The United States and Israel since 1948: A "Special Relationship"?

Diplomatic History

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 231-262

  Bar Siman Tov, Yaacov ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0345982301     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-7709.00115     Document Type: Article

References (250)

1. Kennedy quoted in Mordechai Gazit, "Israeli Military Procurement from the United States," in Dynamics of Dependence: U.S. Israeli Relations, ed. Gabriel Sheffer (Boulder, 1987), 98; Carter quoted in Seth P. Tilman, The United States in the Middle East: Interests and Obstacles (Bloomington, 1982), 53.
2. Kennedy quoted in Mordechai Gazit, "Israeli Military Procurement from the United States," in Dynamics of Dependence: U.S. Israeli Relations, ed. Gabriel Sheffer (Boulder, 1987), 98; Carter quoted in Seth P. Tilman, The United States in the Middle East: Interests and Obstacles (Bloomington, 1982), 53.
3. Regarding the scope and range of U.S. aid to Israel see Bernard Reich, The United States and Israel: Influence in the Special Relationship (New York, 1984), 148-49; A. F. K. Organski, The $36 Billion Bargain: Strategy and Politics in U.S. Assistance to Israel (New York, 1990), 142; and Camille Mansour, Beyond Alliance: Israel and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1994), 190.
4. Regarding the scope and range of U.S. aid to Israel see Bernard Reich, The United States and Israel: Influence in the Special Relationship (New York, 1984), 148-49; A. F. K. Organski, The $36 Billion Bargain: Strategy and Politics in U.S. Assistance to Israel (New York, 1990), 142; and Camille Mansour, Beyond Alliance: Israel and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1994), 190.
5. Regarding the scope and range of U.S. aid to Israel see Bernard Reich, The United States and Israel: Influence in the Special Relationship (New York, 1984), 148-49; A. F. K. Organski, The $36 Billion Bargain: Strategy and Politics in U.S. Assistance to Israel (New York, 1990), 142; and Camille Mansour, Beyond Alliance: Israel and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York, 1994), 190.
6. On patron-client relationships see Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War in the Middle East (New York, 1987), 1-26; on the distinction between community of strategic interests and community of values see Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 16-17.
7. On patron-client relationships see Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War in the Middle East (New York, 1987), 1-26; on the distinction between community of strategic interests and community of values see Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 16-17.
8. Peter L. Hahn, "A Special Relationship? The United States, Israel, and National Security, 1947-1967" (Paper delivered at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, May 1995), 3-10; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 34-92; Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan (Chicago, 1985), 16-49; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-83; idem, "The Limits of Economic Sanctions: The American-Israeli Case of 1953," Journal of Contemporary History 23 (July 1988): 425-43; Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 29-76; Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East (New York, 1981).
9. Peter L. Hahn, "A Special Relationship? The United States, Israel, and National Security, 1947-1967" (Paper delivered at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, May 1995), 3-10; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 34-92; Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan (Chicago, 1985), 16-49; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-83; idem, "The Limits of Economic Sanctions: The American-Israeli Case of 1953," Journal of Contemporary History 23 (July 1988): 425-43; Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 29-76; Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East (New York, 1981).
10. Peter L. Hahn, "A Special Relationship? The United States, Israel, and National Security, 1947-1967" (Paper delivered at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, May 1995), 3-10; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 34-92; Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan (Chicago, 1985), 16-49; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-83; idem, "The Limits of Economic Sanctions: The American-Israeli Case of 1953," Journal of Contemporary History 23 (July 1988): 425-43; Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 29-76; Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East (New York, 1981).
11. Peter L. Hahn, "A Special Relationship? The United States, Israel, and National Security, 1947-1967" (Paper delivered at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, May 1995), 3-10; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 34-92; Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan (Chicago, 1985), 16-49; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-83; idem, "The Limits of Economic Sanctions: The American-Israeli Case of 1953," Journal of Contemporary History 23 (July 1988): 425-43; Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 29-76; Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East (New York, 1981).
12. Peter L. Hahn, "A Special Relationship? The United States, Israel, and National Security, 1947-1967" (Paper delivered at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, May 1995), 3-10; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 34-92; Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan (Chicago, 1985), 16-49; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-83; idem, "The Limits of Economic Sanctions: The American-Israeli Case of 1953," Journal of Contemporary History 23 (July 1988): 425-43; Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 29-76; Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East (New York, 1981).
13. Peter L. Hahn, "A Special Relationship? The United States, Israel, and National Security, 1947-1967" (Paper delivered at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, May 1995), 3-10; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 34-92; Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan (Chicago, 1985), 16-49; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-83; idem, "The Limits of Economic Sanctions: The American-Israeli Case of 1953," Journal of Contemporary History 23 (July 1988): 425-43; Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 29-76; Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East (New York, 1981).
14. Peter L. Hahn, "A Special Relationship? The United States, Israel, and National Security, 1947-1967" (Paper delivered at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, May 1995), 3-10; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 34-92; Steven L. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America's Middle East Policy, from Truman to Reagan (Chicago, 1985), 16-49; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-83; idem, "The Limits of Economic Sanctions: The American-Israeli Case of 1953," Journal of Contemporary History 23 (July 1988): 425-43; Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 29-76; Donald Neff, Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America into the Middle East (New York, 1981).
15. On the Tripartite Declaration see Paul Jabber, Not by War Alone: Security and Arms Control in the Middle East (Berkeley, 1981). On U.S. aid to Israel see Reich, United States and Israel, 148-49; and Gazit, "Israeli Military," 89.
16. On the Tripartite Declaration see Paul Jabber, Not by War Alone: Security and Arms Control in the Middle East (Berkeley, 1981). On U.S. aid to Israel see Reich, United States and Israel, 148-49; and Gazit, "Israeli Military," 89.
17. On the Tripartite Declaration see Paul Jabber, Not by War Alone: Security and Arms Control in the Middle East (Berkeley, 1981). On U.S. aid to Israel see Reich, United States and Israel, 148-49; and Gazit, "Israeli Military," 89.
18. Memorandum of conversation at the White House, 11 January 1956, John Foster Dulles Files, Subject Series, box 10, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. See also Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 10-15; and Neff, Warriors at Suez, 43-45, 65-66.
19. Memorandum of conversation at the White House, 11 January 1956, John Foster Dulles Files, Subject Series, box 10, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. See also Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 10-15; and Neff, Warriors at Suez, 43-45, 65-66.
20. Neff, Warriors at Suez, 104; Michael Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion: A Political Biography (Tel Aviv, 1977) (Hebrew), 1159; Moshe Sharett, Personal Diary (Tel Aviv, 1978) (Hebrew), 386; memorandum of conversation at the White House, 11 January 1956, Herbert Hoover, Jr., to John Foster Dulles, 21 February 1956, and Henry Byroade to Dulles, 23 February 1956, all in Dulles Files, Subject Series, box 10.
21. Neff, Warriors at Suez, 104; Michael Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion: A Political Biography (Tel Aviv, 1977) (Hebrew), 1159; Moshe Sharett, Personal Diary (Tel Aviv, 1978) (Hebrew), 386; memorandum of conversation at the White House, 11 January 1956, Herbert Hoover, Jr., to John Foster Dulles, 21 February 1956, and Henry Byroade to Dulles, 23 February 1956, all in Dulles Files, Subject Series, box 10.
22. Neff, Warriors at Suez, 104; Michael Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion: A Political Biography (Tel Aviv, 1977) (Hebrew), 1159; Moshe Sharett, Personal Diary (Tel Aviv, 1978) (Hebrew), 386; memorandum of conversation at the White House, 11 January 1956, Herbert Hoover, Jr., to John Foster Dulles, 21 February 1956, and Henry Byroade to Dulles, 23 February 1956, all in Dulles Files, Subject Series, box 10.
23. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1032, 1152-70; Sharett, Personal Diary, 872, 1018; Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, "Ben-Gurion and Sharett: Conflict Management and Great Power Constraints in Israeli Foreign Policy," Middle Eastern Studies 24 (July 1988): 349-52.
24. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1032, 1152-70; Sharett, Personal Diary, 872, 1018; Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, "Ben-Gurion and Sharett: Conflict Management and Great Power Constraints in Israeli Foreign Policy," Middle Eastern Studies 24 (July 1988): 349-52.
25. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1032, 1152-70; Sharett, Personal Diary, 872, 1018; Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, "Ben-Gurion and Sharett: Conflict Management and Great Power Constraints in Israeli Foreign Policy," Middle Eastern Studies 24 (July 1988): 349-52.
26. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-56; Mordechai Bar-On, The Gates of Gaza: Israel's Defense and Foreign Policy, 1955-1957 (Tel Aviv, 1992) (Hebrew), 168-239; Abba Eban, An Autobiography (New York, 1977), 206-58; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1262-85.
27. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-56; Mordechai Bar-On, The Gates of Gaza: Israel's Defense and Foreign Policy, 1955-1957 (Tel Aviv, 1992) (Hebrew), 168-239; Abba Eban, An Autobiography (New York, 1977), 206-58; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1262-85.
28. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-56; Mordechai Bar-On, The Gates of Gaza: Israel's Defense and Foreign Policy, 1955-1957 (Tel Aviv, 1992) (Hebrew), 168-239; Abba Eban, An Autobiography (New York, 1977), 206-58; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1262-85.
29. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 27-56; Mordechai Bar-On, The Gates of Gaza: Israel's Defense and Foreign Policy, 1955-1957 (Tel Aviv, 1992) (Hebrew), 168-239; Abba Eban, An Autobiography (New York, 1977), 206-58; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1262-85.
30. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 66-83; Bar-On, Gates of Gaza, 319-74; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1286-315.
31. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 66-83; Bar-On, Gates of Gaza, 319-74; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1286-315.
32. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 66-83; Bar-On, Gates of Gaza, 319-74; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1286-315.
33. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 16-23; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 86-87.
34. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 16-23; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 86-87.
35. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1316-19, 1327-29, 1365; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 23-24; and Gazit, "Israeli Military," 93.
36. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1316-19, 1327-29, 1365; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 23-24; and Gazit, "Israeli Military," 93.
37. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1316-19, 1327-29, 1365; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 23-24; and Gazit, "Israeli Military," 93.
38. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 93-98; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 97-117; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 26-33; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1393-94.
39. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 93-98; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 97-117; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 26-33; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1393-94.
40. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 93-98; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 97-117; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 26-33; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1393-94.
41. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 93-98; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 97-117; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 26-33; Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion, 1393-94.
42. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 98; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 110; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 30-33.
43. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 98; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 110; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 30-33.
44. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 98; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 110; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 30-33.
45. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 87-88; Donald Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East (New York, 1984), 80-83, 97-107; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 100-101; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-35; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 130-31; Martin Indyk, "Politics of Patronage: Israel and Egypt between the Superpowers, 1962-1973" (Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, 1977), 121-23, 129-30; Shimon Peres, David's Sling (London, 1970), 92; Yitzhak Rabin, Record of Service (Tel Aviv, 1979) (Hebrew), 126-27.
46. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 87-88; Donald Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East (New York, 1984), 80-83, 97-107; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 100-101; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-35; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 130-31; Martin Indyk, "Politics of Patronage: Israel and Egypt between the Superpowers, 1962-1973" (Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, 1977), 121-23, 129-30; Shimon Peres, David's Sling (London, 1970), 92; Yitzhak Rabin, Record of Service (Tel Aviv, 1979) (Hebrew), 126-27.
47. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 87-88; Donald Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East (New York, 1984), 80-83, 97-107; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 100-101; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-35; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 130-31; Martin Indyk, "Politics of Patronage: Israel and Egypt between the Superpowers, 1962-1973" (Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, 1977), 121-23, 129-30; Shimon Peres, David's Sling (London, 1970), 92; Yitzhak Rabin, Record of Service (Tel Aviv, 1979) (Hebrew), 126-27.
48. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 87-88; Donald Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East (New York, 1984), 80-83, 97-107; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 100-101; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-35; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 130-31; Martin Indyk, "Politics of Patronage: Israel and Egypt between the Superpowers, 1962-1973" (Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, 1977), 121-23, 129-30; Shimon Peres, David's Sling (London, 1970), 92; Yitzhak Rabin, Record of Service (Tel Aviv, 1979) (Hebrew), 126-27.
49. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 87-88; Donald Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East (New York, 1984), 80-83, 97-107; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 100-101; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-35; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 130-31; Martin Indyk, "Politics of Patronage: Israel and Egypt between the Superpowers, 1962-1973" (Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, 1977), 121-23, 129-30; Shimon Peres, David's Sling (London, 1970), 92; Yitzhak Rabin, Record of Service (Tel Aviv, 1979) (Hebrew), 126-27.
50. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 87-88; Donald Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East (New York, 1984), 80-83, 97-107; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 100-101; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-35; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 130-31; Martin Indyk, "Politics of Patronage: Israel and Egypt between the Superpowers, 1962-1973" (Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, 1977), 121-23, 129-30; Shimon Peres, David's Sling (London, 1970), 92; Yitzhak Rabin, Record of Service (Tel Aviv, 1979) (Hebrew), 126-27.
51. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 87-88; Donald Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East (New York, 1984), 80-83, 97-107; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 100-101; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-35; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 130-31; Martin Indyk, "Politics of Patronage: Israel and Egypt between the Superpowers, 1962-1973" (Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, 1977), 121-23, 129-30; Shimon Peres, David's Sling (London, 1970), 92; Yitzhak Rabin, Record of Service (Tel Aviv, 1979) (Hebrew), 126-27.
52. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 87-88; Donald Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem: The Six Days That Changed the Middle East (New York, 1984), 80-83, 97-107; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 100-101; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-35; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 130-31; Martin Indyk, "Politics of Patronage: Israel and Egypt between the Superpowers, 1962-1973" (Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, 1977), 121-23, 129-30; Shimon Peres, David's Sling (London, 1970), 92; Yitzhak Rabin, Record of Service (Tel Aviv, 1979) (Hebrew), 126-27.
53. Michael Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel (London, 1972), 299; Indyk, "Politics of Patronage," 121, 126, 130-31.
54. Michael Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel (London, 1972), 299; Indyk, "Politics of Patronage," 121, 126, 130-31.
55. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-37, 39-40; Peres, David's Sling, 103, 105-7; Rabin, Record of Service, 103-4, 127; Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (Boston, 1979), 64; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 131-32; Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Tel Aviv, 1987) (Hebrew), 183-84.
56. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-37, 39-40; Peres, David's Sling, 103, 105-7; Rabin, Record of Service, 103-4, 127; Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (Boston, 1979), 64; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 131-32; Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Tel Aviv, 1987) (Hebrew), 183-84.
57. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-37, 39-40; Peres, David's Sling, 103, 105-7; Rabin, Record of Service, 103-4, 127; Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (Boston, 1979), 64; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 131-32; Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Tel Aviv, 1987) (Hebrew), 183-84.
58. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-37, 39-40; Peres, David's Sling, 103, 105-7; Rabin, Record of Service, 103-4, 127; Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (Boston, 1979), 64; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 131-32; Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Tel Aviv, 1987) (Hebrew), 183-84.
59. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-37, 39-40; Peres, David's Sling, 103, 105-7; Rabin, Record of Service, 103-4, 127; Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (Boston, 1979), 64; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 131-32; Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Tel Aviv, 1987) (Hebrew), 183-84.
60. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-37, 39-40; Peres, David's Sling, 103, 105-7; Rabin, Record of Service, 103-4, 127; Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (Boston, 1979), 64; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 131-32; Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Tel Aviv, 1987) (Hebrew), 183-84.
61. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 34-37, 39-40; Peres, David's Sling, 103, 105-7; Rabin, Record of Service, 103-4, 127; Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (Boston, 1979), 64; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 131-32; Yair Evron, Israel's Nuclear Dilemma (Tel Aviv, 1987) (Hebrew), 183-84.
62. Peres, David's Sling, 83, 107-8; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-65; idem, Record of Service, 128-29; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 37-40; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 133-34.
63. Peres, David's Sling, 83, 107-8; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-65; idem, Record of Service, 128-29; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 37-40; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 133-34.
64. Peres, David's Sling, 83, 107-8; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-65; idem, Record of Service, 128-29; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 37-40; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 133-34.
65. Peres, David's Sling, 83, 107-8; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-65; idem, Record of Service, 128-29; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 37-40; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 133-34.
66. Peres, David's Sling, 83, 107-8; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-65; idem, Record of Service, 128-29; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 37-40; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 133-34.
67. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 90; Peres, David's Sling, 108; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-66; idem, Record of Service, 129-30; Ezer Weizman, On Eagles' Wings (New York, 1976), 262-64; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 40-41. Although U.S. government assistance to Israel remained uneven in 1964-1967, the proportion of that aid that was military in nature increased. Total U.S. aid was $37.0 million in 1964 (0 percent military aid); $61.7 million in 1965 (21 percent military aid), $126.8 million in 1966 (71 percent military aid), and $13.1 million in 1967 (53 percent military aid).
68. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 90; Peres, David's Sling, 108; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-66; idem, Record of Service, 129-30; Ezer Weizman, On Eagles' Wings (New York, 1976), 262-64; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 40-41. Although U.S. government assistance to Israel remained uneven in 1964-1967, the proportion of that aid that was military in nature increased. Total U.S. aid was $37.0 million in 1964 (0 percent military aid); $61.7 million in 1965 (21 percent military aid), $126.8 million in 1966 (71 percent military aid), and $13.1 million in 1967 (53 percent military aid).
69. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 90; Peres, David's Sling, 108; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-66; idem, Record of Service, 129-30; Ezer Weizman, On Eagles' Wings (New York, 1976), 262-64; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 40-41. Although U.S. government assistance to Israel remained uneven in 1964-1967, the proportion of that aid that was military in nature increased. Total U.S. aid was $37.0 million in 1964 (0 percent military aid); $61.7 million in 1965 (21 percent military aid), $126.8 million in 1966 (71 percent military aid), and $13.1 million in 1967 (53 percent military aid).
70. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 90; Peres, David's Sling, 108; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-66; idem, Record of Service, 129-30; Ezer Weizman, On Eagles' Wings (New York, 1976), 262-64; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 40-41. Although U.S. government assistance to Israel remained uneven in 1964-1967, the proportion of that aid that was military in nature increased. Total U.S. aid was $37.0 million in 1964 (0 percent military aid); $61.7 million in 1965 (21 percent military aid), $126.8 million in 1966 (71 percent military aid), and $13.1 million in 1967 (53 percent military aid).
71. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 90; Peres, David's Sling, 108; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-66; idem, Record of Service, 129-30; Ezer Weizman, On Eagles' Wings (New York, 1976), 262-64; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 40-41. Although U.S. government assistance to Israel remained uneven in 1964-1967, the proportion of that aid that was military in nature increased. Total U.S. aid was $37.0 million in 1964 (0 percent military aid); $61.7 million in 1965 (21 percent military aid), $126.8 million in 1966 (71 percent military aid), and $13.1 million in 1967 (53 percent military aid).
72. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 90; Peres, David's Sling, 108; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 64-66; idem, Record of Service, 129-30; Ezer Weizman, On Eagles' Wings (New York, 1976), 262-64; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 40-41. Although U.S. government assistance to Israel remained uneven in 1964-1967, the proportion of that aid that was military in nature increased. Total U.S. aid was $37.0 million in 1964 (0 percent military aid); $61.7 million in 1965 (21 percent military aid), $126.8 million in 1966 (71 percent military aid), and $13.1 million in 1967 (53 percent military aid).
73. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969 (New York, 1971), 290; Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem, 74; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 42; Eban, Autobiography, 358-59; Michael Bar-Zohar, Embassies in Crisis: Diplomats and Demagogues behind the Six Day War (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), 159-60; Moshe A. Gilboa, Six Years-Six Days: Origins and History of the Six-Day War (Tel Aviv, 1968) (Hebrew), 200; Benjamin Geist, "The Six Day War: A Study in the Setting and the Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making under Crisis Conditions" (Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1974), 337.
74. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969 (New York, 1971), 290; Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem, 74; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 42; Eban, Autobiography, 358-59; Michael Bar-Zohar, Embassies in Crisis: Diplomats and Demagogues behind the Six Day War (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), 159-60; Moshe A. Gilboa, Six Years-Six Days: Origins and History of the Six-Day War (Tel Aviv, 1968) (Hebrew), 200; Benjamin Geist, "The Six Day War: A Study in the Setting and the Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making under Crisis Conditions" (Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1974), 337.
75. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969 (New York, 1971), 290; Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem, 74; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 42; Eban, Autobiography, 358-59; Michael Bar-Zohar, Embassies in Crisis: Diplomats and Demagogues behind the Six Day War (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), 159-60; Moshe A. Gilboa, Six Years-Six Days: Origins and History of the Six-Day War (Tel Aviv, 1968) (Hebrew), 200; Benjamin Geist, "The Six Day War: A Study in the Setting and the Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making under Crisis Conditions" (Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1974), 337.
76. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969 (New York, 1971), 290; Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem, 74; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 42; Eban, Autobiography, 358-59; Michael Bar-Zohar, Embassies in Crisis: Diplomats and Demagogues behind the Six Day War (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), 159-60; Moshe A. Gilboa, Six Years-Six Days: Origins and History of the Six-Day War (Tel Aviv, 1968) (Hebrew), 200; Benjamin Geist, "The Six Day War: A Study in the Setting and the Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making under Crisis Conditions" (Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1974), 337.
77. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969 (New York, 1971), 290; Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem, 74; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 42; Eban, Autobiography, 358-59; Michael Bar-Zohar, Embassies in Crisis: Diplomats and Demagogues behind the Six Day War (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), 159-60; Moshe A. Gilboa, Six Years-Six Days: Origins and History of the Six-Day War (Tel Aviv, 1968) (Hebrew), 200; Benjamin Geist, "The Six Day War: A Study in the Setting and the Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making under Crisis Conditions" (Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1974), 337.
78. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969 (New York, 1971), 290; Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem, 74; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 42; Eban, Autobiography, 358-59; Michael Bar-Zohar, Embassies in Crisis: Diplomats and Demagogues behind the Six Day War (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), 159-60; Moshe A. Gilboa, Six Years-Six Days: Origins and History of the Six-Day War (Tel Aviv, 1968) (Hebrew), 200; Benjamin Geist, "The Six Day War: A Study in the Setting and the Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making under Crisis Conditions" (Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1974), 337.
79. Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963-1969 (New York, 1971), 290; Neff, Warriors for Jerusalem, 74; Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 42; Eban, Autobiography, 358-59; Michael Bar-Zohar, Embassies in Crisis: Diplomats and Demagogues behind the Six Day War (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970), 159-60; Moshe A. Gilboa, Six Years-Six Days: Origins and History of the Six-Day War (Tel Aviv, 1968) (Hebrew), 200; Benjamin Geist, "The Six Day War: A Study in the Setting and the Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making under Crisis Conditions" (Ph.D. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1974), 337.
80. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 91-131; Janice G. Stein and Raymond Tanter, Rational Decision-Making: Israel's Security Choices, 1967 (Columbus, OH, 1980), 91-305.
81. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 91-131; Janice G. Stein and Raymond Tanter, Rational Decision-Making: Israel's Security Choices, 1967 (Columbus, OH, 1980), 91-305.
82. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 120-31; Stein and Tanter, Rational Decision- Making, 214-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 136-50; William B. Quandt, Decade of Decisions: American Foreign Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967-1976 (Berkeley, 1977), 46-63; idem, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967 (Berkeley, 1993), 25-48; Johnson, Vantage Point, 297.
83. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 120-31; Stein and Tanter, Rational Decision-Making, 214-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 136-50; William B. Quandt, Decade of Decisions: American Foreign Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967-1976 (Berkeley, 1977), 46-63; idem, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967 (Berkeley, 1993), 25-48; Johnson, Vantage Point, 297.
84. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 120-31; Stein and Tanter, Rational Decision- Making, 214-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 136-50; William B. Quandt, Decade of Decisions: American Foreign Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967-1976 (Berkeley, 1977), 46-63; idem, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967 (Berkeley, 1993), 25-48; Johnson, Vantage Point, 297.
85. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 120-31; Stein and Tanter, Rational Decision- Making, 214-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 136-50; William B. Quandt, Decade of Decisions: American Foreign Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967-1976 (Berkeley, 1977), 46-63; idem, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967 (Berkeley, 1993), 25-48; Johnson, Vantage Point, 297.
86. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 120-31; Stein and Tanter, Rational Decision- Making, 214-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 136-50; William B. Quandt, Decade of Decisions: American Foreign Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967-1976 (Berkeley, 1977), 46-63; idem, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967 (Berkeley, 1993), 25-48; Johnson, Vantage Point, 297.
87. Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 120-31; Stein and Tanter, Rational Decision- Making, 214-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 136-50; William B. Quandt, Decade of Decisions: American Foreign Policy toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1967-1976 (Berkeley, 1977), 46-63; idem, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict since 1967 (Berkeley, 1993), 25-48; Johnson, Vantage Point, 297.
88. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 150-53; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 60-63; Bar-Siman- Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 131-43.
89. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 150-53; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 60-63; Bar-Siman- Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 131-43.
90. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 150-53; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 60-63; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers, and the War, 131-43.
91. Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 132; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 158-59.
92. Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 132; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 158-59.
93. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 159; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 133.
94. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 159; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 133.
95. Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 123.
96. Quandt, Decade of Decisions 66-67; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 158-59; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103.
97. Quandt, Decade of Decisions 66-67; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 158-59; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103.
98. Quandt, Decade of Decisions 66-67; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 158-59; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103.
99. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 66-67; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 141-42.
100. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 66-67; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 141-42.
101. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 66-67; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 141-42.
102. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 67; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103-4; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 162-63.
103. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 67; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103-4; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 162-63.
104. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 67; Gazit, "Israeli Military," 103-4; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 162-63.
105. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 72-81; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 171-81; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 92-99; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston, 1979), 341-73.
106. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 72-81; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 171-81; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 92-99; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston, 1979), 341-73.
107. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 72-81; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 171-81; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 92-99; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston, 1979), 341-73.
108. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 72-81; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 171-81; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 92-99; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston, 1979), 341-73.
109. SR31. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 79-81; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 170, 176-77.
110. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 79-81; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 170, 176-77.
111. Kissinger, White House Years, 344-49; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 171-73; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 76-79.
112. Kissinger, White House Years, 344-49; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 171-73; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 76-79.
113. Kissinger, White House Years, 344-49; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 171-73; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 76-79.
114. Kissinger, White House Years, 354-58.
115. Ibid., 349-79; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 89-94; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 157-65; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 181-92.
116. Ibid., 349-79; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 89-94; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 157-65; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 181-92.
117. Ibid., 349-79; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 89-94; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 157-65; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 181-92.
118. Ibid., 349-79; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 89-94; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 157-65; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 181-92.
119. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 180.
120. Kissinger and Nixon quoted in Kissinger, White House Years, 371.
121. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 88, 94-95, 97-100; Rabin, Record of Service, 236-43, 254, 257-60, 282-83.
122. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 88, 94-95, 97-100; Rabin, Record of Service, 236-43, 254, 257-60, 282-83.
123. Rabin, Record of Service, 251-54, 261-64; Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, The Israeli-Egyptian War of Attrition, 1969-1970: A Case Study of Limited Local War (New York, 1980), 130-32.
124. Rabin, Record of Service, 251-54, 261-64; Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, The Israeli-Egyptian War of Attrition, 1969-1970: A Case Study of Limited Local War (New York, 1980), 130-32.
125. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 189-96; Kissinger, White House Years, 558-82; Rabin, Record of Service, 284-91.
126. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 189-96; Kissinger, White House Years, 558-82; Rabin, Record of Service, 284-91.
127. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 189-96; Kissinger, White House Years, 558-82; Rabin, Record of Service, 284-91.
128. Richard M. Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (London, 1978), 478-79; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 105-6; Kissinger, White House Years, 604-5; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 196-97.
129. Richard M. Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (London, 1978), 478-79; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 105-6; Kissinger, White House Years, 604-5; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 196-97.
130. Richard M. Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (London, 1978), 478-79; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 105-6; Kissinger, White House Years, 604-5; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 196-97.
131. Richard M. Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (London, 1978), 478-79; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 105-6; Kissinger, White House Years, 604-5; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 196-97.
132. Kissinger, White House Years, 602-3, 605-7, 619, 622-26, 627-29; Marvin Kalb and Bernard Kalb, Kissinger (Boston, 1974), 180-81, 185, 200-207; Elmo R. Zumwalt, On Watch: A Memoir (New York, 1976), 293-99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 197-200; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 187; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 118.
133. Kissinger, White House Years, 602-3, 605-7, 619, 622-26, 627-29; Marvin Kalb and Bernard Kalb, Kissinger (Boston, 1974), 180-81, 185, 200-207; Elmo R. Zumwalt, On Watch: A Memoir (New York, 1976), 293-99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 197-200; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 187; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 118.
134. Kissinger, White House Years, 602-3, 605-7, 619, 622-26, 627-29; Marvin Kalb and Bernard Kalb, Kissinger (Boston, 1974), 180-81, 185, 200-207; Elmo R. Zumwalt, On Watch: A Memoir (New York, 1976), 293-99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 197-200; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 187; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 118.
135. Kissinger, White House Years, 602-3, 605-7, 619, 622-26, 627-29; Marvin Kalb and Bernard Kalb, Kissinger (Boston, 1974), 180-81, 185, 200-207; Elmo R. Zumwalt, On Watch: A Memoir (New York, 1976), 293-99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 197-200; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 187; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 118.
136. Kissinger, White House Years, 602-3, 605-7, 619, 622-26, 627-29; Marvin Kalb and Bernard Kalb, Kissinger (Boston, 1974), 180-81, 185, 200-207; Elmo R. Zumwalt, On Watch: A Memoir (New York, 1976), 293-99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 197-200; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 187; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 118.
137. Kissinger, White House Years, 602-3, 605-7, 619, 622-26, 627-29; Marvin Kalb and Bernard Kalb, Kissinger (Boston, 1974), 180-81, 185, 200-207; Elmo R. Zumwalt, On Watch: A Memoir (New York, 1976), 293-99; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 197-200; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 187; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 118.
138. Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 189.
139. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 109; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 146-47; Spiegel, The Other Arab- Israeli Conflict, 212. On the Nixon Doctrine see Richard Nixon, "U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: Building for Peace," Report to the Congress by Richard Nixon, President of the United States, 25 February 1971, 10.
140. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 109; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 146-47; Spiegel, The Other Arab- Israeli Conflict, 212. On the Nixon Doctrine see Richard Nixon, "U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: Building for Peace," Report to the Congress by Richard Nixon, President of the United States, 25 February 1971, 10.
141. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 109; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 146-47; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 212. On the Nixon Doctrine see Richard Nixon, "U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: Building for Peace," Report to the Congress by Richard Nixon, President of the United States, 25 February 1971, 10.
142. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 109; Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 146-47; Spiegel, The Other Arab- Israeli Conflict, 212. On the Nixon Doctrine see Richard Nixon, "U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970's: Building for Peace," Report to the Congress by Richard Nixon, President of the United States, 25 February 1971, 10.
143. Kissinger, White House Years, 1279, 1291.
144. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 163.
145. Ibid., 165-87; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers and the War, 187-213; Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston, 1982), 450-522.
146. Ibid., 165-87; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers and the War, 187-213; Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston, 1982), 450-522.
147. Ibid., 165-87; Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel, the Superpowers and the War, 187-213; Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston, 1982), 450-522.
148. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 468; Nixon, Memoirs, 921-22.
149. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 468; Nixon, Memoirs, 921-22.
150. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 475, 477-78, 485-86, 488-96, 500-501; Nixon, Memoirs, 922, 926-27; Matti Golan, The Secret Conversations of Henry Kissinger (New York, 1976), 48-49; Kalb and Kalb, Kissinger, 529-30, 534, 536.
151. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 475, 477-78, 485-86, 488-96, 500-501; Nixon, Memoirs, 922, 926-27; Matti Golan, The Secret Conversations of Henry Kissinger (New York, 1976), 48-49; Kalb and Kalb, Kissinger, 529-30, 534, 536.
152. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 475, 477-78, 485-86, 488-96, 500-501; Nixon, Memoirs, 922, 926-27; Matti Golan, The Secret Conversations of Henry Kissinger (New York, 1976), 48-49; Kalb and Kalb, Kissinger, 529-30, 534, 536.
153. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 475, 477-78, 485-86, 488-96, 500-501; Nixon, Memoirs, 922, 926-27; Matti Golan, The Secret Conversations of Henry Kissinger (New York, 1976), 48-49; Kalb and Kalb, Kissinger, 529-30, 534, 536.
154. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 571-610; Shlomo Nakdimon, Low Probability (Tel Aviv, 1982) (Hebrew), 224-26, 230-31.
155. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 571-610; Shlomo Nakdimon, Low Probability (Tel Aviv, 1982) (Hebrew), 224-26, 230-31.
156. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 615.
157. Ibid., 619.
158. Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald Ford (New York, 1979), 308-9.
159. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 624, 1046; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 294.
160. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, 624, 1046; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 294.
161. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 283-305; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 253-74; Ben-Zvi, United States and Israel, 93-102, Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 253-71.
162. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 283-305; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 253-74; Ben-Zvi, United States and Israel, 93-102, Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 253-71.
163. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 283-305; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 253-74; Ben-Zvi, United States and Israel, 93-102, Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 253-71.
164. Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 283-305; Rabin, Rabin Memoirs, 253-74; Ben-Zvi, United States and Israel, 93-102, Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 253-71.
165. Rabin, Record of Service, 491-501.
166. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 270-71; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 295-97.
167. Quandt, Decade of Decisions, 270-71; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 295-97.
168. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), 274-75; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 326; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983), 97.
169. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), 274-75; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 326; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983), 97.
170. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982), 274-75; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 326; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977-1981 (New York, 1983), 97.
171. Carter, Keeping Faith, 269-88; William B. Quandt, Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics (Washington, 1986), 30-62, 306.
172. Carter, Keeping Faith, 269-88; William B. Quandt, Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics (Washington, 1986), 30-62, 306.
173. Carter, Keeping Faith, 279-80, 292-98; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 89-91, 107-9, 111-13; Quandt, Camp David, 37, 62, 125, 31, 143-51; Rabin, Record of Service, 507-22; Moshe Dayan, Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the Egypt-Israel Negotiations (New York, 1981), 62-72.
174. Carter, Keeping Faith, 279-80, 292-98; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 89-91, 107-9, 111-13; Quandt, Camp David, 37, 62, 125, 31, 143-51; Rabin, Record of Service, 507-22; Moshe Dayan, Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the Egypt-Israel Negotiations (New York, 1981), 62-72.
175. Carter, Keeping Faith, 279-80, 292-98; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 89-91, 107-9, 111-13; Quandt, Camp David, 37, 62, 125, 31, 143-51; Rabin, Record of Service, 507-22; Moshe Dayan, Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the Egypt-Israel Negotiations (New York, 1981), 62-72.
176. Carter, Keeping Faith, 279-80, 292-98; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 89-91, 107-9, 111-13; Quandt, Camp David, 37, 62, 125, 31, 143-51; Rabin, Record of Service, 507-22; Moshe Dayan, Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the Egypt-Israel Negotiations (New York, 1981), 62-72.
177. Carter, Keeping Faith, 279-80, 292-98; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 89-91, 107-9, 111-13; Quandt, Camp David, 37, 62, 125, 31, 143-51; Rabin, Record of Service, 507-22; Moshe Dayan, Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the Egypt-Israel Negotiations (New York, 1981), 62-72.
178. Carter, Keeping Faith, 304-5, 308-9, 311-13; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 95-101, 104-5, 111, 114-22, 239-47, 250-52; Quandt, Camp David, 66, 72, 83-84, 151, 161-63, 166-68, 170-71.
179. Carter, Keeping Faith, 304-5, 308-9, 311-13; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 95-101, 104-5, 111, 114-22, 239-47, 250-52; Quandt, Camp David, 66, 72, 83-84, 151, 161-63, 166-68, 170-71.
180. Carter, Keeping Faith, 304-5, 308-9, 311-13; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 95-101, 104-5, 111, 114-22, 239-47, 250-52; Quandt, Camp David, 66, 72, 83-84, 151, 161-63, 166-68, 170-71.
181. Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, Israel and the Peace Process, 1977-1982: In Search of Legitimacy for Peace (Albany, NY, 1994), 91-92.
182. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 115; Quandt, Camp David, 208; Carter, Keeping Faith, 335, 339, 378; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 246; Ezer Weizman, The Battle for Peace (Jerusalem, 1981) (Hebrew), 246; Dayan, Breakthrough, 173.
183. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 115; Quandt, Camp David, 208; Carter, Keeping Faith, 335, 339, 378; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 246; Ezer Weizman, The Battle for Peace (Jerusalem, 1981) (Hebrew), 246; Dayan, Breakthrough, 173.
184. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 115; Quandt, Camp David, 208; Carter, Keeping Faith, 335, 339, 378; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 246; Ezer Weizman, The Battle for Peace (Jerusalem, 1981) (Hebrew), 246; Dayan, Breakthrough, 173.
185. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 115; Quandt, Camp David, 208; Carter, Keeping Faith, 335, 339, 378; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 246; Ezer Weizman, The Battle for Peace (Jerusalem, 1981) (Hebrew), 246; Dayan, Breakthrough, 173.
186. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 115; Quandt, Camp David, 208; Carter, Keeping Faith, 335, 339, 378; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 246; Ezer Weizman, The Battle for Peace (Jerusalem, 1981) (Hebrew), 246; Dayan, Breakthrough, 173.
187. Gazit, "Israeli Military," 115; Quandt, Camp David, 208; Carter, Keeping Faith, 335, 339, 378; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 246; Ezer Weizman, The Battle for Peace (Jerusalem, 1981) (Hebrew), 246; Dayan, Breakthrough, 173.
188. Dayan, Breakthrough, 356-57; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 138.
189. Dayan, Breakthrough, 356-57; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 138.
190. Quandt, Camp David, 259; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 142-43.
191. Quandt, Camp David, 259; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 142-43.
192. Alexander M. Haig, Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy (New York, 1984), 167; Moshe Arens, Broken Covenant: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis between the U.S. and Israel (New York, 1995), 25; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 398-401; Quandt, Peace Process, 335-38.
193. Alexander M. Haig, Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy (New York, 1984), 167; Moshe Arens, Broken Covenant: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis between the U.S. and Israel (New York, 1995), 25; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 398-401; Quandt, Peace Process, 335-38.
194. Alexander M. Haig, Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy (New York, 1984), 167; Moshe Arens, Broken Covenant: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis between the U.S. and Israel (New York, 1995), 25; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 398-401; Quandt, Peace Process, 335-38.
195. Alexander M. Haig, Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy (New York, 1984), 167; Moshe Arens, Broken Covenant: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis between the U.S. and Israel (New York, 1995), 25; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 398-401; Quandt, Peace Process, 335-38.
196. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 190.
197. Ibid., 147-51; Helena Cobban, "The U.S.-Israeli Relationship in the Reagan Era," Conflict Quarterly 9 (1989): 8-9.
198. Ibid., 147-51; Helena Cobban, "The U.S.-Israeli Relationship in the Reagan Era," Conflict Quarterly 9 (1989): 8-9.
199. Haig, Caveat, 162-93; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 409-12.
200. Haig, Caveat, 162-93; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 409-12.
201. Haig, Caveat, 167.
202. Ibid., 184, 328-29; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 409, 411.
203. Ibid., 184, 328-29; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 409, 411.
204. Haig, Caveat, 335; Zeev Schiff, "The Green Light," Foreign Policy 50 (1983): 75-76, 81-82; Zeev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Israel's Lebanon War (London, 1984), 67-77; Ariel Sharon, Warrior: An Autobiography (Jerusalem, 1989), 444-45, 450-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 404-7; George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York, 1993), 53-57.
205. Haig, Caveat, 335; Zeev Schiff, "The Green Light," Foreign Policy 50 (1983): 75-76, 81-82; Zeev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Israel's Lebanon War (London, 1984), 67-77; Ariel Sharon, Warrior: An Autobiography (Jerusalem, 1989), 444-45, 450-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 404-7; George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York, 1993), 53-57.
206. Haig, Caveat, 335; Zeev Schiff, "The Green Light," Foreign Policy 50 (1983): 75-76, 81-82; Zeev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Israel's Lebanon War (London, 1984), 67-77; Ariel Sharon, Warrior: An Autobiography (Jerusalem, 1989), 444-45, 450-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 404-7; George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York, 1993), 53-57.
207. Haig, Caveat, 335; Zeev Schiff, "The Green Light," Foreign Policy 50 (1983): 75-76, 81-82; Zeev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Israel's Lebanon War (London, 1984), 67-77; Ariel Sharon, Warrior: An Autobiography (Jerusalem, 1989), 444-45, 450-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 404-7; George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York, 1993), 53-57.
208. Haig, Caveat, 335; Zeev Schiff, "The Green Light," Foreign Policy 50 (1983): 75-76, 81-82; Zeev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Israel's Lebanon War (London, 1984), 67-77; Ariel Sharon, Warrior: An Autobiography (Jerusalem, 1989), 444-45, 450-51; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 404-7; George P. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York, 1993), 53-57.
209. Haig, Caveat, 335; Zeev Schiff, "The Green Light," Foreign Policy 50 (1983): 75-76, 81-82; Zeev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Israel's Lebanon War (London, 1984), 67-77; Ariel Sharon, Warrior: An Autobiography (Jerusalem,
210. Quandt, Peace Process, 476-83; Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 86-91.
211. Quandt, Peace Process, 476-83; Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 86-91.
212. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 91-96, 98, 112; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 420.
213. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 91-96, 98, 112; Spiegel, The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict, 420.
214. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 170-79; Cobban, "The U.S.-Israeli Relationship," 12-13.
215. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 170-79; Cobban, "The U.S.-Israeli Relationship," 12-13.
216. Quandt, Peace Process, 379, 416-17; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 178-79; Shimon Peres, Battling for Peace: Memoirs (London, 1995), 242-63.
217. Quandt, Peace Process, 379, 416-17; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 178-79; Shimon Peres, Battling for Peace: Memoirs (London, 1995), 242-63.
218. Quandt, Peace Process, 379, 416-17; Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 178-79; Shimon Peres, Battling for Peace: Memoirs (London, 1995), 242-63.
219. Arens, Broken Covenant, 9; James A. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York, 1995), 540. Arens titles his book in Hebrew War and Peace in the Middle East, 1988-1992.
220. Arens, Broken Covenant, 9; James A. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York, 1995), 540. Arens titles his book in Hebrew War and Peace in the Middle East, 1988-1992.
221. Arens, Broken Covenant, 9; James A. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York, 1995), 540. Arens titles his book in Hebrew War and Peace in the Middle East, 1988-1992.
222. Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 115-32, 411-30, 443-69, 540-57; Quandt, Peace Process, 383-94, 396-411.
223. Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 115-32, 411-30, 443-69, 540-57; Quandt, Peace Process, 383-94, 396-411.
224. Quandt, Peace Process, 383-94; Arens, Broken Covenant, 174-244; Shamir, Summing Up (Jerusalem, 1994) (Hebrew), 158; Quandt, Peace Process, 384-88; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 115-19, 540-57.
225. Quandt, Peace Process, 383-94; Arens, Broken Covenant, 174-244; Shamir, Summing Up (Jerusalem, 1994) (Hebrew), 158; Quandt, Peace Process, 384-88; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 115-19, 540-57.
226. Quandt, Peace Process, 383-94; Arens, Broken Covenant, 174-244; Shamir, Summing Up (Jerusalem, 1994) (Hebrew), 158; Quandt, Peace Process, 384-88; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 115-19, 540-57.
227. Quandt, Peace Process, 383-94; Arens, Broken Covenant, 174-244; Shamir, Summing Up (Jerusalem, 1994) (Hebrew), 158; Quandt, Peace Process, 384-88; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 115-19, 540-57.
228. Quandt, Peace Process, 383-94; Arens, Broken Covenant, 174-244; Shamir, Summing Up (Jerusalem, 1994) (Hebrew), 158; Quandt, Peace Process, 384-88; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 115-19, 540-57.
229. Arens, Broken Covenant, 9, 30-139, 327; Shamir, Summing Up, 238-59, 293, 299.
230. Arens, Broken Covenant, 9, 30-139, 327; Shamir, Summing Up, 238-59, 293, 299.
231. Arens, Broken Covenant, 177-244; Shamir, Summing Up, 258-91; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 541.
232. Arens, Broken Covenant, 177-244; Shamir, Summing Up, 258-91; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 541.
233. Arens, Broken Covenant, 177-244; Shamir, Summing Up, 258-91; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy, 541.
234. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 188.
235. Near East Report, 27 December 1993, 226.
236. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 188; Gelb quoted in ibid.; Peres, Battling for Peace, 313-24; Near East Report, 27 December 1993, 227-29.
237. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 188; Gelb quoted in ibid.; Peres, Battling for Peace, 313-24; Near East Report, 27 December 1993, 227-29.
238. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 188; Gelb quoted in ibid.; Peres, Battling for Peace, 313-24; Near East Report, 27 December 1993, 227-29.
239. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 188; Gelb quoted in ibid.; Peres, Battling for Peace, 313-24; Near East Report, 27 December 1993, 227-29.
240. Near East Report, 27 December 1995, 227-29, 18 December 1995, 154.
241. Near East Report, 27 December 1995, 227-29, 18 December 1995, 154.
242. Near East Report, 18 December 1995, 154; Haaretz, 2 May 1996.
243. Near East Report, 18 December 1995, 154; Haaretz, 2 May 1996.
244. Near East Report, 26 December 1994, 248.
245. Hahn, "Special Relationship?" 47.
246. Reich, United States and Israel, 211.
247. Ibid., 206-7.
248. Ibid., 179.
249. Ibid., 213-14.
250. Mansour, Beyond Alliance, 195-236.