Why Wagner-Jauregg won the Nobel Prize for discovering malaria therapy for General Paresis of the Insane

History of Psychiatry

Volumn 11, Issue 44, 2000, Pages 371-382

  Brown, Edward M ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0346110847     PISSN: 0957154X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0957154X0001104403     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Magda Whitrow's biography, Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857-1940) (London: Smith-Gordon, 1993) now provides a comprehensive review of his life and work.
2. Andrew Scull, 'Somatic treatments and the historiography of psychiatry', History of Psychiatry, v (1994), 8.
3. Harold Mersky, 'Somatic treatments, ignorance, and the historiography of psychiatry', History of Psychiatry, v (1994), 387-91.
4. Edward M. Brown, 'French psychiatry's initial reception of Bayle's discovery of general paresis of the insane', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, lxviii (1994), 235-53.
5. J. E. D. Esquirol, Mental Maladies, A Treatise on Insanity, Facsimile of the English edition of 1845 (New York and London: Hafner, 1965), 436.
6. For example Henry Maudsley, Responsibility in Mental Disease (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1899), 80-1.
7. A. L. J. Bayle, Traité des maladies du cerveau et de ses membranes, reprint of the 1826 edition (New York: Arno Press, 1976), 574-87.
8. W. Julius Mickle, 'General Paralysis', in D. Hack Tuke (ed.), A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston, Son & Co., 1892), 532.
9. E. Régis, A Practical Manual of Mental Medicine (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston, Son & Co., 1895), 462.
10. W. Julius Mickle, General Paralysis of the Insane (London: H. K. Lewis, 1880), 171.
11. Ibid., 165-75.
12. M. A. Waugh, 'Alfred Fournier, 1832-1914: his influence on venereology', British Journal of Venereal Disease, 1 (1974), 232.
13. John T. Crissey, The Dermatology and Syphilology of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Praeger), 221.
14. Crissey, The Dermatology and Syphilology of the Nineteenth Century, 223. Alfred Fournier, 'Syphilis and General Paresis', in Selected Essays and Monographs (London: New Sydenham Soc.(161), 1897), 375-92.
15. Crissey, The Dermatology and Syphilology of the Nineteenth Century, 223. Alfred Fournier, 'Syphilis and General Paresis', in Selected Essays and Monographs (London: New Sydenham Soc.(161), 1897), 375-92.
16. Gazette médicale de Paris, no.44 (3 November 1894), 522-4.
17. Claude Quétel, History of Syphilis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 163.
18. H. Houston Merrit, Raymond Adams and Harry C. Solomon, Neurosyphilis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), 393.
19. Alfred Fournier, The Treatment of Syphilis, trans. C. F. Marshall (New York: Rebman Company, 1906), 253; M. A. Waugh, 'Alfred Fournier, 1832-1914: his influence on venereology', British Journal of Venereal Disease, 1 (1974), 233.
20. Alfred Fournier, The Treatment of Syphilis, trans. C. F. Marshall (New York: Rebman Company, 1906), 253; M. A. Waugh, 'Alfred Fournier, 1832-1914: his influence on venereology', British Journal of Venereal Disease, 1 (1974), 233.
21. J. Darier, 'Alfred Fournier: 1832-1914', Annales de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie, v (1915), 522-8. One biographer suggested that Fournier was not interested in this concept as a discovery of a law of pathogenesis but only as a conquest in the domain of aetiology. Fournier did not attempt to explicate the distinction between 'origine' and 'nature' which were crucial to the concept of parasyphilis. 'It sufficed for him to have charged the dossier of syphilis with some more atrocities'. Cited in Crissey, The Dermatology and Syphilology of the Nineteenth Century, 223.
22. George Rosen, "Patterns of discovery and control in mental illness', in Madness in Society (New York: Harper, 1968), 247-62.
23. Thomas W. Salmon, 'General paralysis as a public health problem', American Journal of Insanity, lxxi (1913-4), 44, cites a study by Pilcz and Mattauschek of 4,134 officers in the Austrian army who had contracted syphilis between 1880 and 1890 which showed that 4.9 per cent had developed general paralysis by 1912.
24. D. K. Henderson, 'Cerebral syphilis', American Journal of Insanity, lxx (1913), 282.
25. Charles P. Bancroft, 'Is there an increase among the dementing psychoses', American Journal of Insanity, lxxi (1924-15), 59-73; D. K. Henderson, American Journal of Insanity, lxx (1913), 282: 'Mott asserts ... that owing to the increased strain of living and owing to the conversion of a rural into an urban population, syphilitic affections of the nervous system are greatly on the increase.'
26. Charles P. Bancroft, 'Is there an increase among the dementing psychoses', American Journal of Insanity, lxxi (1924-15), 59-73; D. K. Henderson, American Journal of Insanity, lxx (1913), 282: 'Mott asserts ... that owing to the increased strain of living and owing to the conversion of a rural into an urban population, syphilitic affections of the nervous system are greatly on the increase.'
27. Thomas W. Salmon, 'General paralysis as a public health problem', American Journal of Insanity, lxx (1913-4), 44.
28. Adolf Meyer, 'Differential diagnosis of general paresis', American Journal of Insanity, lxxl (1914-15), 51-8.
29. Harry C. Solomon, 'The value of treatment in general paresis', Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, clxxxviii (1923), 635.
30. Harry C. Solomon, Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, clxxxviii (1923), 636, cited observations that treated cases lived only half as long as untreated cases and also urged against treatment.
31. H Goldsmith, 'A plea for standardized and intensive treatment of the neurosyphilitic and paretic', American Journal of Psychiatry, lxxi (1925), 251-61.
32. Henry Head and E. G. Fearnsides, 'The clinical aspects of syphilis of the nervous system in the light of the Wassermann reaction and treatment with neosalvarsan', Brain, xxxvii (1914), 134.
33. H. Goldsmith, op.cit., 256.
34. William A. White and Smith Ely Jelliffe, Modern Treatment of Nervous and Mental Diseases (Philadelphia and New York: Lea & Febiger, 1913), 249.
35. See for example, E. C. Spitzka, Insanity, Its Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment (New York: Bermingham & Co. 1883), 195; "The patient claims to be the most powerful, the richest and ablest man in his community, He can raise the asylum with his little finger, he has trunks filled with gold in every city in the Union, he is married to all the handsome women in the world, can speak all the living and dead languages, has the best-developed sexual organs extant, and is the intimate friend of every contemporary great man, sometimes himself Napoleon, Caesar, Shakespeare, Grant, Buffalo Bill, and every other celebrity in one person, and the fortunate owner of numerous patents.' Spitzka goes on to itemize the extravagant list of 'possessions' of a paretic former stockbroker.
36. Joel T. Braslow, 'Effect of therapeutic innovation on perception of disease and the doctor-patient relationship: a history of general paralysis of the insane and malaria fever therapy, 1910-1950', American Journal of Psychiatry, clii (1995), 660-5.
37. Harry C. Solomon, op. cit., 635.
38. I. J. furman, 'Treatment of general paralysis', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, xii (1924), 359-69.
39. Mortimer Williams Raynor, 'Remissions in general paralysis', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, xii (1924), 419-25.
40. New York Neurological Society: Proceedings of joint meeting with Philadelphia and Boston Neurological Societies, 14 November 1911, 'Use of salvarsan in syphilis of the nervous system', Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, xxxix (1912), 180-6.
41. Archibald Church and Frederick Peterson, Nervous and Mental Diseases (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1911), 818.
42. Albert Neisser, On Modern Syphilotherapy with particular Reference to Salvarsan, translation of a 1911 article (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1945), 22.
43. Walter F. Shaller and Henry G. Mehrtens, "Therapy in neurosyphilis with particular reference to intraspinal therapy', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, vii (1922), 89-97, ... every case of cerebrospinal syphilis improved ... Patients with paresis, as a whole, did poorly.' Franklin G. Ebaugh, 'The treatment of general paresis by the intracistern route', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, vii (1922), 325-31: 'The clinical results of intercisternal therapy have been disappointing.' H. McKusker, 'Some observations on cistern puncture', Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, liii (1921), 453.
44. Walter F. Shaller and Henry G. Mehrtens, "Therapy in neurosyphilis with particular reference to intraspinal therapy', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, vii (1922), 89-97,'... every case of cerebrospinal syphilis improved ... Patients with paresis, as a whole, did poorly.' Franklin G. Ebaugh, 'The treatment of general paresis by the intracistern route', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, vii (1922), 325-31: 'The clinical results of intercisternal therapy have been disappointing.' H. McKusker, 'Some observations on cistern puncture', Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, liii (1921), 453.
45. Walter F. Shaller and Henry G. Mehrtens, "Therapy in neurosyphilis with particular reference to intraspinal therapy', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, vii (1922), 89-97, '... every case of cerebrospinal syphilis improved ... Patients with paresis, as a whole, did poorly.' Franklin G. Ebaugh, 'The treatment of general paresis by the intracistern route', Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, vii (1922), 325-31: 'The clinical results of intercisternal therapy have been disappointing.' H. McKusker, 'Some observations on cistern puncture', Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, liii (1921), 453.
46. H. Goldsmith, op. cit., 253: 'It has only been in recent years that spinal puncture has become general and attended by very few untoward results. I can remember when any medicine to be injected intravenously was attended by preparations equal almost to that of a major operation and spinal puncture was approached with fear and trembling.'
47. D. K. Henderson, 'Cerebral syphilis', American Journal of Insanity, lxx (1913), 282.
48. Magda Whitrow, 'Wagner-Jauregg and fever therapy', Medical History, xxxiv (1990), 294-310.
49. James G. Kiernan, 'Variola and insanity', American Journal of Neurology, ii (1883), 365-72.
50. Julius Wagner-Jauregg, 'The history of the malaria treatment of general paralysis', American Journal of Psychiatry, cii (1945-6), 577-82.
51. H. Houston Merrit, Raymond Adams and Harry C. Solomon, op. cit., 397.
52. E.Mattauschek and A. Pilcz, 'Zweite Mitteilung über 4134 katamnestisch verfolgte Falle von luetischer Infection', Ztschr.f.d.Ges.Neurol.u.Psychiat, xv (1913), 608, as discussed in H. Houston Merrit, Raymond D. Adams and Harry C. Solomon, op. cit., 396.
53. E.Mattauschek and A. Pilcz, 'Zweite Mitteilung über 4134 katamnestisch verfolgte Falle von luetischer Infection', Ztschr.f.d.Ges.Neurol.u.Psychiat, xv (1913), 608, as discussed in H. Houston Merrit, Raymond D. Adams and Harry C. Solomon, op. cit., 396.
54. Julius Wagner-Jauregg, 'The history of the malaria treatment of general paralysis', American Journal of Psychiatry, cii (1945-6), 580.
55. Whitrow, 'Wagner-Jauregg and fever therapy', Medical History, xxxiv (1990), 294-310, incident reported on p.304-5.
56. Magda Whitrow, 'Wagner-Jauregg and fever therapy', Medical History, xxxiv (1990), 306.
57. H. Houston Merrit, Raymond Adams and Harry C. Solomon, op. cit., 397.
58. J. R. Driver, J. A. Gammel and L. J. Darnosh, 'Malaria treatment of central nervous system syphilis', Journal of the American Medical Association, lxxxvii (1926), 1921, cited in Bunker, 'Recent treatment of general paralysis'.
59. A. L. Lestchinsky, 'Treatment with malaria inoculation in paresis', abstract in American Journal of Psychiatry, lxxxvi (1929-30), 589.
60. H. Houston Merrit, Raymond Adams and Harry C. Solomon, op. cit., 397.
61. Magda Whitrow, 'Wagner-Jauregg and fever therapy', Medical History, xxxiv (1990), 310.
62. Henry A. Bunker Jr, 'Recent methods in the treatment of general paralysis', American Journal of Psychiatry, lxxxv (1928-9), 681-94.
63. H. Houston Merritt, Raymond Adams and Harry C. Solomon, op. cit., 406.
64. Joel T. Braslow, 'Effect of therapeutic innovation on perception of disease and the doctor-patient relationship: a history of general paralysis of the insane and malaria fever therapy, 1910-1950', American Journal of Psychiatry, clii (1995), 660-5.