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d) we note that σ-strain is another source of bond ellipticity. However, in our model systems σ-strain plays a minor role, since no C-C bond paths display any significant bond curvature.
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note
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For a definition of the bond path or atomic interaction line which follows the ridge of the charge density between bonded atoms see ref. [11].
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a) According to the NLMO analysis: %s(Ca) = 59.8/38.0%, %p(Ca) = 0.3/1.0%, %d(Ca) = 39.9/61.0%, %f(Ca) = 0.0%; %s(Ca) - %f(Ca) give the hybridization at Ca for the Ca-C bond in 1 and 2, respectively;
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0347714793
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note
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-5. However, these are poorly resolved in the envelope map and are better described as a single diffuse feature.
-
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-
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76
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0347714794
-
-
note
-
-1).
-
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77
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0346454127
-
-
note
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-1 relative to the agostic conformer at the B3LYP/I level of theory. This energy difference might be related to the magnitude of the agostic interaction; see ref. [7a].
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
0347714791
-
-
note
-
This is at odds with the earlier model for agostic interactions based on a 3c-2e interaction between the C-H bond and the metal center; see ref. [6].
-
-
-
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79
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0345823008
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-
note
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v parameter (valence shell population parameter) at Ti have been refined to account for charge transfer between the metal center and the ligands.
-
-
-
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81
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0345823006
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-
note
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+ (7) (Figure 5). This result might be attributed to the more ionic nature of 5 in the experimental solid state structure in comparison with the theoretical gas-phase model. Indeed the Ti-Cl bond length of 2.4223(2) Å in the solid state structure is remarkably long and suggests a significantly weakened Ti-Cl bond, albeit still intact.
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83
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Maseras, F.6
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86
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0000701637
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L. Fan, D. Harrison, L. Deng, T. K. Woo, D. Swerhone, T. Ziegler, Can. J. Chem. 1995, 73, 989-998.
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Can. J. Chem.
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Fan, L.1
Harrison, D.2
Deng, L.3
Woo, T.K.4
Swerhone, D.5
Ziegler, T.6
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87
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-
0001470765
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-
-1) is rather small, and this situation can easily be reversed using other basis set combinations such as the DZVP basis; see N. Godbout, D. R. Salahub, J. Andzelm, E. Wimmer, Can. J. Chem. 1992, 70, 560-571. In the latter case the staggered conformer becomes energetically favored on the potential energy surface.
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(1992)
Can. J. Chem.
, vol.70
, pp. 560-571
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-
Godbout, N.1
Salahub, D.R.2
Andzelm, J.3
Wimmer, E.4
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88
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0345823007
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-
note
-
3 hybridization.
-
-
-
-
89
-
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0347714786
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-
note
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-5). As a result the major axis of curvature is aligned out-of-plane between the points "5" and "7".
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
0347084439
-
-
note
-
β bond length was confirmed (1.513(1) and 1.521 Å in experiment and theory, respectively).
-
-
-
-
91
-
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0345823003
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-
note
-
β bond lengths in transition metal ethyl compounds based on 107 X-ray structures in the Cambridge Structural Database 5.10 (see ref. [7a], [49]) yields an average of 1.475 A. We note that C-C bond lengths may be systematically shortened by incomplete allowance for librational motion in simple harmonic refinement of atomic displacement parameters. This stresses the need for high order reflection data at low temperatures, and models which account for the aspherical features of the electron density, in order to obtain accurate bond lengths from X-ray data.
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-
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92
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11644328584
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F. H. Allen, O. Kennard, R. Taylor, Acc. Chem. Res. 1983, 16, 146-153.
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Acc. Chem. Res.
, vol.16
, pp. 146-153
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Allen, F.H.1
Kennard, O.2
Taylor, R.3
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93
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0035904271
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G. M. Klimpel, R. Anwander, M. Tafipolsky, W. Scherer, Organometallics 2001, 20, 3983-3992.
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Organometallics
, vol.20
, pp. 3983-3992
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-
Klimpel, G.M.1
Anwander, R.2
Tafipolsky, M.3
Scherer, W.4
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94
-
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0347714789
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-
note
-
LICC(1) represents a (3, - 1) CP [saddle point in L(r)] in the TiCC plane of 7a and 7b and not a genuine (3, - 3) CP as in the case of 8.
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
0345823005
-
-
note
-
-5 denoted LICC(1) in Figure 5c) which connects the two ligand-induced CCs of both chlorine ligands (LICC(Cl); Figure 7).
-
-
-
-
97
-
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0347084437
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-
note
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In the case of π-acceptor ligands (10a-c) cis-LICC(2) renders into a bonding charge concentration which was nonbonding in 7a, whereas for σ-donor ligands in the complexes 11a, b it represents a (3, - 1) CP. Furthermore, cis-LICC(1) develops from a (3, - 1) CP in 7a into a genuine (3, - 3) CP for both, σ-donor (11a, b) and π-acceptor (10a-c) ligands employed in our study.
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-
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98
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0003677962
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-
Wiley, New York
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This feature is in accord with theoretical treatments of the (kinetic) trans effect, whereby the stability of the transition state is dictated by the σ-donor and π-acceptor properties of the ligands. The π-effects are not really pronounced in the Lewis-acidic models 10a-c but still noticeable. See, for example: a) F. Basolo, R. G. Pearson, Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions, Wiley, New York, 1968;
-
(1968)
Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions
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-
Basolo, F.1
Pearson, R.G.2
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101
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0030862650
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-
- (See, for example: a) ref. [4c]; b) G. S. McGrady, A. J. Downs, N. C. Bednall, D. C. McKean, W. Thiel, V. Jonas, G. Frenking, W. Scherer, J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1951-1968; c) S. Kleinhenz, K. Seppelt, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3573-3580.) Hence, the distinction between pure σ-donor and σ-donor/π-donor ligands does not appear to be crucial to the manipulation of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes: both types of ligand weaken the agostic interaction of a C-H group in trans-position.
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(1997)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
, vol.119
, pp. 6648-6655
-
-
Frenking, G.1
Fau, S.2
Marchand, C.M.3
Grützmacher, H.4
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102
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0000831336
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ref. [4c]
-
- (See, for example: a) ref. [4c]; b) G. S. McGrady, A. J. Downs, N. C. Bednall, D. C. McKean, W. Thiel, V. Jonas, G. Frenking, W. Scherer, J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1951-1968; c) S. Kleinhenz, K. Seppelt, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3573-3580.) Hence, the distinction between pure σ-donor and σ-donor/π-donor ligands does not appear to be crucial to the manipulation of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes: both types of ligand weaken the agostic interaction of a C-H group in trans-position.
-
-
-
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103
-
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0000831336
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-
- (See, for example: a) ref. [4c]; b) G. S. McGrady, A. J. Downs, N. C. Bednall, D. C. McKean, W. Thiel, V. Jonas, G. Frenking, W. Scherer, J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1951-1968; c) S. Kleinhenz, K. Seppelt, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3573-3580.) Hence, the distinction between pure σ-donor and σ-donor/π-donor ligands does not appear to be crucial to the manipulation of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes: both types of ligand weaken the agostic interaction of a C-H group in trans-position.
-
(1997)
J. Phys. Chem. A
, vol.101
, pp. 1951-1968
-
-
McGrady, G.S.1
Downs, A.J.2
Bednall, N.C.3
McKean, D.C.4
Thiel, W.5
Jonas, V.6
Frenking, G.7
Scherer, W.8
-
104
-
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0032803611
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-
- (See, for example: a) ref. [4c]; b) G. S. McGrady, A. J. Downs, N. C. Bednall, D. C. McKean, W. Thiel, V. Jonas, G. Frenking, W. Scherer, J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1951-1968; c) S. Kleinhenz, K. Seppelt, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3573-3580.) Hence, the distinction between pure σ-donor and σ-donor/π-donor ligands does not appear to be crucial to the manipulation of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes: both types of ligand weaken the agostic interaction of a C-H group in trans-position.
-
(1999)
Chem. Eur. J.
, vol.5
, pp. 3573-3580
-
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Kleinhenz, S.1
Seppelt, K.2
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105
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0039841696
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a) These conclusions are in accord with theoretical treatments of the static trans effect or trans influence, whereby the stability of the ground state is dictated mainly by the σ-donor and to a lesser extent by the π-acceptor properties of the ligands. See, for example: T. G. Appleton, H. C. Clark, L. E. Manzer, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1973, 10, 335-422. Thus, as a spin-off from this study, both the trans effect and the trans influence may be rationalized in terms of charge density-based criteria.
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(1973)
Coord. Chem. Rev.
, vol.10
, pp. 335-422
-
-
Appleton, T.G.1
Clark, H.C.2
Manzer, L.E.3
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106
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0347084438
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note
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β contacts do not appear to compensate significantly opposing regions of charge depletions-as expected for weak interactions. This might be a general and characteristic feature of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes.
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-
-
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107
-
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0347714787
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-
note
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2]+).
-
-
-
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108
-
-
0347714788
-
-
note
-
α) is quite different in 11b and 11c, respectively. Thus, the σ-donor coordination in the position trans to the alkyl group leads to an increase in the BCC.
-
-
-
-
109
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0000329525
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β-H bonds, and by the proclivity of the complexes to undergo β-hydride elimination. In these cases M⋯H-C bonding may be viewed as an intramolecular form of σ-complexation. See, for example: R. H. Crabtree, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 828-845; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 789-805.
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(1993)
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, pp. 828-845
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Crabtree, R.H.1
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110
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33745385639
-
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β-H bonds, and by the proclivity of the complexes to undergo β-hydride elimination. In these cases M⋯H-C bonding may be viewed as an intramolecular form of σ-complexation. See, for example: R. H. Crabtree, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 828-845; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 789-805.
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(1993)
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111
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0003763724
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Nonius B. V., Delft (The Netherlands)
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a) COLLECT Data Collection Software, Nonius B. V., Delft (The Netherlands), 1998;
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112
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0031059866
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(Eds.: C. W. Carter, Jr., R. M. Sweet), Academic Press, San Diego
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Z. Otwinowski, W. Minor, Processing of X-ray Diffraction Data Collected in Oscillation Mode, Volume 276: Macromolecular Crystallography, Part A (Eds.: C. W. Carter, Jr., R. M. Sweet), Academic Press, San Diego, 1997, pp. 307-326.
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Otwinowski, Z.1
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Free University of Berlin (Germany)
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T. Koritsanszky, S. T. Howard, Z. Su, P. R. Mallinson, T. Richter, N. K. Hansen, XD, Computer Program Package for Multipole Refinement and Analysis of Electron Densities from Diffraction Data, Free University of Berlin (Germany), 1997
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(1997)
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Koritsanszky, T.1
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b) C. Lee, W. Yang, R. G. Parr, Phys. Rev. B 1988, 37, 785-789.
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M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, V. G. Zakrzewski, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., R. E. Stratman, J. C. Burant, S. Dapprich, J. M. Millam, A. D. Daniels, K. N. Kudin, M. C. Strain, O. Farkas, J. Tomasi, V. Barone, M. Cossi, R. Cammi, B. Mennucci, C. Pomelli, C. Adamo, S. Clifford, J. Ochterski, G. A. Petersson, P. Y. Ayala, Q. Cui, K. Morokuma, D. K. Malick, A. D. Rabuck, K. Raghavachari, J. B. Foresman, J. Cioslowski, J. V. Ortiz, A. G. Baboul, B. B. Stefanov, G. Liu, A. Liashenko, P. Piskorz, I. Komaromi, R. Gomperts, R. L. Martin, D. J. Fox, T. Keith, M. A. Al-Laham, C. Y. Peng, A. Nanayakkara, C. Gonzalez, M. Challacombe, P. M. W. Gill, B. Johnson, W. Chen, M. W. Wong, J. L. Andres, C. Gonzalez, M. Head-Gordon, E. S. Replogle, J. A. Pople, GAUSSIAN 98, revision A.7, Gaussian, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 1998.
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Frisch, M.J.1
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124
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a) R. Krishnan, J. S. Binkley, R. Seeger, J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 72, 650-654;
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127
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43949164303
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In the case of the titanium atom a slightly modified contraction scheme was used (see Supporting Information for details) and the basis set was complemented with an additional f-polarization function (A. W. Ehlers, M. Böhme, S. Dapprich, A. Gobbi, A. Höllwarth, V. Jonas, K. F. Köhler, R. Stegmann, A. Veldkamp, G. Frenking, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 208, 111-114).
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128
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a) F. W. Biegler-König, R. F. W. Bader, T. Tang, J. Comput. Chem. 1982, 3, 317-328;
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Biegler-König, F.W.1
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0003822021
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J. R. Cheeseman, T. A. Keith, R. F. W. Bader, AIMPAC program package, McMaster University, Ontario (Canada), 1994.
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130
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0347084436
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note
-
As reported earlier (see ref. [12c]) we have noted a software bug in the official XD-release which resulted in erroneous ζ-values for transition metal atoms in the XDPROP module. However, this bug had no significant influence on most of the topological values of the previous charge density model of 5. However, the Ti⋯H bond CP which was found in the previous study could not be verified by the new model using a corrected version of the XDPROP module (P. Macchi, M. Tafipolsky, Modifications to the XD code, unpublished). In any case, this result is in accord with our previous model, showing the gradient path between the ring and the Ti⋯H bond CPs to be extremely flat, with the bond and ring CPs almost merging into a singularity in ρ, a phenomenon characteristic of bond fission.
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-
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