Early History of Magnetic Resonance

Physics in Perspective

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 123-135

  Ramsey, Norman F ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Magnetic resonance imaging; Microwave spectroscopy; Molecular beams; Nuclear magnetic moments; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Optical pumping; Oscillatory field method; Paramagnetic resonance; Radiofrequency spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345979862     PISSN: 14226944     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000160050012     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. 2, and HD in Magnetic Fields," Phys. Rev., 58 (1940), 226-236.
2. Norman F. Ramsey, Molecular Beams (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956; second ed. 1985); "History of Atomic Clocks," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 88 (1983), 301-320; "Early History of Magnetic Resonance," Bulletin of Magnetic Resonance, 7 (1985), 94-99; "Origins of Magnetic Resonance," in David M. Grant and Robin K. Harris, eds., Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Vol. 1. Historical Perspectives (New York: Wiley, 1996), pp. 565-569.
3. Norman F. Ramsey, Molecular Beams (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956; second ed. 1985); "History of Atomic Clocks," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 88 (1983), 301-320; "Early History of Magnetic Resonance," Bulletin of Magnetic Resonance, 7 (1985), 94-99; "Origins of Magnetic Resonance," in David M. Grant and Robin K. Harris, eds., Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Vol. 1. Historical Perspectives (New York: Wiley, 1996), pp. 565-569.
4. Norman F. Ramsey, Molecular Beams (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956; second ed. 1985); "History of Atomic Clocks," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 88 (1983), 301-320; "Early History of Magnetic Resonance," Bulletin of Magnetic Resonance, 7 (1985), 94-99; "Origins of Magnetic Resonance," in David M. Grant and Robin K. Harris, eds., Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Vol. 1. Historical Perspectives (New York: Wiley, 1996), pp. 565-569.
5. Norman F. Ramsey, Molecular Beams (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956; second ed. 1985); "History of Atomic Clocks," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 88 (1983), 301-320; "Early History of Magnetic Resonance," Bulletin of Magnetic Resonance, 7 (1985), 94-99; "Origins of Magnetic Resonance," in David M. Grant and Robin K. Harris, eds., Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Vol. 1. Historical Perspectives (New York: Wiley, 1996), pp. 565-569.
6. Maurice H. Belz, "The Heterodyne Beat Method and some Applications to Physical Measurements," Phil. Mag., 44 (1922), 479-501.
7. G. Breit and H. Kamerlingh Onnes, "Magnetic Researches. XXVI. Measurements of magnetic permeabilities of chromium chloride and gadolinium sulphate at the boiling point of liquid hydrogen in alternating fluids of frequency 369,000 per second," Communications from the Physical Laboratory of the University of Leiden, No. 168c (1926), 21-31.
8. C. G. Darwin, "Free Motion in the Wave Mechanics," Proc. Roy. Soc., [A] 117 (1927), 258-293.
9. P. Güttinger, "Das Verhalten von Atomen im magnetischen Drehfeld," Zeit. f. Phys., 73 (1931), 169-184.
10. Ettore Majorana, "Atomi Orientati in Campo Magnetico Variabile," Nuovo Cimento, 9 (1932), 43-50.
11. Lloyd Motz and M. E. Rose, "On Space Quantization in Time Varying Magnetic Fields," Phys. Rev., 50 (1936), 348-355.
12. T. E. Phipps and O. Stern, "Über die Einstellung der Richtungsquantelung," Zeit. f. Phys., 73 (1931), 185-191; R. Frisch and E. Segrè, "Über die Einstellung der Richtungsquantelung. II," ibid., 80 (1933), 610-616.
13. T. E. Phipps and O. Stern, "Über die Einstellung der Richtungsquantelung," Zeit. f. Phys., 73 (1931), 185-191; R. Frisch and E. Segrè, "Über die Einstellung der Richtungsquantelung. II," ibid., 80 (1933), 610-616.
14. I. I. Rabi, "On the Process of Space Quantization," Phys. Rev., 49 (1936), 324-328.
15. C. E. Cleeton and N. H. Williams, "Electromagnetic Waves of 1.1 cm Wave-Length and the Absorption Spectrum of Ammonia," ibid., 45 (1934), 234-237.
16. Robert Beringer, "The Absorption of One-Half Centimeter Electromagnetic Waves in Oxygen," ibid., 70 (1946), 53-57; George E. Becker and Stanley H. Autler, "Water Vapor Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Centimeter Wave-Length Range," ibid., pp. 300-307. Robert H. Dicke, Robert Beringer, Robert L. Khyl, and A. B. Vane, "Atmospheric Absorption Measurements with a Microwave Radiometer," ibid., pp. 340-348.
17. Robert Beringer, "The Absorption of One-Half Centimeter Electromagnetic Waves in Oxygen," ibid., 70 (1946), 53-57; George E. Becker and Stanley H. Autler, "Water Vapor Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Centimeter Wave-Length Range," ibid., pp. 300-307. Robert H. Dicke, Robert Beringer, Robert L. Khyl, and A. B. Vane, "Atmospheric Absorption Measurements with a Microwave Radiometer," ibid., pp. 340-348.
18. Robert Beringer, "The Absorption of One-Half Centimeter Electromagnetic Waves in Oxygen," ibid., 70 (1946), 53-57; George E. Becker and Stanley H. Autler, "Water Vapor Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Centimeter Wave-Length Range," ibid., pp. 300-307. Robert H. Dicke, Robert Beringer, Robert L. Khyl, and A. B. Vane, "Atmospheric Absorption Measurements with a Microwave Radiometer," ibid., pp. 340-348.
19. B. G. Lasarew and L. W. Schubnikow, "Des Magnetische Moment des Protons," Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowjetunion, 11 (1937), 445-457.
20. C. J. Gorter, "Parametric Relaxation," Physica, 3 (1936), 503-514; "Negative Result of an Attempt to Detect Nuclear Magnetic Spins," ibid., pp. 995-998.
21. C. J. Gorter, "Parametric Relaxation," Physica, 3 (1936), 503-514; "Negative Result of an Attempt to Detect Nuclear Magnetic Spins," ibid., pp. 995-998.
22. C. J. Gorter, "Paramagnetic Relaxation in a Transversal Magnetic Field," ibid., pp. 1006-1008.
23. C. J. Gorter and L. J. F. Broer, "Negative Result of an Attempt to Observe Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Solids," ibid., 9 (1942), 591-596.
24. I. I. Rabi, "Space Quantization in a Gyrating Magnetic Field," Phys. Rev., 51 (1937), 652-654; Julian Schwinger, "On Nonadiabatic Processes in Inhomogeneous Fields," ibid., pp. 648-651.
25. I. I. Rabi, "Space Quantization in a Gyrating Magnetic Field," Phys. Rev., 51 (1937), 652-654; Julian Schwinger, "On Nonadiabatic Processes in Inhomogeneous Fields," ibid., pp. 648-651.
26. C. J. Gorter, "Bad Luck in Attempts To Make Scientific Discoveries," Physics Today, 20 (January 1967), 76-81.
27. 19," ibid., 55 (1939), 526-535.
28. 19," ibid., 55 (1939), 526-535.
29. 2 Molecules in a Magnetic Field," ibid., 57 (1940), 677-695.
30. 2 Molecules in a Magnetic Field," ibid., 57 (1940), 677-695.
31. 2 Molecules in a Magnetic Field," ibid., 57 (1940), 677-695.
32. 44," ibid., pp. 765-780; S. Millman and P. Kusch, "On the Radiofrequency Spectra of Sodium, Rubidium and Cesium," ibid., 58 (1940), 438-445.
33. 44," ibid., pp. 765-780; S. Millman and P. Kusch, "On the Radiofrequency Spectra of Sodium, Rubidium and Cesium," ibid., 58 (1940), 438-445.
34. Luis W. Alvarez and F. Bloch, "A Quantitative Determination of the Neutron Moment in Absolute Nuclear Magnetons," ibid., 51 (1940), 111-122.
35. J. E. Nafe, E. B. Nelson, and I. I. Rabi, "The Hyperfine Structure of Atomic Hydrogen and Deuterium," ibid., 71 (1947), 914-915; John E. Nafe and Edward B. Nelson, "The Hyperfine Structure of Hydrogen and Deuterium," ibid., 73 (1948), 718-728.
36. J. E. Nafe, E. B. Nelson, and I. I. Rabi, "The Hyperfine Structure of Atomic Hydrogen and Deuterium," ibid., 71 (1947), 914-915; John E. Nafe and Edward B. Nelson, "The Hyperfine Structure of Hydrogen and Deuterium," ibid., 73 (1948), 718-728.
37. G. Breit, "Does the Electron Have an Intrinsic Magnetic Moment?," ibid., 72 (1947), 984.
38. 1/2 States of Gallium," ibid., pp. 1256-1257.
39. Willis E. Lamb, Jr. and Robert C. Retherford, "Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom by a Microwave Method," ibid., pp. 241-243.
40. Julian Schwinger, "On Quantum-Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron," ibid., 73 (1948), 416-418; "Quantum Electrodynamics. III. The Electromagnetic Properties of the Electron - Radiative Corrections to Scattering," ibid., 76 (1949), 790-817.
41. Julian Schwinger, "On Quantum-Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron," ibid., 73 (1948), 416-418; "Quantum Electrodynamics. III. The Electromagnetic Properties of the Electron - Radiative Corrections to Scattering," ibid., 76 (1949), 790-817.
42. Norman F. Ramsey, "A New Molecular Beam Magnetic Resonance Method," ibid., 75 (1949), 1326; "A New Molecular Beam Resonance Method," ibid., 76 (1949), 996; "A Molecular Beam Resonance Method with Separated Oscillating Fields," ibid., 78 (1950), 695-699.
43. Norman F. Ramsey, "A New Molecular Beam Magnetic Resonance Method," ibid., 75 (1949), 1326; "A New Molecular Beam Resonance Method," ibid., 76 (1949), 996; "A Molecular Beam Resonance Method with Separated Oscillating Fields," ibid., 78 (1950), 695-699.
44. Norman F. Ramsey, "A New Molecular Beam Magnetic Resonance Method," ibid., 75 (1949), 1326; "A New Molecular Beam Resonance Method," ibid., 76 (1949), 996; "A Molecular Beam Resonance Method with Separated Oscillating Fields," ibid., 78 (1950), 695-699.
45. Norman F. Ramsey, "Resonance Experiments in Successive Oscillatory Fields," Rev. Sci. Instruments, 28 (1957), 57-58; "Molecular Beam Resonances in Oscillatory Fields of Nonuniform Amplitudes and Phases," Phys. Rev., 109 (1958), 822-825.
46. Norman F. Ramsey, "Resonance Experiments in Successive Oscillatory Fields," Rev. Sci. Instruments, 28 (1957), 57-58; "Molecular Beam Resonances in Oscillatory Fields of Nonuniform Amplitudes and Phases," Phys. Rev., 109 (1958), 822-825.
47. E. L. Hahn, "Spin Echoes," ibid., 80 (1950), 580-594.
48. E. Zavoisky, "Paramagnetic Relaxation of Liquid Solutions for Perpendicular Fields," Journal of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 9 (1945), 211-216; "Spin Magnetic Resonance in the Decimetre-Wave Region," ibid., 10 (1946), 197-198.
49. E. Zavoisky, "Paramagnetic Relaxation of Liquid Solutions for Perpendicular Fields," Journal of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 9 (1945), 211-216; "Spin Magnetic Resonance in the Decimetre-Wave Region," ibid., 10 (1946), 197-198.
50. Robert L. Cummerow and David Halliday, "Paramagnetic Losses in Two Manganous Salts," Phys. Rev., 70 (1946), 433.
51. E. M. Purcell, H. C. Torrey and R. V. Pound, "Resonance Absorption by Nuclear Magnetic Moments in a Solid," ibid., 69 (1946), 37-38.
52. F. Bloch, W. W. Hansen, and Martin Packard, "Nuclear Induction," ibid., p. 127.
53. References to more publications of the early scientists can be found in early textbooks on magnetic resonance such as Norman F. Ramsey, Nuclear Moments (New York: Wiley, 1953) and C. P. Slichter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance (Berlin and New York: Springer Verlag, 1978).
54. References to more publications of the early scientists can be found in early textbooks on magnetic resonance such as Norman F. Ramsey, Nuclear Moments (New York: Wiley, 1953) and C. P. Slichter, Principles of Magnetic Resonance (Berlin and New York: Springer Verlag, 1978).
55. W. E. Lamb, Jr., "Internal Diamagnetic Fields," Phys. Rev., 60 (1941), 817-819.
56. Norman F. Ramsey, "The Internal Diamagnetic Field Correction in Measurements of the Proton Magnetic Moment," ibid., 77 (1950), 567; "Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei in Molecules," ibid., 78 (1950), 699-703; "Dependence of Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei upon Molecular Orientation," ibid., 83 (1951), 540-541; "Chemical Effects in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and in Diamagnetic Susceptibility," ibid., 86 (1952), 243-246.
57. Norman F. Ramsey, "The Internal Diamagnetic Field Correction in Measurements of the Proton Magnetic Moment," ibid., 77 (1950), 567; "Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei in Molecules," ibid., 78 (1950), 699-703; "Dependence of Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei upon Molecular Orientation," ibid., 83 (1951), 540-541; "Chemical Effects in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and in Diamagnetic Susceptibility," ibid., 86 (1952), 243-246.
58. Norman F. Ramsey, "The Internal Diamagnetic Field Correction in Measurements of the Proton Magnetic Moment," ibid., 77 (1950), 567; "Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei in Molecules," ibid., 78 (1950), 699-703; "Dependence of Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei upon Molecular Orientation," ibid., 83 (1951), 540-541; "Chemical Effects in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and in Diamagnetic Susceptibility," ibid., 86 (1952), 243-246.
59. Norman F. Ramsey, "The Internal Diamagnetic Field Correction in Measurements of the Proton Magnetic Moment," ibid., 77 (1950), 567; "Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei in Molecules," ibid., 78 (1950), 699-703; "Dependence of Magnetic Shielding of Nuclei upon Molecular Orientation," ibid., 83 (1951), 540-541; "Chemical Effects in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and in Diamagnetic Susceptibility," ibid., 86 (1952), 243-246.
60. 2O," ibid., 75 (1949), 1326.
61. W. D. Knight, "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Shift in Metals," ibid., 76 (1949), 1259-1260.
62. 19 Nuclear Resonance Position on Chemical Compound," ibid., 77 (1950), 736-737; "Factors Influencing the Positions of Nuclear Magnetic Resonances," ibid., 78 (1950), 339.
63. 19 Nuclear Resonance Position on Chemical Compound," ibid., 77 (1950), 736-737; "Factors Influencing the Positions of Nuclear Magnetic Resonances," ibid., 78 (1950), 339.
64. W. G. Proctor and F. C. Yu, "The Dependence of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Frequency upon Chemical Compound," ibid., 77 (1950), 717.
65. 19 Nuclear Spin Echoes," ibid., pp. 1245-1246.
66. 19 Nuclear Spin Echoes," ibid., pp. 1245-1246.
67. 19 Nuclear Spin Echoes," ibid., pp. 1245-1246.
68. E. L. Hahn and D. E. Maxwell, "Chemical Shift and Field Independent Frequency Modulation of the Spin Echo Envelope," ibid., pp. 1246-1247; "Spin-Echo Measurements of Nuclear Spin-Spin Coupling," ibid., 85 (1952), 762; "Spin Echo Measurements of Nuclear Spin Coupling in Molecules," ibid., 88 (1952), 1070-1084.
69. E. L. Hahn and D. E. Maxwell, "Chemical Shift and Field Independent Frequency Modulation of the Spin Echo Envelope," ibid., pp. 1246-1247; "Spin-Echo Measurements of Nuclear Spin-Spin Coupling," ibid., 85 (1952), 762; "Spin Echo Measurements of Nuclear Spin Coupling in Molecules," ibid., 88 (1952), 1070-1084.
70. E. L. Hahn and D. E. Maxwell, "Chemical Shift and Field Independent Frequency Modulation of the Spin Echo Envelope," ibid., pp. 1246-1247; "Spin-Echo Measurements of Nuclear Spin-Spin Coupling," ibid., 85 (1952), 762; "Spin Echo Measurements of Nuclear Spin Coupling in Molecules," ibid., 88 (1952), 1070-1084.
71. N. F. Ramsey and E. M. Purcell, "Interactions between Nuclear Spins in Molecules," ibid., 85 (1952), 143-144; Norman F. Ramsey, "Electron Coupled Interactions between Nuclear Spins in Molecules," ibid., 91 (1953), 303-307.
72. N. F. Ramsey and E. M. Purcell, "Interactions between Nuclear Spins in Molecules," ibid., 85 (1952), 143-144; Norman F. Ramsey, "Electron Coupled Interactions between Nuclear Spins in Molecules," ibid., 91 (1953), 303-307.
73. Jean Brossel and Alfred Kastler, "La détection de la résonance magnétique des niveaux excités: l'effet de dépolarisation des radiations de résonance optique et de fluorescence," Comptes Rendus, 229 (1949), 1213-1215; Alfred Kastler, "Quelques suggestions concernant la production optique et la détection optique d'une inégalité de population des niveaux de quantification spatiale des atomes. Application a l'expérience de Stern et Gerlach et a la résonance magnétique," Journal de Physique et de Radium, 11 (1950), 255-265.
74. Jean Brossel and Alfred Kastler, "La détection de la résonance magnétique des niveaux excités: l'effet de dépolarisation des radiations de résonance optique et de fluorescence," Comptes Rendus, 229 (1949), 1213-1215; Alfred Kastler, "Quelques suggestions concernant la production optique et la détection optique d'une inégalité de population des niveaux de quantification spatiale des atomes. Application a l'expérience de Stern et Gerlach et a la résonance magnétique," Journal de Physique et de Radium, 11 (1950), 255-265.