Conformity, Diversity, and Difference in Antipodean Physical Culture: The Indelible Influence of Immigration, Ethnicity, and Race during the Formative Years of Organized Sport in Australia, c.1788-1918

Immigrants and Minorities

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 14-48

  Adair, Daryl ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0345985802     PISSN: 02619288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02619288.1998.9974927     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. J. Jupp (ed.), The Australian People: An Encylopaedia of the Nation, Its People, and Their Origins (North Ryde, NSW, 1988); J. Jupp, Immigration (Sydney, 1991).
2. J. Jupp (ed.), The Australian People: An Encylopaedia of the Nation, Its People, and Their Origins (North Ryde, NSW, 1988); J. Jupp, Immigration (Sydney, 1991).
3. R. Cher and I.F. Jobling, 'Bocce', and R. Marsh, 'Wrestling', in W. Vamplew, K. Moore, J. O'Hara, R. Cashman, and I.F. Jobling (eds.), Oxford Companion to Australian Sport (hereafter OCAS), 2nd edn (Melbourne, 1994), pp.62-3, 385-6; P. Corris, Lords of the Ring: A History of Prize-fighting in Australia (North Ryde, NSW, 1980), pp.176-9.
4. R. Cher and I.F. Jobling, 'Bocce', and R. Marsh, 'Wrestling', in W. Vamplew, K. Moore, J. O'Hara, R. Cashman, and I.F. Jobling (eds.), Oxford Companion to Australian Sport (hereafter OCAS), 2nd edn (Melbourne, 1994), pp.62-3, 385-6; P. Corris, Lords of the Ring: A History of Prize-fighting in Australia (North Ryde, NSW, 1980), pp.176-9.
5. See C. Tatz, Obstacle Race: Aborigines in Sport (Sydney, 1995).
6. See P.A. Mosely, Ethnic Involvement in Australian Soccer (Canberra, 1995).
7. Jupp, Immigration, pp.101-21, 128.
8. P.A. Mosely, R. Cashman, J. O'Hara and H. Weatherburn (eds.), Sporting Immigrants: Sport and Ethnicity in Australia (Crows Nest, NSW, 1997), Chs.11, 20.
9. See B. Harris, The Proud Champions: Australia's Aboriginal Sporting Heroes (Crows Nest, NSW, 1989); Tatz, Obstacle Race, Ch.15; Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, pp.17-25.
10. See B. Harris, The Proud Champions: Australia's Aboriginal Sporting Heroes (Crows Nest, NSW, 1989); Tatz, Obstacle Race, Ch.15; Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, pp.17-25.
11. See B. Harris, The Proud Champions: Australia's Aboriginal Sporting Heroes (Crows Nest, NSW, 1989); Tatz, Obstacle Race, Ch.15; Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, pp.17-25.
12. Mosely, Sporting Immigrants, p.xv (emphasis in the original).
13. R.A. Howell and M.L. Howell, The Genesis of Sport in Queensland (St Lucia, Qld, 1992), pp.7-16; R. Schmelz, 'Ancient Australian Leisure', Sport and Leisure, No.5 (Sept. 1984), p.5.
14. R.A. Howell and M.L. Howell, The Genesis of Sport in Queensland (St Lucia, Qld, 1992), pp.7-16; R. Schmelz, 'Ancient Australian Leisure', Sport and Leisure, No.5 (Sept. 1984), p.5.
15. See J.B. Hirst, Convict Society and its Enemies (Sydney, 1983).
16. C.R. Reid, 'Tracking the Immigrants: Assisted Movement to Nineteenth-Century New South Wales', in Visible Immigrants I: Neglected Sources for the History of Australian Immigration (Canberra, 1989), pp.23-46; R. Haines, 'Shovelling Out Paupers?: Parish-assisted Emigration from England to Australia, 1834-1847', in E. Richards (ed.), Visible Immigrants 2: Poor Australian Immigrants in the Nineteenth Century (Canberra, 1991), pp.33-68; R. Haines, '"The Idle and the Drunken Won't Do There": Poverty, the New Poor Law and Nineteenth-Century Government-assisted Emigration to Australia from the United Kingdom', Australian Historical Studies, Vol.28, No.108 ( April 1997), pp.1-21.
17. C.R. Reid, 'Tracking the Immigrants: Assisted Movement to Nineteenth-Century New South Wales', in Visible Immigrants I: Neglected Sources for the History of Australian Immigration (Canberra, 1989), pp.23-46; R. Haines, 'Shovelling Out Paupers?: Parish-assisted Emigration from England to Australia, 1834-1847', in E. Richards (ed.), Visible Immigrants 2: Poor Australian Immigrants in the Nineteenth Century (Canberra, 1991), pp.33-68; R. Haines, '"The Idle and the Drunken Won't Do There": Poverty, the New Poor Law and Nineteenth-Century Government-assisted Emigration to Australia from the United Kingdom', Australian Historical Studies, Vol.28, No.108 ( April 1997), pp.1-21.
18. C.R. Reid, 'Tracking the Immigrants: Assisted Movement to Nineteenth-Century New South Wales', in Visible Immigrants I: Neglected Sources for the History of Australian Immigration (Canberra, 1989), pp.23-46; R. Haines, 'Shovelling Out Paupers?: Parish-assisted Emigration from England to Australia, 1834-1847', in E. Richards (ed.), Visible Immigrants 2: Poor Australian Immigrants in the Nineteenth Century (Canberra, 1991), pp.33-68; R. Haines, '"The Idle and the Drunken Won't Do There": Poverty, the New Poor Law and Nineteenth-Century Government-assisted Emigration to Australia from the United Kingdom', Australian Historical Studies, Vol.28, No.108 ( April 1997), pp.1-21.
19. M. Hogan, The Sectarian Strand: Religion in Australian History (Ringwood, Vic., 1987); D. Adair, 'Respectable, Sober, and Industrious? Attitudes to Alcohol in Early Colonial Adelaide', Labour History (Australia), Vol. 70 (May 1986), pp.131-55.
20. M. Hogan, The Sectarian Strand: Religion in Australian History (Ringwood, Vic., 1987); D. Adair, 'Respectable, Sober, and Industrious? Attitudes to Alcohol in Early Colonial Adelaide', Labour History (Australia), Vol. 70 (May 1986), pp.131-55.
21. D. Adair, 'Public-house Sports', in Vamplew et al., OCAS, pp.282-3.
22. R. Waterhouse, 'Popular Culture and Pastimes', in N. Meaney (ed.), Under New Heavens: Cultural Transmission and the Making of Australia (Melbourne, 1989), pp.237-86; J.A. Daly, The Adelaide Hunt: A History of the Adelaide Hunt Club, 1840-1986 (Adelaide, 1986), pp.1-8; D. Whitelock, Adelaide: A Sense of Difference (Adelaide, 1985), p.240; Adair, 'Rowing and Sculling', pp.172-3.
23. R. Waterhouse, 'Popular Culture and Pastimes', in N. Meaney (ed.), Under New Heavens: Cultural Transmission and the Making of Australia (Melbourne, 1989), pp.237-86; J.A. Daly, The Adelaide Hunt: A History of the Adelaide Hunt Club, 1840-1986 (Adelaide, 1986), pp.1-8; D. Whitelock, Adelaide: A Sense of Difference (Adelaide, 1985), p.240; Adair, 'Rowing and Sculling', pp.172-3.
24. R. Waterhouse, 'Popular Culture and Pastimes', in N. Meaney (ed.), Under New Heavens: Cultural Transmission and the Making of Australia (Melbourne, 1989), pp.237-86; J.A. Daly, The Adelaide Hunt: A History of the Adelaide Hunt Club, 1840-1986 (Adelaide, 1986), pp.1-8; D. Whitelock, Adelaide: A Sense of Difference (Adelaide, 1985), p.240; Adair, 'Rowing and Sculling', pp.172-3.
25. R. Waterhouse, 'Popular Culture and Pastimes', in N. Meaney (ed.), Under New Heavens: Cultural Transmission and the Making of Australia (Melbourne, 1989), pp.237-86; J.A. Daly, The Adelaide Hunt: A History of the Adelaide Hunt Club, 1840-1986 (Adelaide, 1986), pp.1-8; D. Whitelock, Adelaide: A Sense of Difference (Adelaide, 1985), p.240; Adair, 'Rowing and Sculling', pp.172-3.
26. Sherington, Australia's Immigrants, p.66; Price, 'Immigration and Ethnic Origin', p.11; S. Wang, 'Chinese Immigration, 1840s-1890s', in Jupp, The Australian People, p.299.
27. Sherington, Australia's Immigrants, p.66; Price, 'Immigration and Ethnic Origin', p.11; S. Wang, 'Chinese Immigration, 1840s-1890s', in Jupp, The Australian People, p.299.
28. Sherington, Australia's Immigrants, p.66; Price, 'Immigration and Ethnic Origin', p.11; S. Wang, 'Chinese Immigration, 1840s-1890s', in Jupp, The Australian People, p.299.
29. See H.R. Woolcock, Rights of Passage: Emigration to Australia in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1978); P. O'Farrell, The Irish in Australia (Sydney, 1987), pp.63-5.
30. See H.R. Woolcock, Rights of Passage: Emigration to Australia in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1978); P. O'Farrell, The Irish in Australia (Sydney, 1987), pp.63-5.
31. See D. Pike, Paradise of Dissent: South Australia 1829-57, 2nd edn (Melbourne, 1967); E. Richards, 'The Peopling of South Australia', in E. Richards (ed.), The Flinders History of South Australia: Social History (Adelaide, 1986), pp.115-42.
32. See D. Pike, Paradise of Dissent: South Australia 1829-57, 2nd edn (Melbourne, 1967); E. Richards, 'The Peopling of South Australia', in E. Richards (ed.), The Flinders History of South Australia: Social History (Adelaide, 1986), pp.115-42.
33. R. Cashman, 'Ethnicity and Sport in Australia - Some General Reflections', in F. van der Merwe (ed.), Sport as Symbol, Symbols in Sport, Proceedings of the 3rd ISHPES Congress, Cape Town, 1995 (Berlin, 1996), p.147.
34. See Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, p.xvii; D. Lucas, The Welsh, Irish, Scots ana English (Canberra, 1987), pp.3-4.
35. See Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, p.xvii; D. Lucas, The Welsh, Irish, Scots ana English (Canberra, 1987), pp.3-4.
36. See D. Adair, 'Declarations of Difference: Attempts to Exclude Non-Whites From Late Colonial Australia', Flinders Journal of History and Politics, Vol.16 (1993), pp.16-26.
37. G. Partington, The Australian Nation: Its Irish and British Roots (Kew, Vic., 1994), p.ix.
38. O. MacDonagh, The Sharing of the Green: A Modern Irish History for Australians (St Leonards, NSW, 1996), p.35.
39. O. MacDonagh, 'Irish Culture and Nationalism Translated: St Patrick's Day, 1888, in Australia', in O. MacDonagh, W.F. Mandle and P. Travers (eds.), Irish Culture and Nationalism, 1750-1950 (Canberra, 1983), pp.69-82; K.S. Inglis, The Australian Colonists: An Exploration of Social History 1788-1870 (Melbourne, 1974), Ch.6.
40. O. MacDonagh, 'Irish Culture and Nationalism Translated: St Patrick's Day, 1888, in Australia', in O. MacDonagh, W.F. Mandle and P. Travers (eds.), Irish Culture and Nationalism, 1750-1950 (Canberra, 1983), pp.69-82; K.S. Inglis, The Australian Colonists: An Exploration of Social History 1788-1870 (Melbourne, 1974), Ch.6.
41. MacDonagh, 'St Patrick's Day, 1888', p.72; C. Kiernan, 'Home Rule for Ireland and the Formation of the Australian Labor Party, 1883 to 1891', Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol.38, No.1 (1992), p.7.
42. MacDonagh, 'St Patrick's Day, 1888', p.72; C. Kiernan, 'Home Rule for Ireland and the Formation of the Australian Labor Party, 1883 to 1891', Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol.38, No.1 (1992), p.7.
43. See O'Farrell, The Irish in Australia.
44. R. Cashman, Paradise of Sport: The Rise of Organised Sport in Australia (Melbourne, 1995), p.151.
45. Cashman, Paradise of Sport, p.151.
46. This approach is similar to that taken by the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs in its report, edited by Lucas, The Welsh, Irish, Scots and English; and by the demographer Charles Price, editor of Australian Immigration: A Bibliography and Digest, Vol.4 (Canberra, 1979). For an Australian study that prefers to use 'the term "ethnic" for groups and cultures of non-Anglo-Saxon background', see J.I. Martin, The Migrant Presence (Sydney, 1978), p.16.
47. This approach is similar to that taken by the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs in its report, edited by Lucas, The Welsh, Irish, Scots and English; and by the demographer Charles Price, editor of Australian Immigration: A Bibliography and Digest, Vol.4 (Canberra, 1979). For an Australian study that prefers to use 'the term "ethnic" for groups and cultures of non-Anglo-Saxon background', see J.I. Martin, The Migrant Presence (Sydney, 1978), p.16.
48. This approach is similar to that taken by the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs in its report, edited by Lucas, The Welsh, Irish, Scots and English; and by the demographer Charles Price, editor of Australian Immigration: A Bibliography and Digest, Vol.4 (Canberra, 1979). For an Australian study that prefers to use 'the term "ethnic" for groups and cultures of non-Anglo-Saxon background', see J.I. Martin, The Migrant Presence (Sydney, 1978), p.16.
49. Cashman, Paradise of Sport, p.151, quoting from O'Farrell, Irish in Australia, p. 10.
50. Cashman, Paradise of Sport, p.151, quoting from O'Farrell, Irish in Australia, p. 10.
51. Vamplew, 'Sport: More than Fun and Games', pp.445-53.
52. For further discussion, see J. Bradley, 'Inventing Australians and Constructing Englishness: Cricket and the Creation of a National Consciousness, 1860-1914', Sporting Traditions, Vol.11, No. 2 (May 1995), pp.46-50.
53. Adair, 'Rowing and Sculling', pp.176-80.
54. See G.M. Hibbins, 'The Cambridge Connection: The English Origins of Australian Rules Football', in J.A. Mangan, Cultural Bond (London, 1993), pp.108-28.
55. For detailed analysis, see M. Phillips, 'Rugby', in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart (eds.), Sport in Australia: A Social History (Melbourne, 1994), pp.193-6; M.P. Sharp, 'Australian Football in Sydney Before 1914', Sporting Traditions, Vol.4, No.1 (Nov. 1987), pp.27-46.
56. For detailed analysis, see M. Phillips, 'Rugby', in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart (eds.), Sport in Australia: A Social History (Melbourne, 1994), pp.193-6; M.P. Sharp, 'Australian Football in Sydney Before 1914', Sporting Traditions, Vol.4, No.1 (Nov. 1987), pp.27-46.
57. For further discussion, see P. Mosely and B. Murray, 'Soccer', in Vamplew and Stoddart , Sport in Australia, pp.213-17.
58. P. Horton, 'Rugby Union Football and Its Role in the Socio-Cultural Development of Queensland 1882-91', International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.9, No.1 (1992), p.122.
59. 'Football', Brisbane Courier, 9 Oct. 1883, quoted in P. Horton, 'Dominant Ideologies and their Role in the Establishment of Rugby Union Football in Victorian Queensland', International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.11, No.1 (1994), p.119.
60. 'Football', Brisbane Courier, 9 Oct. 1883, quoted in P. Horton, 'Dominant Ideologies and their Role in the Establishment of Rugby Union Football in Victorian Queensland', International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.11, No.1 (1994), p.119.
61. Sunday Times, 26 April 1903; Referee, 23 Aug.1905, quoted in Sharp, 'Australian Football in Sydney', p.38.
62. Sunday Times, 26 April 1903; Referee, 23 Aug.1905, quoted in Sharp, 'Australian Football in Sydney', p.38.
63. Sunday Times, 26 April 1903; Referee, 23 Aug.1905, quoted in Sharp, 'Australian Football in Sydney', p.38.
64. Horton, 'Dominant Ideologies', pp.119-23.
65. See Sharp, 'Australian Football in Sydney', p.35.
66. M.D. Prentis, The Scots in Australia (Sydney, 1988), p.198.
67. Prentis, Scots in Australia, pp.194-206.
68. J. Lowerson, 'Golf', in T. Mason (ed.), Sport in Britain: A Social History (Cambridge, 1989), pp.187-214.
69. B. Stoddart, 'Golf', in W. Vamplew and B. Stoddart (eds.), Sport in Australia: A Social History (Melbourne, 1994), p.79.
70. McCarthy, 'Lawn Bowls', p.299.
71. P. Mosely and B. Murray, 'Soccer', in Vamplew and Stoddart (eds.), Sport in Australia, p.216.
72. Mosely and Murray, 'Soccer', p.215.
73. Mosely and Murray, 'Soccer', p.217.
74. Prentis, The Scots in Australia, pp.202-4.
75. J. Daly, Elysian Fields: Sport, Class and Community in Colonial South Australia (Adelaide, 1982), pp.45-6, 162.
76. See P. Corris, Lords of the Ring (North Ryde, NSW, 1980), Chs.6-7.
77. T. Hickie, They Ran With the Ball: How Rugby Football Began in Australia (Melbourne, 1993), p.4, quoted in A. Hughes, 'The Irish Community', in Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, p.76.
78. T. Hickie, They Ran With the Ball: How Rugby Football Began in Australia (Melbourne, 1993), p.4, quoted in A. Hughes, 'The Irish Community', in Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, p.76.
79. O'Farrell, Irish in Australia, p.156.
80. O'Farrell, Irish in Australia, p.157.
81. Quoted in O'Farrell, Irish in Australia, p.160.
82. Quoted in Inglis, 'Australian Catholic Community', p.10.
83. O'Farrell, Irish in Australia, p.178.
84. O'Farrell, Irish in Australia, p.178 (emphasis added to the original).
85. P. O'Farrell, 'St Patrick's Day in Australia', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, Vol. 81, No. 1 (June 1995), pp.1-16.
86. Quoted in O'Farrell, Irish in Australia, p.187.
87. Quoted in McConville, Croppies, Celts and Catholics, p.83.
88. Quoted in R. Stremski, Kill for Collingwood (Sydney, 1986), p.207.
89. Stremski, Kill for Collingwood, pp.207-8.
90. See B. Murray, The Old Firm (Edinburgh, 1984). Also see the article by Joseph Bradley in this volume.
91. R.C. Peterson, 'Nurseries of Nostalgia: The History of Ethnic Schools', Forum of Education, Vol.50, No.2 (Nov. 1995), pp.47-58.
92. I. Harmstorf and M. Cigler, The Germans in Australia (Melbourne, 1985), p.85.
93. Ibid., pp.85-6.
94. J. Daly, Elysian Fields: Sport, Class and Community in Colonial South Australia, 1836-1890 (Adelaide, 1982), pp.96-8.
95. Quoted in Daly, Elysian Fields, p.92.
96. Daly, Elysian Fields, p.92.
97. Quoted from Daly, Elysian Fields, p.92.
98. For detailed discussions, see D.W. Brown, 'Muscular Christianity in the Antipodes: Some Observations on the Diffusion and Emergence of a Victorian Ideal in Australian Social Theory', Sporting Traditions, Vol.3, No.2 (May 1987), pp.173-87; G. Sherrington, 'Athleticism in the Antipodes: The A.A.G.P.S. in New South Wales, History of Education Review, Vol.12 (1983), pp.16-28.
99. For detailed discussions, see D.W. Brown, 'Muscular Christianity in the Antipodes: Some Observations on the Diffusion and Emergence of a Victorian Ideal in Australian Social Theory', Sporting Traditions, Vol.3, No.2 (May 1987), pp.173-87; G. Sherrington, 'Athleticism in the Antipodes: The A.A.G.P.S. in New South Wales, History of Education Review, Vol.12 (1983), pp.16-28.
100. I.A. Harmstorf, 'God Ordered Their Estate', in I. Harmstorf and P. Schwerdtfeger (eds.), The German Experience of Australia, 1833-1938 (Adelaide, 1988), p.51.
101. See J.P. White and D.J. Mulvaney, Australians to 1788 (Sydney, 1987), pp.115-17; C. Price, 'Immigration and Ethnic Origin', in W. Vamplew (ed.), Australians: Historical Statistics (Sydney, 1987), pp.12-13.
102. See J.P. White and D.J. Mulvaney, Australians to 1788 (Sydney, 1987), pp.115-17; C. Price, 'Immigration and Ethnic Origin', in W. Vamplew (ed.), Australians: Historical Statistics (Sydney, 1987), pp.12-13.
103. Adair, 'Declarations of Difference', pp.16-26.
104. C. Tatz, 'Aborigines in Sport', in Vamplew et al, OCAS , p.3; J. Daly, '"Civilising" the Aborigines: Cricket at Poonindie, 1850-1890', Sporting Traditions, Vol.10, No.2 (May 1994), pp.59-67.
105. C. Tatz, 'Aborigines in Sport', in Vamplew et al, OCAS , p.3; J. Daly, '"Civilising" the Aborigines: Cricket at Poonindie, 1850-1890', Sporting Traditions, Vol.10, No.2 (May 1994), pp.59-67.
106. See Mulvaney and Harcourt, Cricket Walkabout.
107. K. McConnochie, D. Hollinsworth, and J. Pettman (eds.), Race and Racism in Australia (Wentworth Falls, NSW, 1988), pp.62-7; R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians (Sydney, 1982), pp.87-100; A. Mozley, 'Evolution and the Climate of Opinion in Australia, 1840-76', Victorian Studies, Vol.10 (June 1967), pp.411-30.
108. K. McConnochie, D. Hollinsworth, and J. Pettman (eds.), Race and Racism in Australia (Wentworth Falls, NSW, 1988), pp.62-7; R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians (Sydney, 1982), pp.87-100; A. Mozley, 'Evolution and the Climate of Opinion in Australia, 1840-76', Victorian Studies, Vol.10 (June 1967), pp.411-30.
109. K. McConnochie, D. Hollinsworth, and J. Pettman (eds.), Race and Racism in Australia (Wentworth Falls, NSW, 1988), pp.62-7; R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians (Sydney, 1982), pp.87-100; A. Mozley, 'Evolution and the Climate of Opinion in Australia, 1840-76', Victorian Studies, Vol.10 (June 1967), pp.411-30.
110. W. Thorpe, 'Archibald Meston and Aboriginal Legislation in Colonial Queensland', Historical Studies, Vol.21, No.82 (April 1984), pp.52-3; McConnochie et al., Race and Racism, pp.81-6; R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Response to White Dominance, 1788-1980 (Sydney, 1982), pp.87-100.
111. W. Thorpe, 'Archibald Meston and Aboriginal Legislation in Colonial Queensland', Historical Studies, Vol.21, No.82 (April 1984), pp.52-3; McConnochie et al., Race and Racism, pp.81-6; R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Response to White Dominance, 1788-1980 (Sydney, 1982), pp.87-100.
112. W. Thorpe, 'Archibald Meston and Aboriginal Legislation in Colonial Queensland', Historical Studies, Vol.21, No.82 (April 1984), pp.52-3; McConnochie et al., Race and Racism, pp.81-6; R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Response to White Dominance, 1788-1980 (Sydney, 1982), pp.87-100.
113. Since then Aborigines have claimed sixty-two professional titles, an astonishing feat by a group that has comprised around only 1% of the Australian population. Tatz, 'Aborigines in Sport', p.3; Tatz, Obstacle Race, pp.362-3.
114. Since then Aborigines have claimed sixty-two professional titles, an astonishing feat by a group that has comprised around only 1% of the Australian population. Tatz, 'Aborigines in Sport', p.3; Tatz, Obstacle Race, pp.362-3.
115. G. Parker, 'Sharman, Jimmy (Senior)', in Vamplew et al., OCAS , pp.310-11; Corris, Lords of the Ring, pp.78-84.
116. G. Parker, 'Sharman, Jimmy (Senior)', in Vamplew et al., OCAS , pp.310-11; Corris, Lords of the Ring, pp.78-84.
117. R. Broome, 'Professional Boxers in Eastern Australia 1930-1979', Aboriginal History, Vol.4, Nos.1-2 (June 1980), pp.49-71; C. Tatz, Aborigines in Sport, ASSH Studies in Sports History, 3 (Adelaide, 1987), pp.38-52; Tatz, Obstacle Race, pp.107-47.
118. R. Broome, 'Professional Boxers in Eastern Australia 1930-1979', Aboriginal History, Vol.4, Nos.1-2 (June 1980), pp.49-71; C. Tatz, Aborigines in Sport, ASSH Studies in Sports History, 3 (Adelaide, 1987), pp.38-52; Tatz, Obstacle Race, pp.107-47.
119. R. Broome, 'Professional Boxers in Eastern Australia 1930-1979', Aboriginal History, Vol.4, Nos.1-2 (June 1980), pp.49-71; C. Tatz, Aborigines in Sport, ASSH Studies in Sports History, 3 (Adelaide, 1987), pp.38-52; Tatz, Obstacle Race, pp.107-47.
120. For further discussions, see Tatz, Obstacle Race',
121. Broome, 'Professional Boxers'.
122. McConnochie, et al., Race and Racism , p.67.
123. R.A. Huttenback, 'No Strangers Within the Gates : Attitudes and Policies towards the Non-White Residents of the British Empire of Settlement', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol.1, No.3 (1972-73), pp.281-2.
124. R. Markey, 'Populist Politics: Racism and Labor in NSW 1880-1900', in A. Curthoys and A. Markus (eds.), Who are our Enemies? Racism and the Australian Working Class (Sydney, 1978), pp.68-9. A. Markus, 'Divided We Fall: The Chinese and the Melbourne Furniture Trade Union, 1870-1900', Labour History (Australia), Vol.26 (1974), pp.1-10. Huttenback, 'No Strangers Within the Gates', pp.283-93.
125. R. Markey, 'Populist Politics: Racism and Labor in NSW 1880-1900', in A. Curthoys and A. Markus (eds.), Who are our Enemies? Racism and the Australian Working Class (Sydney, 1978), pp.68-9. A. Markus, 'Divided We Fall: The Chinese and the Melbourne Furniture Trade Union, 1870-1900', Labour History (Australia), Vol.26 (1974), pp.1-10. Huttenback, 'No Strangers Within the Gates', pp.283-93.
126. R. Markey, 'Populist Politics: Racism and Labor in NSW 1880-1900', in A. Curthoys and A. Markus (eds.), Who are our Enemies? Racism and the Australian Working Class (Sydney, 1978), pp.68-9. A. Markus, 'Divided We Fall: The Chinese and the Melbourne Furniture Trade Union, 1870-1900', Labour History (Australia), Vol.26 (1974), pp.1-10. Huttenback, 'No Strangers Within the Gates', pp.283-93.
127. A. Markus, Fear and Hatred: Purifying Australia and California, 1850-1901 (Sydney, 1979), pp.78-81; Huttenback, 'No Strangers Within the Gates', pp.287, 294.
128. A. Markus, Fear and Hatred: Purifying Australia and California, 1850-1901 (Sydney, 1979), pp.78-81; Huttenback, 'No Strangers Within the Gates', pp.287, 294.
129. C. Price, The Great White Walls are Built: Restrictive Immigration to North America and Australia, 1836-1888 (Canberra, 1974), pp.51-2; K. Saunders, 'Pacific Islander Recruitment', in Jupp, The Australian People, pp.722-5; Choi, Chinese Migration, p.24.
130. C. Price, The Great White Walls are Built: Restrictive Immigration to North America and Australia, 1836-1888 (Canberra, 1974), pp.51-2; K. Saunders, 'Pacific Islander Recruitment', in Jupp, The Australian People, pp.722-5; Choi, Chinese Migration, p.24.
131. C. Price, The Great White Walls are Built: Restrictive Immigration to North America and Australia, 1836-1888 (Canberra, 1974), pp.51-2; K. Saunders, 'Pacific Islander Recruitment', in Jupp, The Australian People, pp.722-5; Choi, Chinese Migration, p.24.
132. C.M.H. Clark, A History of Australia, Vol.V (Melbourne, 1981), pp.190, 201-4.
133. H. McQueen, A New Britannia: An Argument Concerning the Social Origins of Australian Radicalism and Nationalism, revised edn (Melbourne, 1976), pp.29-34; McConnochie et al., Race and Racism, p.69.
134. H. McQueen, A New Britannia: An Argument Concerning the Social Origins of Australian Radicalism and Nationalism, revised edn (Melbourne, 1976), pp.29-34; McConnochie et al., Race and Racism, p.69.
135. M. de Lepervanche, 'Australian Immigrants, 1788-1940: Desired and Unwanted', in E.N. Wheelwright and K. Buckley (eds.), Essays in the Political Economy of Australian Capitalism, Vol.1 (Sydney, 1975), pp.73-81.
136. A.T. Yarwood, Asian Migration to Australia: the Background to Exclusion, 1896-1923 (Melbourne, 1964), pp.5-18.
137. E. Rolls, Sojourners: The Epic Story of China's Centuries-old Relationship with Australia (St Lucia, Qld, 1992); E. Rolls, Citizens: Continuing the Epic Story of China's Centuries-old Relationship with Australia (St Lucia, Qld, 1996); J. O'Hara, A Mug's Game: A History of Gaming and Betting in Australia (Kensington, NSW, 1988).
138. E. Rolls, Sojourners: The Epic Story of China's Centuries-old Relationship with Australia (St Lucia, Qld, 1992); E. Rolls, Citizens: Continuing the Epic Story of China's Centuries-old Relationship with Australia (St Lucia, Qld, 1996); J. O'Hara, A Mug's Game: A History of Gaming and Betting in Australia (Kensington, NSW, 1988).
139. E. Rolls, Sojourners: The Epic Story of China's Centuries-old Relationship with Australia (St Lucia, Qld, 1992); E. Rolls, Citizens: Continuing the Epic Story of China's Centuries-old Relationship with Australia (St Lucia, Qld, 1996); J. O'Hara, A Mug's Game: A History of Gaming and Betting in Australia (Kensington, NSW, 1988).
140. See Rolls, Sojourners, Ch.6; O'Hara, A Mug's Game, Ch.3.
141. See Rolls, Sojourners, Ch.6; O'Hara, A Mug's Game, Ch.3.
142. Cashman, Paradise of Sport, p.57; C. Dunshea, 'Surfing', in Vamplew et al., OCAS, pp.342-3; P.A. Mosely, 'Australian Sport and Ethnicity', in Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, p.37.
143. Cashman, Paradise of Sport, p.57; C. Dunshea, 'Surfing', in Vamplew et al., OCAS, pp.342-3; P.A. Mosely, 'Australian Sport and Ethnicity', in Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, p.37.
144. Cashman, Paradise of Sport, p.57; C. Dunshea, 'Surfing', in Vamplew et al., OCAS, pp.342-3; P.A. Mosely, 'Australian Sport and Ethnicity', in Mosely et al., Sporting Immigrants, p.37.
145. I. Jobling, 'Duke Kahanomoku - Hawaiian Olympian: Outcomes of his Visit to Australia in 1914-15', unpublished paper presented to the ASSH-NASSH Conference, Hawaii, 1993.
146. Corris, Lords of the Ring, pp.83-4, see also R. Broome, 'The Australian Recation to Jack Johnson, Black Pugilist', in R. Cashman and M. McKernan (eds.), Sport in History (St. Lucia, Qld, 1979), pp.343-63.
147. Corris, Lords of the Ring, pp.83-4, see also R. Broome, 'The Australian Recation to Jack Johnson, Black Pugilist', in R. Cashman and M. McKernan (eds.), Sport in History (St. Lucia, Qld, 1979), pp.343-63.