Canada.
38. KATH, R., MCCLEAN, T. & BERISWILL, J. (1994) Environmental impact studies, geology, hydrogeology, and foundation grouting of the Haig Mill dam Dalton, Georgia. In: Environmental Geology and Hydrogeology (Ed. by T.W. Watson), Georgia Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 14, 104-128.
39. KHER, S. (1996) Patterns of meteoric diagenesis in the Middle and LateOrdovician carbonates of the southern Appalachians. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, The Florida State University, USA.
40. KIDD, J.T. (1975) Pre-Mississippian subsurface stratigraphy of the Warrior basin in Alabama. In: Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies (Ed. by O.L. Paulson Jr). 25, 20-39. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, Jackson, Mississippi.
41. KOLATA, D.R., HUFF, W.D. & BERGSTRÖM, S.M. (1996) Ordovician K-bentonites of eastern North America. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 313, 69pp.
42. KOLATA, D.R., HUFF, W.D. & BERGSTRÖM, S.M. (1998) Nature and regional significance of unconformities associated with the Middle Ordovician Hagan K-bentonite complex in the North America midcontinent. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 723-739.
43. LEE, A.M. (1983) Lithofacies and depositional environments of the Chickamauga Group in Jeffersson county, north-central Alabama. Unpublished MS Thesis, University of Alabama, USA.
44. LEHMANN, D., BRETT, C.E., COLE, R. & BAIRD, G. (1995) Distal sedimentation in a peripheral foreland basin. Ordovician black shales and associated flysch of the western Taconic foreland, New York State and Ontario, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107, 708-724.
45. LORENZO, J.M., O'BRIEN, G.W., STEWART, J. & TANDON, K. (1998) Ineslastic yielding and forebulge shape across a modern foreland basin: Northwest shelf of Australia, Timor Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1455-1458.
46. MEYERS, J.H., SUTTNER, L.J., FURER, L.C., MAY, M.T. & SOREGHAN, M.J. (1992) Intrabasinal tectonic control on fluvial sandstone bodies in the Cloverly Formation (Early Cretaceous) west-central Wyoming, USA. Basin Res., 4, 315-333.
47. MILICI, R.C. & SMITH, J.W. (1969) Stratigraphy of the Chickamauga Supergroup in its type locality. Georgia Geol. Survey Bull., 80, 5-35.
48. NEATHERY, T.L. & DRAHOVZAL, J.A. (1995) Lithostratigraphy of Upper Ordovician strata in Alabama. Geol. Survey of Alabama Circular, 124, 55 pp.
49. OSBORNE, W.E. (1996) Geology of the Helena 7.5-minute quadrangle, Jefferson and Shelby counties, Alabama. Geol. Survey of Alabama, Quadrangle Series Map, 14, 21 pp.
50. PATTON, T.L. & O'CONNOR, S.J. (1988) Cretaceous flexural history of northern Oman Mountain foredeep, United Arab Emirates. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 72, 797-809.
51. PHILLIPS, P.L. (1996) Carbonate petrology and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician Chickamauga Supergroup in its type area, Walker county, Georgia. Unpublished MS Thesis, University of North Carolina, USA.
52. QUINLAN, G.M. & BEAUMONT, C. (1984) Appalachian thrusting, lithospheric flexure, and the Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the eastern interior of North America. Can. J. Earth Sci., 21, 973-996.
53. REPETSKI, J.E. (1992) Knox Group and basal Stones River Group conodonts from near Graysville, Catoosa county, Georgia. In: Cambro-Ordovician Strata in Northwest Georgia and Southeast Tennessee: the Knox Group and the Sequatchie Formation (Ed. by T.M. Chowns & B.J. O'Connor), Georgia Geol. Soc. Guidebook, 12, 39-40.
54. ROBERSON, K.E. (1988) The Post-Knox unconformity and its relationship to bounding stratigraphy, Alabama Appalachians. Unpublished MS Thesis, University of Alabama, USA.
55. ROBERSON, K.E. (1994) Stratigraphy and depositional history of Middle Ordovician peritidal carbonate rocks overlying the post-Knox unconformity, East Tennessee. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Tennessee, USA.
56. RODGERS, J. (1953) Geologic map of east Tennessee with explanatory text. Tennessee Dept. Conserv. Div. Geol. Bull., 58, 168pp.
57. ROSS, C.A. & ROSS, J.R.P. (1995) North American Ordovician Depositional Sequences. In: Ordovician Odyssey (Ed. by J.D. Cooper, M.I. Droser & S.C. Finney), Pacific Sect. Soc. Sediment. Geol., 309-313.
58. SCLATER, J.G. & CHRISTIE, P.A.F. (1980) Continental stretching: an explanation of the post-mid-Cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 85, B3711-B3739.
59. SHANMUGAM, G. & LASH, G.G. (1982) Analogous tectonic evolution of the Ordovician foredeeps, southern and central Appalachians. Geology, 10, 562-566.
60. SHANMUGAM, G. & LASH, G.G. (1983) Analogous tectonic evolution of the Ordovician foredeeps, southern and central Appalachians, Reply to comment by R.N. Hiscott, G.M., Quinlan, and R.K., Stevens. Geology, 11, 732-733.
61. SHANMUGAM, G. & WALKER, K.R. (1978) Tectonic significance of distal turbidites in the Middle Ordovician Blockhouse and lower Sevier Formations in east Tennessee. Am. J. Sci., 278, 551-578.
62. SHANMUGAM, G. & WALKER, K.R. (1980) Sedimentation, subsidence, and evolution of a foredeep basin in the Middle Ordovician, southern Appalachians. Am. J. Sci., 280, 479-496.
63. SHAW, T.H., ROBERSON, K.E. & HARRIS, A.G. (1990) Lithostratigraphy and conodont biostratigraphy across the Lower-Middle Ordovician disconformity (Early to Middle Whiterockian) at Pratt Ferry, Central Alabama. In: Shorter Contributions to Palaeontology and Stratigraphy (Ed. by W.J. Sando), US Geol. Survey Bull., 1895, C1-C13.
64. SINCLAIR, H.D. (1997) Tectonostratigraphic model for underfilled peripheral foreland basins: an Alpine perspective. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 109, 324-346.
65. SLOSS, L.L. (1963) Sequences in the cratonic interior of North America: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 74, 93-114.
66. STEINHAUFF, D.M. & WALKER, K.R. (1995) Recognizing exposure, drowning, and 'missing beats'; platform-interior to platform-margin sequence stratigraphy of Middle Ordovician Limestones, East Tennessee. J. Sedim. Res., B65, 183-207.
67. STEINHAUFF, D.M. & WALKER, K.R. (1996) Sequence stratigraphic of an apparently noncyclic carbonate succession: recognizing subaerial exposure in a largely subtidal, Middle Ordovician statigraphic sequence in eastern Tennessee. In: Palaeozoic Sequence Stratigraphy: Views from the North American Craton (Ed. by B.J. Witzke, G.A.M. Ludvigson & J. Day), Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 306, 87-115.
68. THOMAS, W.A. (1977) Evolution of Appalachian-Ouachita salients and recesses from reentrants and promontories in the continental margin. Am. J. Sci., 277, 1233-1278.
69. THOMAS, W.A. (1991) The Appalachian-Ouachita rifted margin of southeastern North America. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 415-431.
70. THOMAS, W.A. (2001) Mushwad: ductile duplex in the Appalachian thrust belt in Alabama. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 85, 1847-1869.
71. THOMAS, W.A. & BAYONA, G. (2002) Palinspastic restoration of the Anniston transverse zone in the Appalachian thrust belt, Alabama. J. Struct. Geol., 24, 797-826.
72. THOMAS, W.A. & BAYONA, G. (in review) The Appalachian thrust belt in Alabama and Georgia: thrust-belt structure, basement structure, and palinspastic reconstruction. Alabama Geol. Survey.
73. THOMAS, W.A., ASTINI, R. & BAYONA, G. (2002) Ordovician collision of the Argentine Precordillera with Gondwana, independent of Laurentian Taconic orogeny. Tectonophysics, 345, 131-152.
74. TOBIN, K.J. & WALKER, K.R. (1994) Meteoric diagenesis below a submerged platform: implication for δ13C compositions prior to pre-vascular plant evolution, Middle Ordovician, Alabama, USA. Sediment. Geol., 90, 95-111.
75. TURCOTTE, D.L. & SCHUBERT, G. (1982) Geodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
76. USSAMI, N., SHIRAIWA, S. & LANDIN-DOMINGUEZ, J.M. (1999) Basement reactivation in a sub-Andean foreland flexural bulge: the Pantanal wetland, SW Brazil. Tectonics, 18, 25-39.
77. WALKER, K.R. (1977) A brief introduction to the ecostratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician of Tennessee (southern Appalachians, USA). In: The Ecostratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician of the Southern Appalachians Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia), USA: A Field Excursion (Ed. by S.C. Ruppel & K.R. Walker), Dept. Geol. Sci. Stud. Geol. Univ. Tennessee, 1, 12-17.
78. WARD, W.I. (1983) Lithofacies and depositional environments of a portion of the Stones River Formation in Etowah and Delkalb counties, northeast Alabama. Unpublished MS Thesis, University of Alabama, USA.
79. WASCHBUSCH, P.J. & ROYDEN, L.H. (1992) Spatial and temporal evolution of foredeep basins: lateral strength variations and inelastic yielding in continental lithosphere. Basin Res., 4, 179-196.
80. WEBBY, R.D. (1998) Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newslett. Stratigr., 36, 1-33.
81. WHITE, T., FURLONG, K. & ARTHUR, M. (2002) Forebulge migration in the Cretaceous western interior basin of the central United States. Basin Res., 14, 43-54.
82. YU, H. & CHOU, Y. (2001) Characteristics and development of the flexural forebulge and basal unconformity of western Taiwan foreland basin. Tectonophysics, 333, 277-291.