Slippery surfaces of carnivorous plants: Composition of epicuticular wax crystals in Nepenthes alata Blanco pitchers

Planta

Volumn 218, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 87-97

  Riedel, Michael ^a   Eichner, Anna ^a   Jetter, Reinhard ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Carnivorous plants; Epicuticular wax crystals; Insect attachment; Mechanical wax removal; Nepenthes; Plant insect interaction

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDES; CRYSTALS; NUTRITION; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SOLUBILITY; WAXES;

NUTRIENTS;

PLANTS (BOTANY);

ANIMALIA; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; NEPENTHES; NEPENTHES ALATA;

EID: 0346038835     PISSN: 00320935     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-1075-7     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. An C-I, Fukusaki E, Kobayashi A (2002a) Aspartic proteinases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco. Planta 214:661-667
2. An C-I, Takekawa S, Okazawa A, Fukusaki E, Kobayashi A (2002b) Degradation of a peptide in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco. Planta 215:472-477
3. Attagalle AB, Aneshansley DJ, Meinwald J, Eisner T (2000) Defence by foot adhesion in a chrysomelid beetle (Hemisphaerota cyanea): characterisation of the adhesive oil. Zoology 103:1-6
4. Baker EA (1982) Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. In: Cutler DF, Alvin KL, Price CE (eds) The plant cuticle. Academic Press, London, pp 139-166
5. Beutel RG, Gorb SN (2001) Ultrastructure of attachment specializations of hexapodes (Arthropoda): evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny. J Zool Syst Evol Res 39:177-207
6. Bianchi G (1995) Plant waxes. In: Hamilton RJ (ed) Waxes: chemistry, molecular biology and functions. Oily Press, Dundee, UK, pp 177-222
7. Brennan EB, Weinbaum SA (2001) Effect of epicuticular wax on adhesion of psyllids to glaucous juvenile and glossy adult leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labillargière. Aust J Entomol 40:270-277
8. Darwin C (1875) Insectivorous plants. John Murray, London
9. Eigenbrode SD (1996) Plant surface waxes and insect behaviour. In: Kersteins G (ed) Plant cuticles. BIOS, Oxford, pp 201-221
10. Eigenbrode SD, Kabalo NN (1999) Effects of Brassica oleracea waxblooms on predation and attachment by Hippodamia convergens. Entomol Exp Appl 91:125-130
11. Eigenbrode SD, Castagnola T, Roux M-B, Steljes L (1996) Mobility of three generalist predators is greater on cabbage with glossy leaf wax than on cabbage with a wax bloom. Entomol Exp Appl 81:335-343
12. Eigenbrode SD, Kabalo NN, Stoner KA (1999) Predation, behaviour, and attachment by Chrysoperla ploribunda larvae on Brassica oleracea with different surface waxblooms. Entomol Exp Appl 90:225-235
13. Eisner T, Aneshansley DJ (2000) Defence by foot adhesion in a beetle (Hemisphaerota cyanea). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6568-6573
14. Ensikat HJ, Neinhuis C, Barthlott W (2000) Direct access to plant epicuticular wax crystals by a new mechanical isolation method. Int J Plant Sci 161:143-148
15. Federle W, Maschwitz U, Fiala B, Riederer M, Hölldobler B (1997) Slippery ant-plants and skilful climbers: selection and protection of specific ant partners by epicuticular wax blooms in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Oecologia 112:217-224
16. Federle W, Rohrseitz K, Hölldobler B (2000) Attachment forces of ants measured with a centrifuge: better 'wax-runners' have poorer attachment to a smooth surface. J Exp Biol 203:505-512
17. Federle W, Brainerd EL, McMahon TA, Hölldobler B (2001) Biomechanics of the movable pretarsal adhesive organ in ants and bees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:6215-6220
18. Gaume L, Gorb SN, Rowe N (2002) Function of epidermal surfaces in the trapping efficiency of Nepenthes alata pitchers. New Phytol 156:479-489
19. Gorb S (2001) Attachment devices of insect cuticle. Kluwer, Dordrecht
20. Haas K, Brune T, Rücker E (2001) Epicuticular wax crystalloids in rice and sugar cane leaves are reinforced by polymeric aldehydes. J Appl Bot 75:178-187
21. Holloway PJ (1984) Surface lipids of plants and animals. In: Mangold HK, Zweig G, Sherma J (eds) Handbook of chromatography, Lipids vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 347-380
22. Holloway PJ, Jeffree CE, Baker EA (1976) Structural determination of secondary alcohols from plant epicuticular waxes. Phytochemistry 15:1768-1770
23. Jeffree CE (1986) The cuticle, epicuticular waxes and trichomes of plants, with reference to their structure, functions and evolution. In: Juniper BE, Southwood SR (eds) Insects and the plant surface. Arnold, London, pp 23-63
24. Jeffree CE, Baker EA, Holloway PJ (1976) Origins of the fine structure of plant epicuticular waxes. In: Dickinson CH, Preece TF (eds) Microbiology of aerial plant surfaces. Academic Press, London, pp 199-158
25. Jetter R, Riederer M (1994) Epicuticular crystals of nonacosan-10-ol: in-vitro reconstitution and factors influencing crystal habits. Planta 195:257-270
26. Jetter R, Riederer M (1995) In vitro reconstitution of epicuticular wax crystals: formation of tubular aggregates by long-chain secondary alcohols. Bot Acta 108:111-120
27. Jetter R, Schäffer S (2001) Chemical composition of the Prunus laurocerasus leaf surface. Dynamic changes of the epicuticular wax film during leaf development. Plant Physiol 126:1-13
28. Jetter R, Schäffer S, Riederer M (2000) Leaf cuticular waxes are arranged in chemically and mechanically distinct layers: evidence from Prunus laurocerasus L. Plant Cell Environ 23:619-628
29. Juniper BE (1995) Waxes on plant surfaces and their interactions with insects. In: Hamilton RJ (ed) Waxes: chemistry, molecular biology and functions. Oily Press, Dundee, UK, pp 157-174
30. Juniper BE, Burras JK (1962) How pitcher plants trap insects. New Sci 13:75-77
31. Juniper BE, Robins RJ, Joel DM (1989) The carnivorous plants. Academic Press, London
32. Knoll F (1914) Über die Ursache des Ausgleitens der Insektenbeine an wachsbedeckten Pflanzenteilen. Jahrb Wiss Bot 54:448-497
33. Lamberton JA (1965) The long-chain aldehydes of sugar-cane wax. Aust J Chem 18:911-913
34. Lamberton JA, Redcliffe AH (1960) The chemistry of sugar-cane wax. Aust J Chem 13:261-268
35. Lloyd FE (1942) The carnivorous plants. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, MA
36. Mcfarlane JM (1893) Observations on pitchered insectivorous plants, part II. Ann Bot 7:401-458
37. Owen TP Jr, Lennon KA (1999) Structure and development of the pitchers from the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata (Nepenthaceae). Am J Bot 86:1382-1390
38. Owen TP Jr, Lennon KA, Santo MJ, Anderson AN (1999) Pathways for nutrient transport in the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata. Ann Bot 84:459-466
39. Scherge M, Gorb SN (2001) Biological micro-and nanotribology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
40. Schulze W, Schulze ED, Pate JS, Gillison AN (1997) The nitrogen supply from soils and insects during growth of the pitcher plants Nepenthes mirabilis, Cephalotus follicularis and Darlingtonia californica. Oecologia 112:464-471
41. Stork NE (1980) Role of wax blooms in preventing attachment to brassicas by the mustard beetle, Phaedon cochleariae. Entomol Exp Appl 28:100-107
42. Vötsch W, Nicholson G, Müller R, Stierhof Y-D, Gorb S, Schwarz U (2002) Chemical composition of the attachment pad secretion of the locust Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 32:1605-1613
43. Walton TJ (1990) Waxes, cutin and suberin. In: Harwood JL, Boyer J (eds) Methods in plant biochemistry, vol 4. Academic Press, London, pp 106-158