Plasma C-reactive protein is not elevated in physically active postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 96, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 143-148

  Stauffer, Brian L ^a,b   Hoetzer, Greta L ^a   Smith, Derek T ^a   DeSouza, Christopher A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokine; Exercise; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; ESTROGEN; PROGESTERONE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDURANCE; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NORMAL HUMAN; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BLOOD PRESSURE; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-6; LIPIDS; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; PHYSICAL FITNESS; POSTMENOPAUSE;

EID: 0346102469     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00360.2003     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Abramson JL and Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity and inflammation among apparently healthy middle-aged and older US adults. Arch Intern Med 162: 1286-1292, 2002.
2. Barinas-Mitchell E, Cushman M, Meilahn EN, Tracy RP, and Kuller LH. Serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with obesity, weight gain, and hormone replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 153: 1094-1101, 2001.
3. Bermudez EA, Rifai N, Buring J, Manson JE, and Ridker PM. Interrelationships among circulating interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 1668-1673, 2002.
4. Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Clark DG, Cooper KH, and Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 262: 2395-2401, 1989.
5. Blake GJ, Ridker PM, and Kuntz KM. Projected life-expectancy gains with statin therapy for individuals with elevated C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 40: 49-55, 2002.
6. Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med 2: 92-98, 1970.
7. Castell LM, Poortmans JR, Leclercq R, Brasseur M, Duchateau J, and Newsholme EA. Some aspects of the acute phase response after a marathon race, and the effects of glutamine supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol 75: 47-53, 1997.
8. Chang MK, Binder CJ, Torzewski M, and Witztum JL. C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 13043-13048, 2002.
9. Church TS, Barlow CE, Earnest CP, Kampert JB, Priest EL, and Blair SN. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 1869-1876, 2002.
10. Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, Stefanick ML, Kessler C, Judd HL, Sakkinen PA, and Tracy RP. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation 100: 717-722, 1999.
11. Cushman M, Meilahn EN, Psaty BM, Kuller LH, Dobs AS, and Tracy RP. Hormone replacement therapy, inflammation, and hemostasis in elderly women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 893-899, 1999.
12. DeSouza CA, Jones PP, and Seals DR. Physical activity status and adverse age-related differences in coagulation and fibrinolytic factors in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 362-368, 1998.
13. Dufaux B, Order U, Geyer H, and Hollmann W. C-reactive protein serum concentrations in well-trained athletes. Int J Sports Med 5: 102-106. 1984.
14. Evans SL, Davy KP, Stevenson ET, and Seals DR. Physiological determinants of 10-km performance in highly trained female runners of different ages. J Appl Physiol 78: 1931-1941, 1995.
15. Geffken D, Cushman M, Burke G, Polak J, Sakkinen P, and Tracy R. Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 153: 242-250, 2001.
16. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Brosnihan KB, Sharp PC, Shumaker SA, Snyder TE, Furberg CD, Kowalchuk GJ, Stuckey TD, Rogers WJ, Givens DH, and Waters D. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 343: 522-529, 2000.
17. Hubinger L, Mackinnon LT, Barber L, McCosker J, Howard A, and Lepre F. Acute effects of treadmill running on lipoprotein(a) levels in males and females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29: 436-442, 1997.
18. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, and Vittinghoff E. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 280: 605-613, 1998.
19. Mattusch F, Dufaux B, Heine O, Mertens I, and Rost R. Reduction of the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein following nine months of endurance training. Int J Sports Med 21: 21-24, 2000.
20. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106: 3143-3421, 2002.
21. Pasceri V, Cheng JS, Willerson JT, Yeh ET, and Chang J. Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs. Circulation 103: 2531-2534, 2001.
22. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, and Yeh ET. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation 102: 2165-2168, 2000.
23. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui MIII, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, Rifai N, Smith SC Jr, Taubert K, Tracy RP, and Vinicor F. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107: 499-511, 2003.
24. PEPI Trial Writing Group. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 273: 199-208, 1995.
25. Plenge JK, Hernandez TL, Weil KM, Poirier P, Grunwald GK, Marcovina SM, and Eckel RH. Simvastatin lowers C-reactive protein within 14 days: an effect independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction. Circulation 106: 1447-1452, 2002.
26. Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, and Kendrick JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Annu Rev Public Health 8: 253-287, 1987.
27. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rossouw JE, Siscovick DS, Mouton CP, Rifai N, Wallace RB, Jackson RD, Pettinger MB, and Ridker PM. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study. JAMA 288: 980-987, 2002.
28. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, and Hennekens CH. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 98: 731-733, 1998.
29. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, and Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 342: 836-843, 2000.
30. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Rifai N, Buring JE, and Manson JE. Hormone replacement therapy and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation 100: 713-716, 1999.
31. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfield M, Downs JR, Weis SE, Miles JS, and Gotto AM Jr. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med 344: 1959-1965, 2001.
32. Ridker PM, Rifai N, and Lowenthal SP. Rapid reduction in C-reactive protein with cerivastatin among 785 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 103: 1191-1193, 2001.
33. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks F, and Braunwald E. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 100: 230-235, 1999.
34. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, and Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 347: 1557-1565, 2002.
35. Rifai N, Buring JE, Lee IM, Manson JE, and Ridker PM. Is C-reactive protein specific for vascular disease in women? Ann Intern Med 136: 529-533, 2002.
36. Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 340: 115-126, 1999.
37. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SAA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Morley-Kotchen J, and Ockene J; Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288: 321-333, 2002.
38. Sherman BM, West JH, and Korenman SG. The menopausal transition: analysis of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations during menstrual cycles of older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42: 629-636, 1976.
39. Silvestri A, Gebara O, Vitale C, Wajngarten M, Leonardo F, Ramires JA, Fini M, Mercuro G, and Rosano GM. Increased levels of C-reactive protein after oral hormone replacement therapy may not be related to an increased inflammatory response. Circulation 107: 3165-3169, 2003.
40. Torzewski J, Torzewski M, Bowyer DE, Frohlich M, Koenig W, Waltenberger J, Fitzsimmons C, and Hombach V. C-reactive protein frequently colocalizes with the terminal complement complex in the intima of early atherosclerotic lesions of human coronary arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 1386-1392, 1998.
41. Torzewski M, Rist C, Mortensen RF, Zwaka TP, Bienek M, Waltenberger J, Koenig W, Schmitz G, Hombach V, and Torzewski J. C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 2094-2099, 2000.
42. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Fundamental to Preventing Disease. Bethesda, MD: Health and Human Services, 2002, p. 1-19.
43. Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, and Fukaya T. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on vascular inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen. Circulation 105: 1436-1439, 2002.
44. Walsh BW, Paul S, Wild RA, Dean RA, Tracy RP, Cox DA, and Anderson PW. The effects of hormone replacement therapy and raloxifene on C-reactive protein and homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 214-218, 2000.
45. Zhang YX, Cliff WJ, Schoefl GI, and Higgins G. Coronary C-reactive protein distribution: its relation to development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 145: 375-379. 1999.