The Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale - Revisited

Journal of Psychopharmacology

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 365-370

  Barnes, Thomas R E ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Akathisia; Antipsychotic medication

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ACTIMETRY; AKATHISIA; BARNES AKATHISIA RATING SCALE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; RATING SCALE; RELIABILITY; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCORING SYSTEM; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ACUTE DISEASE; AKATHISIA, DRUG-INDUCED; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 0346024155     PISSN: 02698811     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269881103174013     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Adler L, Angrist B, Reiter S, Rotrosen J (1989) Neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a review. Psychopharmacology 97: 1-11
2. Adler L A, Rotrosen J, Edson R, Lavori P, Lohr J, Hitzemann R, Raisch D, Caligiuri M, Tracy K, and the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394 Study Group (1999) Vitamin E treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 836-841
3. Akagi H, Kumar M (2002) Akathisia: overlooked at a cost. BMJ 324: 1506-1507
4. Atbasoglu E C, Schultz S K, Andreasen N C (2001) The relationship of akathisia with suicidality and depersonalization among patients with schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 13: 336-341
5. Azhar M Z, Varma S L (1992) Akathisia-induced suicidal behaviour. Eur Psychiatry 7: 239-241
6. Barnes T R E (1989) A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry 154: 672-676
7. Barnes T R E (1992a) Neuromuscular effects of neuroleptics: akathisia. In Kane J M, Lieberman J A (eds), pp. 201-217. Adverse effects of psychotropic drugs. The Guilford Press, New York
8. Barnes T R E (1992b) Clinical assessment of the extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic drugs. J Psychopharmacol 6: 214-221
9. Barnes T R E, Braude W M (1985) Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 874-878
10. Barnes T R E, Braude W M, Hill D J (1982) Acute akathisia after oral droperidol and metoclopramide preoperative medication. Lancet 2: 48-49
11. Barnes T R E, Halstead S M, Little P (1992) Relation between iron status and chronic akathisia in an inpatient population with chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 161: 791-796
12. Beasley C M, Tollefson G, Tran P, Satterlee W, Sanger T, Hamilton S and the Olanzapine HGAD Study Group (1996) Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 14: 111-123
13. Berardi D, Gianelli A, Barnes T R E (2000) Clinical correlates of akathisia in acute psychiatric inpatients. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 15: 215-219
14. Berk M, Brook S, Nur F (2000) Risperidone compared to haloperidol in cannabis-induced psychotic disorder: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 4: 139-142
15. Braude W M, Barnes T R E, Gore S M (1983) Clinical characteristics of akathisia. A systematic investigation of acute psychiatric inpatient admissions. Br J Psychiatry 143: 139-150
16. Braude W M, Charles I P, Barnes T R E (1984) Course, jerky, foot tremor: tremographic investigation of an objective sign of acute akathisia. Psychopharmacology 82: 95-101
17. Brown K W, White T (1991) Pseudoakathisia and negative symptoms in schizophrenic subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 84: 107-109
18. Brune M (1999) The incidence of akathisia in bipolar affective disorder treated with neurolepties - a preliminary report. J Affect Disord 53: 175-177
19. Burke R E, Kang U J, Jankovic J, Miller L G, Fahn S (1989) Tardive akathisia: An analysis of clinical features and response to open therapeutic trials. Movement Disord 4: 157-175
20. Chong S A, Mythily, Remington G (2003) Clinical characteristics and associated factors in antipsychotic-induced akathisia of Asian patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 59: 67-71
21. Crowner M L, Douyon R, Convit A, Gaztanaga P, Volavka J, Bakall R (1990) Akathisia and violence. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 115-117
22. Cunningham Owens D G (1999) A guide to the extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic drugs. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge
23. Drake R E, Ehrlich J (1985) Suicide attempts associated with akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 142: 499-501
24. Edson R, Lavori P, Tracy K, Adler L A, Rotrosen J (1997) Interrater reliability issues in multicentre trials, part II: statistical procedures used in Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394. Psychopharmacol Bull 33: 59-67
25. Fischel T, Hermesh H, Aizenberg D, Zemishlany Z, Munitz H, Benjamin Y, Weizman A (2001) Cyproheptadine versus propranolol for the treatment of acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a comparative double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21: 612-615
26. Fleischhaker W W, Miller C H, Barnas C, Bergmann K, Perovich R, Alvir J M, Lieberman J A, Kane J M (1993) The effect of activation procedures on neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry 163: 781-784
27. Fleishman S B, Lavin M R, Sattler M, Szarka H (1994) Antiemetic-induced akathisia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 151: 763-765
28. Gardos G, Teicher M H, Lipinski J F Jr, Matthews J D, Morrison L, Conley C, Cole J O (1992) Quantitative assessment of psychomotor activity in patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 16: 27-37
29. Gattera J A, Charles B G, Williams G M, Cavenagh J D, Smithurst B A, Luchjenbroers J (1994) A retrospective study of risk factors of akathisia in the terminally ill patients. J Pain Symptom Manag 91: 454-461
30. Gervin M, Barnes T R E (2000) Assessment of drug-related movement disorders in schizophrenia. Adv Psychiatr Treat 6: 332-343
31. Gibb W R G, Lees A J (1986) The clinical phenomenon of akathisia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 861-866
32. Gruber O, Northoff G, Pflug B (2000) Effects of activation procedures in acute neuroleptics-induced akathisia. Nervenarzt 71: 30-37
33. Hale A, Azorin J-M, Kasper S, Maier W, Syvalahti E, Van der Burght M, Sloth-Nielsen M, Wehnert A (2000) Sertindole is associated with a low level of extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenic patients: Results of a phase III trial. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 4: 47-54
34. Halliday J, Farrington S, Macdonald S, MacEwan T, Sharkey V, McCreadie R (2002) Nithsdale schizophrenia surveys 23: movement disorders. 20-year review. Br J Psychiatry 181: 422-427
35. Halstead S M, Barnes T R E, Speller J C (1994) Akathisia: prevalence and associated dysphoria in an inpatient population with chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 164: 177-183
36. Hamilton M S, Opler L A (1992) Akathisia, suicidality and fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry 53: 401-406
37. Hansen L (2001) A critical review of akathisia, and its possible association with suicidal behaviour. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 16: 495-505
38. Hansen L, Wilkinson D G (2001) Drug-induced akathisia, suicidal ideation and its treatment in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 230-236
39. Havaki-Kontaxaki B J, Kontaxakis V P, Christodoulou G N (2000) Prevalence and characteristics of patients with pseudoakathisia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 10: 333-336
40. Inada T (1996) Recent research trends in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of drug-indiced extrapyramidal symptoms seen in psychiatric patients. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yagurigaku Zasshi 16: 181-185
41. Inada T, Yagi G (1996) Current topics in neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in Japan. Keio J Med 45: 95-99
42. Inada T, Beasley C M, Tanaka Y, Walker D J (2003) Extrapyramidal symptom profiles assessed with the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptom Scale: comparison with Western scales in the clinical double-blind studies of schizophrenic patients treated with either olanzapine or haloperidol. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 18: 39-48
43. Kahn E M, Munetz M R, Davies M A, Schulz S C (1992) Akathisia: clinical phenomenology and relationship to tardive dyskinesia. Comp Psychiatry 33: 233-236
44. Kane J M, Marder S R, Schooler N R, Wirshing W C, Umbricht D, Baker R W, Wirshing D A, Safferman A, Ganguli R, McMeniman M, Borenstein M (2001) Clozapine and haloperidol in moderately refractory schizophrenia: a 6-month randomized and double-blind comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 965-972
45. Keck P E Jr, Reeves K R, Harrigan E P, Daniel D, Zimbroff D, Potkin S, Tandon R, Peabody C, Buffenstein A, Ferguson J, Nash R, Preskorn S, Borison R, Tohen M, Claghorn J, Lesem M, Jaskiw G, Merideth C, Risch S C, Sernyak M, Lohr J, Fabre L, Burke W, Houck C, Carman J, Addington D, Byerly M, Kirby L, Knesevich M A, Meltzer H, Pahl J, Garver D, Griffith J, Gelenberg A, Hammond R, Halbreich U, McKenna K, Ananth J, Shehi G M, Posever T, Dubin W, Jaffe R, Rosenthal R, Klopper J, Sidhu A, Weise C, Feighner J, Nakra B R (2001) Ziprasidone in the short term treatment of patients with schizoaffective disorder: results from two double-blind, placebo-controlled. multicentre studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21: 27-35
46. Kim J-H, Lee B C, Park H-J, Ahn Y M, Kang U G, Kim Y S (2002) Subjective emotional experience and cognitive impairment in drug-induced akathisia. Comp Psychiatry 43: 456-462
47. King D J, Burke M, Lucas R A (1995) Antipsychotic drug-induced dysphoria. Br J Psychiatry 167: 480-482
48. Kruse W (1960) Persistent muscular restlessness after phenothiazine treatment, report of three cases. Am J Psychiatry 117: 152-153
49. Kuloglu M, Atmaca M, Üstündag B, Canatan H, Gecici O, Tezcan E (2003) Serum iron levels in schizophrenic patients with or without akathisia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 13: 67-71
50. Loo H, Poirier-Littre M-F, Theron M, Rein W, Fleurot O (1997) Amisulpride versus placebo in the medium-term treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 170: 18-22
51. Loonen A J M, Doorschot C H, Van Hemert D A, Oostelbos M C J M, Sijben A E S, Resida B, Kwakkelstein M, Sterrenburg C, Timmerman L, Van Zonneveld Th, Kuelmans R, Delescen E, Van der Veer J, Garenfeld W, Ackersmans G, Doorschot C, Van Rooij W, Maton Ch, Kaethoven H, Standaert W, Pepping M, Jogems B, Schenkelaars F, Van Gool M, Sturkenboom J, Perquin L, Halkema R, Wesselius J, Hanekroot K, Beyaert E, Kempe P (2000) The schedule for the assessment of drug-induced movement disorders (SADIMoD): test-retest reliability and concurrent validity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 3: 285-296
52. McCreadie R G, Robertson L J, Wiles D H (1992) The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys. IX: akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia and plasma neuroleptic levels. Br J Psychiatry 161: 793-799
53. Marder S R, Van Putten T, Wirshing W C, Aravagiri M, Hicks-Gray T (1991) Subjective experiences of extrapyramidal side-effects in schizophrenia, In G Racagni. N Brunello. T Fukuda (eds), Biological psychiatry, vol. 1, pp. 590-592. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam
54. Miller C H, Mohr F, Umbricht D, Woerner M, Fleischhacker W W, Lieberman J A (1998) The prevalence of acute extrapyramidal signs and symptoms in patients treated with clozapine, risperidone, and conventional antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 59: 69-75
55. Modestin J, Stephan P L, Erni T, Umari T (2000) Prevalence of extrapyramidal syndromes in psychiatric inpatients and the relationship of clozapine treatment to tardive dyskinesia. Schizophr Res 42: 223-230
56. Munetz M R (1986) Akathisia variants and tardive dyskinesia (letter). Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 1015
57. Munetz M R, Cornes C L (1982) Akathisia, pseudoakathisia and tardive dyskinesia. Comp Psychiatry 23: 345-352
58. Novak-Grubic V, Tavcar R (2002) Predictors of noncompliance in males with first-episode schizophrenia, schizophreniform and schizoaffective disorder. Eur Psychiatry 17: 148-154
59. Popli A, Gupta S (1993) Polypharmacy, akathisia and associated suicide attempts. Depression 1: 53-55
60. Poyurovsky M, Shardorodsky M, Fuchs C, Schneiderman M, Weizman A (1999) Treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia with the 5-HT2 antagonist mianserin. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 174: 238-242
61. Poyurovsky M, Nave R, Epstein R, Tzischinsky O, Schneidman M, Barnes T R E, Weizman A, Lavie P (2000) Actigraphic monitoring (actigraphy) of circadian locomotor activity in schizophrenic patients with acute neuroleptics-induced akathisia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 10: 171-176
62. Pujalte D, Bottï T, Huë B, Alric R, Pouget R, Blayac J P, Petit P (1994) A double-blind comparison of clonazepam and placebo in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Clin Neuropsychopharmacol 17: 236-242
63. Rapoport A, Stein D, Grinshpoon A, Elizur A (1994) Akathisia and pseudoakathisia: clinical observations and accelerometric recordings. J Clin Psychiatry 55: 473-477
64. Raskin D E (1972) Akathisia: a side-effect to be remembered. Am J Psychiatry 129: 345-347
65. Sachdev P, Loneragan C (1991) Acute drug-induced akathisia is not associated with low serum iron status. Psychopharmacology 103: 138-139
66. Sachdev P (1994) A rating scale for acute drug-induced akathisia; development, reliability and validity. Biol Psychiatry 35: 263-271
67. Schulte J R (1985) Homicide and suicide associated with akathisia and haloperidol. Am J Forens Psychiatry 6: 3-7
68. Shaw E D, Mann J J, Weiden P J, Sinsheimer L M, Brunn R D (1986) A case of suicidal and homicidal ideation and akathisia in a double-blind neuroleptic cross-over study (letter). J Clin Psychopharmacol 6: 196-197
69. Shear M K, Frances A, Weiden P (1983) Suicide associated with akathisia and depot fluphenazine treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 3: 235-236
70. Sicard J A (1923) Akathisie et tasikinesie. La Presse Medicale 23: 265-266
71. Small J G, Hirsch S R, Arvanitis L A, Miller B G, Link C G G, Murphy A L, Bowden C L, O'Brien C P, Steinbook R M, Wagner R L, Pitts W M Jr, Corrigan M H N, Lohr J B, Miller A L, Ereshefsky L, Anderson C B, Knesevich M A, Rotrosen J, Owen R R Jr, Karson C N, Lindenmayer J P, Pfefferbaum A, Faustman W O, Keck P E Jr, Patterson W M, Riesenberg R A, Gladson M B, Kolin I S, Barnes T R E, Sensky T, Riccio M, Franks S, Jolley A, Hallstrom C, Bennie E, Darcourt G, Patris M, DeSilva M, Patel A G, Fleischhacker W W, Dietzel M, Seifertova D, Vinar O, Faltus F, Bitter I, Ozsvath K, Shaw S H, Mahapatra S N, Szulecka T K, Sundararajan E K, Creaven F, Lynch J, Klieser E, Cooper S J, Aschauer H (1997) Quetiapine in patients with schizophrenia: a high- and low-dose double-blind comparison with placebo. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54: 549-557
72. Stahl F M (1985) Akathisia and tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 915-917
73. Stein M B, Pohlman E R (1987) Tardive akathisia associated with low-dose haloperidol use. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7: 202-203
74. Sweet R A, De Sensi E G, Zubenko G S (1993) Reliability in applicability of movement disorder rating scales in the elderly. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 5: 56-60
75. Tarsy D, Baldessarini R J, Tarazi F I (2002) Effects of newer antipsychotics on extrapyramidal function. CNS Drugs 16: 23-45
76. Tracy K, Adler L A, Rotrosen J, Edson R, Lavori P (1997) Interrater reliability issues in multicentre trials, part I: theoretical concepts and operational procedures used in Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394. Psychopharmacol Bull 33: 53-57
77. Tuisku K, Lauerma H, Holi M, Markkula J, Rimon R (1999) Measuring neuroleptic-induced akathisia by three-channel actometry. Schizophrenia Research 40: 105-110
78. Van den Bos H, Rosenbauer C, Goldney R D (1999) The assessment of involuntary movement disturbances in a psychiatric hospital population: an Australian experience. Austral J Psychopharmacol 9: 43-47
79. Van Putten T (1975) The many faces of akathisia. Comp Psychiatry 16: 43-47
80. Van Putten T, Marder S R (1986) Towards a more reliable diagnosis of akathisia (letter). Arch General Psychiatry 43: 1015-1016
81. Vinson D R, Drotts D L (2001) Diphenhydramine for the prevention of akathisia induced by prochlorperazine: a randomized, controlled trial. Annal Emerg Med 37: 125-131
82. Walters A S, Hening W, Chokroverty S, Duvoisin R (1989) Restlessness of the arms as the principal manifestation of neuroleptic-induced akathisia. J Neurol 236: 435
83. Weddington W W Jr, Banner A (1986) Organic affective syndrome associated with metoclopramide: case report. J Clin Psychiatry 47: 208-209
84. Weiden P J, Mann J, Haas G, Mattson M, Frances A (1987) Clinical nonrecognition of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders: a cautionary study. Am J Psychiatry 144: 1148-1153