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Volumn 9, Issue 24, 2003, Pages 6057-6070

Valence Charge Concentrations, Electron Delocalization and β-Agostic Bonding in d0 Metal Alkyl Complexes

Author keywords

Agostic interactions; Charge concentrations; Charge density analysis; Delocalization; Transition metals

Indexed keywords

ACIDITY; CHEMICAL ACTIVATION; CHEMICAL BONDS; ELECTRONS; PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION; TOPOLOGY; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS;

EID: 0346101636     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/chem.200304909     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (139)

References (130)
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    • note
    • d) we note that σ-strain is another source of bond ellipticity. However, in our model systems σ-strain plays a minor role, since no C-C bond paths display any significant bond curvature.
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    • note
    • For a definition of the bond path or atomic interaction line which follows the ridge of the charge density between bonded atoms see ref. [11].
  • 71
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    • note
    • a) According to the NLMO analysis: %s(Ca) = 59.8/38.0%, %p(Ca) = 0.3/1.0%, %d(Ca) = 39.9/61.0%, %f(Ca) = 0.0%; %s(Ca) - %f(Ca) give the hybridization at Ca for the Ca-C bond in 1 and 2, respectively;
  • 75
    • 0347714793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -5. However, these are poorly resolved in the envelope map and are better described as a single diffuse feature.
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    • note
    • -1).
  • 77
    • 0346454127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -1 relative to the agostic conformer at the B3LYP/I level of theory. This energy difference might be related to the magnitude of the agostic interaction; see ref. [7a].
  • 78
    • 0347714791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is at odds with the earlier model for agostic interactions based on a 3c-2e interaction between the C-H bond and the metal center; see ref. [6].
  • 79
    • 0345823008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • v parameter (valence shell population parameter) at Ti have been refined to account for charge transfer between the metal center and the ligands.
  • 81
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    • note
    • + (7) (Figure 5). This result might be attributed to the more ionic nature of 5 in the experimental solid state structure in comparison with the theoretical gas-phase model. Indeed the Ti-Cl bond length of 2.4223(2) Å in the solid state structure is remarkably long and suggests a significantly weakened Ti-Cl bond, albeit still intact.
  • 87
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    • -1) is rather small, and this situation can easily be reversed using other basis set combinations such as the DZVP basis; see N. Godbout, D. R. Salahub, J. Andzelm, E. Wimmer, Can. J. Chem. 1992, 70, 560-571. In the latter case the staggered conformer becomes energetically favored on the potential energy surface.
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    • Godbout, N.1    Salahub, D.R.2    Andzelm, J.3    Wimmer, E.4
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    • 0345823007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 3 hybridization.
  • 89
    • 0347714786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -5). As a result the major axis of curvature is aligned out-of-plane between the points "5" and "7".
  • 90
    • 0347084439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • β bond length was confirmed (1.513(1) and 1.521 Å in experiment and theory, respectively).
  • 91
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    • note
    • β bond lengths in transition metal ethyl compounds based on 107 X-ray structures in the Cambridge Structural Database 5.10 (see ref. [7a], [49]) yields an average of 1.475 A. We note that C-C bond lengths may be systematically shortened by incomplete allowance for librational motion in simple harmonic refinement of atomic displacement parameters. This stresses the need for high order reflection data at low temperatures, and models which account for the aspherical features of the electron density, in order to obtain accurate bond lengths from X-ray data.
  • 94
    • 0347714789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • LICC(1) represents a (3, - 1) CP [saddle point in L(r)] in the TiCC plane of 7a and 7b and not a genuine (3, - 3) CP as in the case of 8.
  • 95
    • 0345823005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • -5 denoted LICC(1) in Figure 5c) which connects the two ligand-induced CCs of both chlorine ligands (LICC(Cl); Figure 7).
  • 97
    • 0347084437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In the case of π-acceptor ligands (10a-c) cis-LICC(2) renders into a bonding charge concentration which was nonbonding in 7a, whereas for σ-donor ligands in the complexes 11a, b it represents a (3, - 1) CP. Furthermore, cis-LICC(1) develops from a (3, - 1) CP in 7a into a genuine (3, - 3) CP for both, σ-donor (11a, b) and π-acceptor (10a-c) ligands employed in our study.
  • 98
    • 0003677962 scopus 로고
    • Wiley, New York
    • This feature is in accord with theoretical treatments of the (kinetic) trans effect, whereby the stability of the transition state is dictated by the σ-donor and π-acceptor properties of the ligands. The π-effects are not really pronounced in the Lewis-acidic models 10a-c but still noticeable. See, for example: a) F. Basolo, R. G. Pearson, Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions, Wiley, New York, 1968;
    • (1968) Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions
    • Basolo, F.1    Pearson, R.G.2
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    • 0030862650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • - (See, for example: a) ref. [4c]; b) G. S. McGrady, A. J. Downs, N. C. Bednall, D. C. McKean, W. Thiel, V. Jonas, G. Frenking, W. Scherer, J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1951-1968; c) S. Kleinhenz, K. Seppelt, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3573-3580.) Hence, the distinction between pure σ-donor and σ-donor/π-donor ligands does not appear to be crucial to the manipulation of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes: both types of ligand weaken the agostic interaction of a C-H group in trans-position.
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    • 0000831336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ref. [4c]
    • - (See, for example: a) ref. [4c]; b) G. S. McGrady, A. J. Downs, N. C. Bednall, D. C. McKean, W. Thiel, V. Jonas, G. Frenking, W. Scherer, J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1951-1968; c) S. Kleinhenz, K. Seppelt, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3573-3580.) Hence, the distinction between pure σ-donor and σ-donor/π-donor ligands does not appear to be crucial to the manipulation of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes: both types of ligand weaken the agostic interaction of a C-H group in trans-position.
  • 103
    • 0000831336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • - (See, for example: a) ref. [4c]; b) G. S. McGrady, A. J. Downs, N. C. Bednall, D. C. McKean, W. Thiel, V. Jonas, G. Frenking, W. Scherer, J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1951-1968; c) S. Kleinhenz, K. Seppelt, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3573-3580.) Hence, the distinction between pure σ-donor and σ-donor/π-donor ligands does not appear to be crucial to the manipulation of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes: both types of ligand weaken the agostic interaction of a C-H group in trans-position.
    • (1997) J. Phys. Chem. A , vol.101 , pp. 1951-1968
    • McGrady, G.S.1    Downs, A.J.2    Bednall, N.C.3    McKean, D.C.4    Thiel, W.5    Jonas, V.6    Frenking, G.7    Scherer, W.8
  • 104
    • 0032803611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • - (See, for example: a) ref. [4c]; b) G. S. McGrady, A. J. Downs, N. C. Bednall, D. C. McKean, W. Thiel, V. Jonas, G. Frenking, W. Scherer, J. Phys. Chem. A 1997, 101, 1951-1968; c) S. Kleinhenz, K. Seppelt, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 3573-3580.) Hence, the distinction between pure σ-donor and σ-donor/π-donor ligands does not appear to be crucial to the manipulation of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes: both types of ligand weaken the agostic interaction of a C-H group in trans-position.
    • (1999) Chem. Eur. J. , vol.5 , pp. 3573-3580
    • Kleinhenz, S.1    Seppelt, K.2
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    • a) These conclusions are in accord with theoretical treatments of the static trans effect or trans influence, whereby the stability of the ground state is dictated mainly by the σ-donor and to a lesser extent by the π-acceptor properties of the ligands. See, for example: T. G. Appleton, H. C. Clark, L. E. Manzer, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1973, 10, 335-422. Thus, as a spin-off from this study, both the trans effect and the trans influence may be rationalized in terms of charge density-based criteria.
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    • Appleton, T.G.1    Clark, H.C.2    Manzer, L.E.3
  • 106
    • 0347084438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • β contacts do not appear to compensate significantly opposing regions of charge depletions-as expected for weak interactions. This might be a general and characteristic feature of agostic interactions in early transition metal alkyl complexes.
  • 107
    • 0347714787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2]+).
  • 108
    • 0347714788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • α) is quite different in 11b and 11c, respectively. Thus, the σ-donor coordination in the position trans to the alkyl group leads to an increase in the BCC.
  • 109
    • 0000329525 scopus 로고
    • β-H bonds, and by the proclivity of the complexes to undergo β-hydride elimination. In these cases M⋯H-C bonding may be viewed as an intramolecular form of σ-complexation. See, for example: R. H. Crabtree, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 828-845; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 789-805.
    • (1993) Angew. Chem. , vol.105 , pp. 828-845
    • Crabtree, R.H.1
  • 110
    • 33745385639 scopus 로고
    • β-H bonds, and by the proclivity of the complexes to undergo β-hydride elimination. In these cases M⋯H-C bonding may be viewed as an intramolecular form of σ-complexation. See, for example: R. H. Crabtree, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 828-845; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 789-805.
    • (1993) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. , vol.32 , pp. 789-805
  • 111
    • 0003763724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonius B. V., Delft (The Netherlands)
    • a) COLLECT Data Collection Software, Nonius B. V., Delft (The Netherlands), 1998;
    • (1998) COLLECT Data Collection Software
  • 130
    • 0347084436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As reported earlier (see ref. [12c]) we have noted a software bug in the official XD-release which resulted in erroneous ζ-values for transition metal atoms in the XDPROP module. However, this bug had no significant influence on most of the topological values of the previous charge density model of 5. However, the Ti⋯H bond CP which was found in the previous study could not be verified by the new model using a corrected version of the XDPROP module (P. Macchi, M. Tafipolsky, Modifications to the XD code, unpublished). In any case, this result is in accord with our previous model, showing the gradient path between the ring and the Ti⋯H bond CPs to be extremely flat, with the bond and ring CPs almost merging into a singularity in ρ, a phenomenon characteristic of bond fission.


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