Deciding on War Against Iraq: Institutional Failures

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 118, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 389-410

  Fisher, Louis ^a  

^a Library of Congress ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346273631     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00399.x     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. David Frum, The Right Man (New York: Random House, 2003), 48.
2. I b i d.
3. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 38: 1393-1394 (21 August 2002).
4. Elizabeth Bumiller, "U.S. Must Act First to Battle Terror, Bush Tells Cadets," New York Times, 2 June 2002.
5. Elizabeth Bumiller and James Dao, "Cheney Says Peril of a Nuclear Iraq Justifies Attack," New York Times, 27 August 2002.
6. Dana Milbank, "Cheney Says Iraqi Strike Is Justified," Washington Post, 27 August 2002.
7. "Mr. Cheney on Iraq" (Editorial), Washington Post, 27 August 2002.
8. Dan Balz and Dana Milbank, "Iraq Policy Shift Follows Pattern, " Washington Post, 6 September 2002.
9. Dana Milbank, "No Conflict on Iraq Policy, Fleischer Says," Washington Post, 3 September 2002.
10. Alison Mitchell and David E. Sanger, "Bush to Put Case for Action in Iraq to Key Lawmakers," New York Times, 4 September 2002.
11. Helen Dewar and Mike Allen, "Senators Wary About Action Against Iraq," Washington Post, 4 September 2002.
12. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 38: 573 (4 April 2002).
13. Ibid., 1295.
14. Ibid., 1532.
15. David E. Sanger, "Bush Declares U.S. Is Using Diplomacy to Disarm Hussein," New York Times, 22 October 2002.
16. Todd A. Purdum and David Firestone, "Chief U.N. Inspector Backs U.S., Demanding Full Iraq Disclosure," New York Times, 5 October 2002.
17. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 38: 1633 (26 September 2002).
18. Mike Allen, "Bush's Words Can Go to the Blunt Edge of Trouble, " Washington Post, 29 September 2002.
19. Todd S. Purdum, "The U.S. Case Against Iraq; Counting Up the Reasons," New York Times, 1 October 2002.
20. David E. Sanger and Carl Hulse, "Bush Appears to Soften Tone on Iraq Action," New York Times, 2 October 2002.
21. Michael Kinsley, "War for Dummies," Washington Post, 11 October 2002.
22. Mike Allen and Juliet Eilperin, "Bush Aides Say Iraq War Needs No Hill Vote," Washington Post, 26 August 2002.
23. Louis Fisher, "The Road to Iraq," Legal Times, 2 September 2002, 34.
24. "Bush Rejects Hill Limits on Resolution Allowing War," Washington Post, 2 October 2002.
25. 112 Stat. 3181, §8 (1998).
26. Ron Fournier, "White House Lawyers Give Bush OK on Iraq," Washington Times, 26 August 2002.
27. Mike Allen, "War Cabinet Argues for Iraq Attack," Washington Post, 9 September 2002.
28. David Firestone and David E. Sanger, "Congress Now Promises to Hold Weeks of Hearings About Iraq," New York Times, 6 September 2002.
29. Mike Allen, "War Cabinet Argues for Iraq Attack," Washington Post, 9 September 2002.
30. Congressional Record, 148: S8966 (daily edition, 20 September 2002).
31. Dana Milbank, "Democrats Question Iraq Timing," Washington Post, 16 September 2002.
32. George P. Shultz, "Act Now: The Danger Is Immediate: Saddam Hussein Must Be Removed," Washington Post, 6 September 2002.
33. Bradley Graham, "Cheney, Tenet Brief Leaders of Hill on Iraq," Washington Post, 6 September 2002.
34. David Firestone, "Liberals Object to Bush Policy on Iraq Attack," New York Times, 28 September 2002.
35. Dana Milbank, "In President's Speeches, Iraq Dominates, Economy Fades," Washington Post, 25 September 2002.
36. Mark Drayton, "Go Slow on Iraq," Washington Post, 28 September 2002.
37. Jim VandeHei, "GOP Nominees Make Iraq a Political Weapon," Washington Post, 18 September 2002.
38. Dana Milbank, "Democrats Question Iraq Timing," Washington Post, 16 September 2002.
39. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 38: 1598 (23 September 2002).
40. Carl Hulse and Todd S. Purdum, "Daschle Defends Democrats' Stand on Security of U.S.," New York Times, 26 September 2002.
41. Jim VandeHei, "Daschle Angered by Bush Statement," Washington Post, 26 September 2002.
42. Mike Allen and Karen DeYoung, "Bush to Seek Hill Approval on Iraq War," Washington Post, 5 September 2002.
43. Jim VandeHei and Juliet Eilperin, "Democrats Unconvinced on Iraq War," Washington Post, 11 September 2002.
44. Jim VandeHei, "Iraq Briefings: Don't Ask, Don't Tell," Washington Post, 15 September 2002.
45. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 38: 1619 (25 September 2002).
46. Ibid., 1625.
47. Mike Allen, "Bush Asserts That Al Qaeda Has Links to Iraq's Hussein," Washington Post, 26 September 2002.
48. Karen De Young, "Unwanted Debate on Iraq-Al Qaeda Links Revived," Washington Post, 27 September 2002.
49. Sebastian Rotella, "Allies Find No Links Between Iraq, Al Qaeda," Los Angeles Times, 4 November 2002.
50. Eric Schmitt, "Rumsfeld Says U.S. Has 'Bulletproof' Evidence of Iraq's Links to Al Qaeda," New York Times, 28 September 2002.
51. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 38: 1717 (7 October 2002).
52. Karen De Young, "Bush Cites Urgent Iraqi Threat," Washington Post, 8 October 2002.
53. James Risen, "Prague Discounts An Iraqi Meeting," New York Times, 21 October 2002; James Risen, "How Politics and Rivalries Fed Suspicions of a Meeting," New York Times, 21 October 2002; Peter S. Green, "Havel Denies Telephoning U.S. on Iraq Meeting," New York Times, 23 October 2002.
54. James Risen, "Prague Discounts An Iraqi Meeting," New York Times, 21 October 2002; James Risen, "How Politics and Rivalries Fed Suspicions of a Meeting," New York Times, 21 October 2002; Peter S. Green, "Havel Denies Telephoning U.S. on Iraq Meeting," New York Times, 23 October 2002.
55. James Risen, "Prague Discounts An Iraqi Meeting," New York Times, 21 October 2002; James Risen, "How Politics and Rivalries Fed Suspicions of a Meeting," New York Times, 21 October 2002; Peter S. Green, "Havel Denies Telephoning U.S. on Iraq Meeting," New York Times, 23 October 2002.
56. Dan Eggen and Susan Schmidt, "Bin Laden Calls Iraqis to Arms," Washington Post, 12 February 2003.
57. Richard Cohen, "Powellian Propaganda?" Washington Post, 13 February 2003.
58. "Elusive Qaeda Connections" (Editorial), New York Times, 14 February 2003.
59. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 39: 517 (1 May 2003).
60. Ibid., 38: 1518.
61. Dana Milbank, "For Bush, Facts Are Malleable," Washington Post, 22 October 2002.
62. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 38: 1718 (7 October 2002).
63. "Al Furat Manufacturing Facility, Iraq," Washington Post, 8 October 2002.
64. John Burns, "Iraq Tour of Suspected Sites Gives Few Clues on Weapons," New York Times, 13 October 2002.
65. "Nuclear Inspection Chief Reports Finding No New Weapons," New York Times, 28 January 2003.
66. Michael R. Gordon, "Agency Challenges Evidence Against Iraq Cited by Bush," New York Times, 10 January 2003; Joby Warrick, "U.S. Claim on Iraqi Nuclear Program Is Called Into Question," Washington Post, 24 January 2003.
67. Michael R. Gordon, "Agency Challenges Evidence Against Iraq Cited by Bush," New York Times, 10 January 2003; Joby Warrick, "U.S. Claim on Iraqi Nuclear Program Is Called Into Question," Washington Post, 24 January 2003.
68. Michael Dobbs, "Powell Lays Out Case Against Iraq," Washington Post, 6 February 2003.
69. I b i d.
70. Walter Pincus and Michael Dobbs, "Suspected Bioweapon Mobile Lab Recovered," Washington Post, 7 May 2003; "A Suspected Weapons Lab Is Found in Northern Iraq," New York Times, 10 May 2003; Judith Miller, "Trailer is a Mobile Lab Capable of Turning Out Bioweapons, a Team Says," New York Times, 11 May 2003; Judith Miller and William J. Broad, "U.S. Analysts Link Iraq Labs to Germ Arms," New York Times, 21 May 2003.
71. Walter Pincus and Michael Dobbs, "Suspected Bioweapon Mobile Lab Recovered," Washington Post, 7 May 2003; "A Suspected Weapons Lab Is Found in Northern Iraq," New York Times, 10 May 2003; Judith Miller, "Trailer is a Mobile Lab Capable of Turning Out Bioweapons, a Team Says," New York Times, 11 May 2003; Judith Miller and William J. Broad, "U.S. Analysts Link Iraq Labs to Germ Arms," New York Times, 21 May 2003.
72. Walter Pincus and Michael Dobbs, "Suspected Bioweapon Mobile Lab Recovered," Washington Post, 7 May 2003; "A Suspected Weapons Lab Is Found in Northern Iraq," New York Times, 10 May 2003; Judith Miller, "Trailer is a Mobile Lab Capable of Turning Out Bioweapons, a Team Says," New York Times, 11 May 2003; Judith Miller and William J. Broad, "U.S. Analysts Link Iraq Labs to Germ Arms," New York Times, 21 May 2003.
73. Walter Pincus and Michael Dobbs, "Suspected Bioweapon Mobile Lab Recovered," Washington Post, 7 May 2003; "A Suspected Weapons Lab Is Found in Northern Iraq," New York Times, 10 May 2003; Judith Miller, "Trailer is a Mobile Lab Capable of Turning Out Bioweapons, a Team Says," New York Times, 11 May 2003; Judith Miller and William J. Broad, "U.S. Analysts Link Iraq Labs to Germ Arms," New York Times, 21 May 2003.
74. Sarah Lyall, "Britain Admits That Much of Its Report on Iraq Came From Magazines," New York Times, 8 February 2003; Glenn Frankel, "Blair Acknowledges Flaws in Iraq Dossier," Washington Post, 8 February 2003.
75. Sarah Lyall, "Britain Admits That Much of Its Report on Iraq Came From Magazines," New York Times, 8 February 2003; Glenn Frankel, "Blair Acknowledges Flaws in Iraq Dossier," Washington Post, 8 February 2003.
76. Jane Wardell, "Blair Aide Concedes Error on Iraq Dossier," Washington Post, 26 June 2003.
77. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 39: 115 (28 January 2003).
78. Joby Warrick, "Some Evidence on Iraq Called Fake," Washington Post, 8 March 2003.
79. I b i d.
80. "For Gephardt, Risks and a Crucial Role," Washington Post, 3 October 2002.
81. Dan Balz and Jim VandeHei, "Democratic Hopefuls Back Bush on Iraq," Washington Post, 14 September 2002.
82. David E. Rosenbaum, "United Voice on Iraq Eludes Majority Leader," New York Times, 4 October 2002.
83. Adam Nagourney and Janet Elder, "Public Says Bush Needs to Pay Heed to Weak Economy," New York Times, 7 October 2002.
84. Dana Milbank, "With Congress Aboard, Bush Targets a Doubtful Public," Washington Post, 8 October 2002.
85. I b i d.
86. "A Nation Wary of War" (Editorial), New York Times, 8 October 2002.
87. H. Rept. No. 107-721, 107th Cong., 2d Sess. (2002).
88. Ibid., 4-5.
89. Congressional Record, 110: 18458 (1964).
90. Ibid., 18462.
91. John H. Cushman, Jr., "Daschle Predicts Broad Support for Military Action Against Iraq," New York Times, 7 October 2002.
92. Helen Dewar and Juliet Eilperin, "Iraq Resolution Passes Test, Gains Support," Washington Post, 10 October 2002.
93. Jim VandeHei and Juliet Eilperin, "House Passes Iraq War Resolution," Washington Post, 11 October 2002.
94. Congressional Record: 148; S9187, S9188 (daily edition, 25 September 2002).
95. Robert C. Byrd, "Congress Must Resist the Rush to War," New York Times, 10 October 2002.
96. Helen Dewar, "Armey, Lugar Reverse Stand on Resolution," Washington Post, 8 October 2002.
97. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 38: 1670 (2 October 2002).
98. Ibid., 1716.
99. Walter Pincus and Dana Priest, "Lawmakers Begin Iraq Intelligence Hearings," Washington Post, 19 June 2003.