An update on aspects of viral gastrointestinal diseases of dogs and cats

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

Volumn 51, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 252-261

  Squires, R A ^a  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Cat; Companion animal; Coronavirus; Dog; Enteritis; Feline immunodeficiency virus; Feline leukaemia virus; Lymphoma; Panleucopenia; Parvovirus; Retrovirus; Rotavirus; Torovirus

Indexed keywords

AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CORONA VIRUS VACCINE; ENDOTOXIN ANTIBODY; FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS VACCINE; FLUNIXIN MEGLUMINE; GENTAMICIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INACTIVATED VACCINE; INTERCAT; LIVE VACCINE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; PARVOVIRUS VACCINE; PRIMUCELL; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT INTERFERON; RECOMBINANT INTERFERON OMEGA; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; TRIMETHOPRIM PLUS SULFONAMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRBAGEN; VIRUS VACCINE;

BREEDING; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CAT DISEASE; CORONAVIRUS; DIARRHEA; DOG DISEASE; ENTEROVIRUS; FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS; FLUID THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION; GASTROINTESTINAL TUMOR; GENETIC VARIABILITY; LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; ONCOVIRINAE; PARVOVIRUS; PROVIRUS; RETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUS INFECTION; REVIEW; TOROVIRUS; VACCINATION; VETERINARY MEDICINE; VIRUS CARCINOGENESIS; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS STRAIN; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALIA; CANINE CORONAVIRUS; CANINE PARVOVIRUS; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CORONA VIRUS; CORONAVIRUS; ENTERIC CORONAVIRUS; ENTEROVIRUS; FELIDAE; FELINE CORONAVIRUS; FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA VIRUS; FELIS CATUS; LEUKAEMIA VIRUS; ONCOVIRINAE; PARVOVIRUS; ROTAVIRUS; TOROVIRUS; UNIDENTIFIED RETROVIRUS;

EID: 0346256574     PISSN: 00480169     EISSN: 11760710     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2003.36379     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Addie DD, Jarrett O. Control of feline coronavirus infections in breeding catteries by serotesting, isolation, and early weaning. Feline Practice 23, 92-5, 1995
2. Addie DD, Jarrett O. Feline coronavirus infection. In: Greene CE (ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 2nd Edtn. Pp 58-69. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1998
3. Addie DD, Toth S, Thompson H, Greenwood N, Jarrett JO. Detection of feline parvovirus in dying pedigree kittens. Veterinary Record 142, 353-6, 1998
4. Barr F. Feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of Small Animal Practice 39, 501-4, 1998
5. Barrett T. Morbillivirus infections, with special emphasis on morbilliviruses of carnivores. Veterinary Microbiology 69, 3-13, 1999
6. Batt RM, Rutgers HC, Sancak AA. Enteric bacteria: friend or foe? Journal of Small Animal Practice 37, 261-7, 1996
7. Beatty JA, Callanan JJ, Terry A, Jarrett O, Neil JC. Molecular and immunophenotypical characterization of a feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-associated lymphoma: a direct role for FIV in B-lymphocyte transformation? Journal ofVirology 72, 767-71, 1998a
8. Beatty JA, Lawrence CE, Callanan JJ, Grant CK, Gault EA, Neil JC, Jarrett O. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FlV)-associated lymphoma: a potential role for immune dysfunction in tumourigenesis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 65, 309-22, 1998b
9. Buonavoglia C, Marsilio F, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia D, Tiscar PG, Cavalli A, Compagnucci M. Use of a feline panleukopenia modified live virus vaccine in cats in the primary-stage of feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe B 40, 343-6, 1993
10. Christianson KK, Ingersoll JD, Landon RM, Pfeiffer NE, Gerber JD. Characterization of a temperature sensitive feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus. Archives ofVirology 109, 185-96, 1989
11. Dalsgaard K, Uttenthal A, Jones TD, Xu F, Merryweather A, Hamilton WD, Langeveld JP, Boshuizen RS, Kamstrup S, Lomonossoff GP, Porta C, Vela C, Casal JI, Meloen RH, Rodgers PB. Plant-derived vaccine protects target animals against a viral disease. Nature Biotechnology 15, 248-52, 1997
12. de Mari K, Maynard L, Eun HM, Lebreux B. Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon-omega in a placebo-controlled field trial. Veterinary Record 152, 105-8, 2003
13. Ek-Kommonen C, Sihvonen L, Pekkanen K, Rikula U, Nuotio L. Outbreak of canine distemper in vaccinated dogs in Finland. Veterinary Record 141, 380-3, 1997
14. Endo Y, Cho KW Nishigaki K, Momoi Y, Nishimura Y, Mizuno T, Goto Y, Watari T, Tsujimoto H, Hasegawa A. Molecular characteristics of malignant lymphomas in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 57, 153-67, 1997
15. Erles K, Toomey C, Brooks HW, Brownlie J. Detection of a group-2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease. Virology 310, 216-23, 2003
16. Esfandiari J, Klingeborn B. A comparative study of a new rapid and one-step test for the detection of parvovirus in faeces from dogs, cats and mink. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B. Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 47, 145-53, 2000
17. Fehr D, Holznagel E, Bolla S, Hauser B, Herrewegh AAPM, Horzinek MC, Lutz H. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a modified-live FIPV vaccine under field conditions. Feline Practice 23, 83-8, 1995
18. Foley JE, Poland A, Carlson J, Pedersen NC. Patterns of feline coronavirus infection and fecal shedding from cats in multiple-cat environments. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210, 1307-12, 1997a
19. Foley JE, Poland A, Carlson J, Pedersen NC. Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis among cats in multiple-cat environments with endemic feline enteric coronavirus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210,1313-8, 1997b
20. Foley JE, Foley P, Pedersen NC. The persistence of a SIS disease in a metapopulation. Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 555-63, 1999
21. Fulker R, Wasmoen T, Atchison R, Chu HJ, Acree W. Efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against clinical disease caused by canine coronavirus. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 380, 229-34, 1995
22. Gabor LJ, Malik R, Canfield PJ. Clinical and anatomical features of lymphosarcoma in 118 cats. Australian Veterinary Journal 76, 725-32, 1998
23. Gabor LJ, Jackson ML, Trask B, Malik R, Canfield PJ. Feline leukaemia virus status of Australian cats with lymphosarcoma. Australian Veterinary Journal 79, 476-81, 2001a
24. Gabor LJ, Love DN, Malik R, Canfield PJ. Feline immunodeficiency virus status of Australian cats with lymphosarcoma. Australian Veterinary Journal 79,540-5, 2001b
25. Gamoh K, Senda M, Shimazaki Y, Makie H, Inoue Y, Itoh O. Chronological antigenic survey of canine parvovirus in Japan. Veterinary Record 152, 142-3, 2003
26. Gerber JD. Overview of the development of a modified-live temperature-sensitive FIP virus-vaccine. Feline Practice 23, 62-6, 1995
27. Glickman LT, Domanski LM, Patronek GJ, Visintainer F. Breed-related risk factors for canine parvovirus enteritis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 187, 589-94, 1985
28. Greene CE. Feline panleukopenia. In: Greene CE (ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 2nd Edtn. Pp 52-7. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1998
29. Greene CE, Schultz RD, Ford RB. Canine vaccination. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 31, 473-92, 2001
30. Grooters AM, Biller DS, Ward H, Miyabayashi T, Couto CG. Ultrasonographic appearance of feline alimentary lymphoma. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 35, 468-72, 1994
31. Guilford WG, Strombeck DR. Gastrointestinal tract infections, parasites and toxicoses. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ (eds). Strombecks Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd Edtn. Pp 411-32. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1996
32. Gumbrell RC. Parvovirus infection in dogs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 27, 113,1979
33. Hardy WD Jr, McClelland AJ, Zuckerman EE, Snyder HW Jr, MacEwen EG, Francis D, Essex M. Development of virus non-producer lymphosarcomas in pet cats exposed to FeLV Nature 288, 90-2, 1980
34. Harvey CJ, Lopez JW Hendrick MJ. An uncommon intestinal manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis: 26 cases (1986-1993). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209, 1117-20, 1996
35. Henderson B, Wilson M. Commensal communism and the oral cavity. Journal of Dental Research 77, 1674-83, 1998
36. Hoskins JD. Canine viral diseases. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (eds). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Pp 418-23. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2000
37. Hoskins JD, Taylor HW, Lomax TL. Independent evaluation of a modified-live feline infectious peritonitis virus-vaccine under experimental conditions (Louisiana experience). Feline Practice 23, 72-3, 1995
38. Hueffer K, Parker JS, Weichert WS, Geisel RE, Sgro JY, Parrish CR. The natural host range shift and subsequent evolution of canine parvovirus resulted from virus-specific binding to the canine transferrin receptor. Journal of Virology 77, 1718-26, 2003
39. Hutson CA, Rideout BA, Pedersen NC. Neoplasia associated with feline immunodeficiency virus-infection in cats of Southern California. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 199, 1357-62, 1991
40. Ikeda Y, Mochizuki M, Naito R, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Mikami T, Takahashi E. Predominance of canine parvovirus (CPV) in unvaccinated cat populations and emergence of new antigenic types of CPVs in cats. Virology 278, 13-19, 2000
41. Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M. Feline host range of canine parvovirus: recent emergence of new antigenic types in cats. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8, 341-6, 2002
42. Ishiwata K, Minagawa T, Kajimoto T. Clinical effects of the recombinant feline interferon-omega on experimental parvovirus infection in Beagle dogs. Journal ofVeterinary Medical Science 60, 911-7, 1998
43. Jones BR, Robinson AJ, Fray LM, Lee EA. A longitudinal serological survey of parvovirus infection in dogs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 30, 19-20, 1981
44. Keenan KP, Jervis HR, Marchwicki RH, Binn LN. Intestinal infection of neonatal dogs with canine coronavirus 1-71: studies by virologic, histologic, histochemical, and immunofluorescent techniques. American Journal of Veterinary Research 37, 247-56, 1976
45. Kelly WR. An enteric disease of dogs resembling feline panleucopenia. Australian Veterinary Journal 54, 593, 1978
46. Kennedy M, Boedeker N, Gibbs P, Kania S. Deletions in the 7a ORF of feline coronavirus associated with an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis. Veterinary Microbiology 81, 227-34, 2001
47. Kipar A, Koehler K, Bellmann S, Reinacher M. Feline infectious peritonitis presenting as a tumour in the abdominal cavity. Veterinary Record 144, 118-22, 1999
48. Kipar A, Kremendahl J, Grant CK, von Bothmer I, Reinacher M. Expression of viral proteins in feline leukemia virus-associated enteritis. Veterinary Pathology 37, 129-36, 2000
49. Krakowka S, Olsen RG, Axthelm MK, Rice J, Winters K. Canine parvovirus infection potentiates canine distemper encephalitis attributable to modified-live virus vaccine. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 180, 137-9, 1982
50. Lacheretz A, Laperrousaz C, Kodjo A, Brajon N, Crevat D, Guillossou S. Diagnosis of canine parvovirus by rapid immunomigration on a membrane. Veterinary Record 152, 48-50, 2003
51. Larson LJ, Schultz RD. Comparison of selected canine vaccines for their ability to induce protective immunity against canine parvovirus infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, 360-3, 1997
52. Legendre AM. Diagnosis and prevention of feline infectious peritonitis. In: Bonagura JD (ed). KirkS Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice. Pp 291-3. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2000
53. Lutz H, Castelli I, Ehrensperger F, Pospischil A, Rosskopf M, Siegl G, Grob M, Martinod S. Panleukopenia-like syndrome of FeLV caused by coinfection with FeLV and feline panleukopenia virus. Veterinary Immunology andImmunopathology 46, 21-33, 1995
54. Mahony OM, Moore AS, Cotter SM, Engler SJ, Brown D, Penninck DG. Alimentary lymphoma in cats: 28 cases (1988-1993). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 207, 1593-8, 1995
55. Malik R, Gabor LJ, Foster SF, McCorkell BE, Canfield PJ. Therapy for Australian cats with lymphosarcoma. Australian Veterinary Journal 79, 808-17, 2001
56. Mann FA, Boon GD, Wagner-Mann CC, Ruben DS, Harrington DP. Ionized and total magnesium concentrations in blood from dogs with naturally acquired parvoviral enteritis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212, 1398-401, 1998
57. Martin V, Najbar W, Gueguen S, Grousson D, Eun HM, Lebreux B, Aubert A. Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon-omega in a placebocontrolled challenge trial. Veterinary Microbiology 89, 115-27, 2002
58. McArdle F, Tennant B, Bennett M, Kelly DF, Gaskell CJ, Gaskell RM. Independent evaluation of a modified-live FIPV vaccine under experimental conditions (University-of-Liverpool experience). Feline Practice 23, 67-71, 1995
59. McCaw DL, Thompson M, Tate D, Bonderer A, Chen YJ. Serum distemper virus and parvovirus antibody titers among dogs brought to a veterinary hospital for revaccination. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213, 72-5, 1998
60. McReynolds C, Macy D. Feline infectious peritonitis. Part II. Treatment and prevention. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 19, 1111-7, 1997
61. Meurs KM, Fox PR, Magnon AL, Liu S, Towbin JA. Molecular screening by polymerase chain reaction detects panleukopenia virus DNA in formalin-fixed hearts from cats with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Cardiovascular Pathology 9, 119-26, 2000
62. Minagawa T, Ishiwata K, Kajimoto T. Feline interferon-omega treatment on canine parvovirus infection. Veterinary Microbiology 69, 51-3, 1999
63. Mischke R, Barth T, Wohlsein P, Rohn K, Nolte I. Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) on leukocyte count and survival rate of dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Research in Veterinary Science 70,221-5, 2001
64. Miyazawa T, Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Naito R, Mochizuki M, Tohya Y, Vu D, Mikami T, Takahashi E. Isolation of feline parvovirus from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cats in northern Vietnam. Microbiology and Immunology 43, 609-12, 1999
65. Mochizuki M, Horiuchi M, Hiragi H, San Gabriel MC, Yasuda N, Uno T. Isolation of canine parvovirus from a cat manifesting clinical signs of feline panleukopenia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34, 2101-5, 1996
66. Muir P, Harbour DA, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Howard PE, Hopper CD, Gruffydd-Jones EA, Broadhead HM, Clarke CM, Jones ME. A clinical and microbiological study of cats with protruding nictitating membranes and diarrhoea: isolation of a novel virus. Veterinary Record 127, 324-30, 1990
67. Nakamura K, Ikeda Y, Miyazawa T, Tohya Y, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M. Characterisation of cross-reactivity of virus neutralising antibodies induced by feline panleukopenia virus and canine parvoviruses. Research in Veterinary Science 71, 219-22, 2001a
68. Nakamura K, Sakamoto M, Ikeda Y, Sato E, Kawakami K, Miyazawa T, Tohya Y, Takahashi E, Mikami T, Mochizuki M. Pathogenic potential of canine parvovirus types 2a and 2c in domestic cats. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, 663-8, 2001b
69. Nicholas BL, Brennan FR, Martinez-Torrecuadrada JL, Casal JI, Hamilton WD, Wakelin D. Characterization of the immune response to canine parvovirus induced by vaccination with chimaeric plant viruses. Vaccine 20, 2727-34, 2002
70. Nicholas BL, Brennan FR, Hamilton WD, Wakelin D. Effect of priming/ booster immunisation protocols on immune response to canine parvovirus peptide induced by vaccination with a chimaeric plant virus construct. Vaccine 21, 2441-7,2003
71. Otto CM, Jackson CB, Rogell EJ, Prior RB, Ammons WS. Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI21) for treatment of parvovirus enteritis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Journal ofVeterinary Internal Medicine 15, 355-60, 2001
72. Palombo EA. Genetic analysis of Group A rotaviruses: evidence for interspecies transmission of rotavirus genes. Virus Genes 24, 11-20, 2002
73. Panzero RA. An outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis in a colony of Cornish Rex cats. Feline Practice 20, 7-8, 1992
74. Pardo MC, Mackowiak M. Efficacy of a new canine origin, modified live virus vaccine against canine coronavirus. Canine Practice 24, 6-9, 1999
75. Parrish CR, O’Connell PH, Evermann JF, Carmichael LE. Natural variation of canine parvovirus. Science 230, 1046-8, 1985
76. Paul MA, Appel M, Barrett R, Carmichael LE, Childers H, Cotter S, Davidson A, Ford R, Keil D, Lappin M, Schultz RD, Thacker E, Trumpeter JL, Welborn L. Report of the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Task Force: Executive Summary and 2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 39, 119-31, 2003
77. Pedersen NC, Black JW, Boyle JF, Evermann JF, McKeirnan AJ, Ott RL. Pathogenic differences between various feline coronavirus isolates. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 173, 365-80, 1984
78. Pollock RV, Coyne MJ. Canine parvovirus. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 23, 555-68, 1993
79. Pratelli A, Tempesta M, Roperto FP, Sagazio P, Carmichael L, Buonavoglia C. Fatal coronavirus infection in puppies following canine parvovirus 2b infection. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 11, 550-3, 1999
80. Pratelli A, Martella V, Elia G, Tempesta M, Guarda F, Capucchio MT, Carmichael LE, Buonavoglia C. Severe enteric disease in an animal shelter associated with dual infections by canine adenovirus type 1 and canine coronavirus. Journal ofVeterinary Medicine. B. Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 48, 385-92, 2001
81. Pratelli A, Martella V, Decaro N, Tinelli A, Camero M, Cirone F, Elia G, Cavalli A, Corrente M, Greco G, Buonavoglia D, Gentile M, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Genetic diversity of a canine coronavirus detected in pups with diarrhoea in Italy. Journal of VirologicalMethods 110, 9-17, 2003
82. Reeves NP. Vaccination against naturally-occurring FIP in a single large cat shelter. Feline Practice 23, 81-2, 1995
83. Richards J, Rodan I. Feline vaccination guidelines. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 31, 455-72, 2001
84. Salminen S, Isolauri E, Onnela T. Gut flora in normal and disordered states. Chemotherapy 41 (Supplement 1), 5-15, 1995
85. Scott FW, Corapi WV, Olsen CW. Independent evaluation of a modified-live FIPV vaccine under experimental conditions (Cornell experience). Feline Practice 23, 74-6, 1995
86. Smith CH, Meers J, Wilks CR, Rice M, Jones BR. A survey for torovirus in New Zealand cats with protruding nictitating membranes. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 45, 41-3, 1997
87. Steinel A, Munson L, van Vuuren M, Truyen U. Genetic characterization of feline parvovirus sequences from various carnivores. Journal of General Virology 81, 345-50, 2000
88. Tennant BJ, Gaskell RM, Jones RC, Gaskell CJ. Studies on the epizootiology of canine coronavirus. Veterinary Record 132, 7-11, 1993
89. Teske E, van Straten G, van Noort R, Rutteman GR. Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone (COP) in cats with malignant lymphoma: New results with an old protocol. Journal ofVeterinary Internal Medicine 16, 179-86, 2002
90. Truyen U, Evermann JF, Vieler E, Parrish CR. Evolution of canine parvovirus involved loss and gain of feline host range. Virology 215, 186-9, 1996
91. Truyen U, Geissler K, Parrish CR, Hermanns W Siegl G. No evidence for a role of modified live virus vaccines in the emergence of canine parvovirus. Journal of General Virology 79, 1153-8, 1998
92. Vail DM, Moore AS, Ogilvie GK, Volk LM. Feline lymphoma (145 cases): Proliferation indices, cluster of differentiation-3 immunoreactivity, and their association with prognosis in 90 cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 12,349-54, 1998
93. Vennema H, Poland A, Foley J, Pedersen NC. Feline infectious peritonitis viruses arise by mutation from endemic feline enteric coronaviruses. Virology 243, 150-7, 1998
94. Wang L, Junker D, Collisson EW Evidence of natural recombination within the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 192, 710-6, 1993
95. Wang J, Kyaw-Tanner M, Lee C, Robinson WF. Characterisation of lymphosarcomas in Australian cats using polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical examination. Australian Veterinary Journal 79, 41-6, 2001
96. Weiss RC, Scott FW. Antibody-mediated enhancement of disease in feline infectious peritonitis: comparisons with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 4, 175-89, 1981
97. Wilson RB, Holladay JA, Cave JS. A neurologic syndrome associated with use of a canine coronavirus-parvovirus vaccine in dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 8, 117-24, 1986
98. Zarnke RL, Evermann J, Ver Hoef JM, McNay ME, Boertje RD, Gardner CL, Adams LG, Dale BW Burch J. Serologic survey for canine coronavirus in wolves from Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37, 740-5, 2001
99. Zenger E. FIP, FeLV, FIV: making a diagnosis. Feline Practice 28, 16-18, 2000