Oral mucosal lesions caused by infective microorganisms II. Fungi and parasites

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 125-144

  Stanford, Thomas W ^a   Rivera Hidalgo, Francisco ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; MOUTH MUCOSA; MYCOSIS; PARASITOLOGY; PARASITOSIS; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; STOMATITIS; THRUSH;

CANDIDIASIS, ORAL; HUMANS; MOUTH MUCOSA; MYCOSES; PARASITIC DISEASES; STOMATITIS;

EID: 0345978292     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00172.x     Document Type: Article

References (212)

1. Abbas K, El Toum IA, El Hassan AM. Oral leishmaniasis associated with kala-azar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1992: 73: 583-584.
2. Anaissie E, Kantarjian H, Jones P, Barlogie B, Luna M, Lopez-Berestein G, Bodey GP. Fusarium: a newly recognized fungal pathogen in immunosuppressed patients. Cancer 1986: 57: 2141-2145.
3. Anil S, Jacob OA, Hari S. Oral myiasis: a case report. Ann Dent 1989: 48: 28-30.
4. Anino B, Perez G, Moigur G. Rhinomaxillary mucormycosis: report of a case. Dent Med 1987: 5: 3-6.
5. Arikan A, Kulak Y, Kadir T. Comparison of different treatment methods for localized and generalized denture stomatitis. J Oral Rehabil 1995: 22: 365-369.
6. Ashford RW, Desjeux P, deRaadt P. Estimation of population at risk of infection and number of cases of leishmaniasis. Parasitol Today 1992: 8: 104-105.
7. Axéll T, Samaranayake LP, Reichart PA, Olsen I. A proposal for reclassification of oral candidosis. Guest editorial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997: 84: 111-112.
8. Bedi TR, Pandhi R, Bhutani LK. A case of cysticercosis cellulosae involving the oral cavity. Int J Dermatol 1974: 13: 188-189.
9. Bedi TR. Oral lesions of cysticercosis; spontaneous involution after 2 years of onset. J Oral Med 1978: 33: 63-67.
10. Belknap BS. Sporotrichosis. Dermatol Clin 1989: 7: 193-202.
11. Bell WA, Gamble J, Garrington GE. North American blastomycosis with oral lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1969: 28: 914-923.
12. Benjamin RP, Callaway JL, Conant NF. Facial granuloma associated with Fusarium infection. Arch Dermatol 1970: 101: 598-600.
13. Benson-Mitchell R, Tollay MD, Croft FR, Gallimore MR. Aspergillosis of the larynx. J Laryngol Otol 1994: 108: 883-885.
14. Berger CJ, Disque FC, Topazian RG. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Report of two cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1975: 40: 27-33.
15. Berman JD. Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years. Clin Infect Dis 1997: 24: 684-703.
16. Bhoyar SC, Mishra YC. Oral myiasis caused by diptera in epileptic patient. J Indian Dent Assoc 1986: 58: 535-536.
17. Blazar BR, Hurd DD, Snover DC, Alexander JW, McGlave PB. Invasive fusarium infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Am J Med 1984: 77: 645-651.
18. Boden RA. Disseminated histoplasmosis with an oral lesion. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1967: 23: 549-556.
19. Bonner JR, Alexander WJ, Dismukes WE. Disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Arch Intern Med 1984: 144: 2178-2181.
20. Boutros HH, Van Winckle RB, Evans GA, Wasan SM, Oral histoplasmosis masquerading as an invasive carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995: 53: 1110-1114.
21. Bozzo L, Lima IA, de Almeida OP, Scully C. Oral myiasis caused by sarcophagidae in an extraction wound. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1992: 74: 733-735.
22. Bradsher RW. Blastomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992: 14(suppl 1): S82-S90.
23. Breiman A, Sadowsky D, Freidman J. Mucormycosis. Discussion and report of a case involving the maxillary sinus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1981: 52: 375-378.
24. Bruce RA. Trichinosis associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma: report of three cases. J Oral Surg 1975: 33: 136-141.
25. Budtz-Jörgensen E. Candida-associated denture stomatitis. In: Samaranayake LP, McFarlane TW, ed. Oral candidosis. London: Butterworth, 1990: 156-183.
26. Budtz-Jörgensen E, Mojon P, Banon-Clement JM, Baehni P. Oral candidosis in long-term hospital care: comparison of edentulous and dentate subjects. Oral Dis 1996: 2: 285-290.
27. Burrill DY, Kotcher E, Childers JK. Nematode Infestation of the buccal submucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1957: 10: 612-613.
28. Cannon RD, Holmes AR, Mason AB, Monk BC. Oral Candida: clearance, colonization or candidiasis? J Dent Res 1995: 74: 1152-1161.
29. Casariego Z, Kelly GR, Perez H, Cahn P, Guelfan L, Kaufman S, Scully C. Disseminated histoplasmosis with orofacial involvement in HIV-1-infected patients with AIDS: manifestations and treatment. Oral Dis 1997: 3: 184-187.
30. Challacombe SJ. Immunologic aspects of oral candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1994: 78: 202-210.
31. Challacombe SJ. Immunology of oral candidosis. In: Samaranayake LP, McFarlane TW, ed. Oral candidosis. London: Butterworth, 1990: 104-123.
32. Chambers MS, Lyzak WA, Martin JW, Lyzak JS, Toth BB. Oral complications associated with aspergillosis in patients with a hematologic malignancy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995: 79: 559-563.
33. Cheung LK, Yeung RWK, Leung SY, Summan N. Trichinosis associated with carcinoma of the tongue. A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997: 84: 32-34.
34. Chinn H, Chernoff DN, Migliorati CA, Silverman S, Green TL. Oral histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995: 79: 710-714.
35. Cobb CM, Shultz RE, Brewer JH, Dunlap CL. Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis with an oral lesion. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1989: 67: 73-76.
36. Cohen PR. Oral histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1994: 78: 277-278.
37. Cohen SG, Greenberg MS. Rhinomaxillary mucormycosis in a kidney transplant patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1980: 51: 33-38.
38. Cole MC, Grossman ME. Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as tongue nodules in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Cutis 1995: 55: 104-106.
39. Curphey JE. Trichiniasis of the mandible. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1971: 31: 19-24.
40. Czernic S. Cysticercose de la levre et des extremites superieures. Can J Otolaryngol 1972; 1: 68-72.
41. Da Costa JG. Quistos parasitarios da boca. Rev Port Estomatol 1965: 6: 99-106.
42. Davis BA. Sporotrichosis. Dermatol Clin 1996: 14: 69-76.
43. de Almeida OP, Jorge J, Scully C, Bozzo L Oral manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1991: 72: 430-435.
44. de Almeida OP, Scully C. Oral lesions in the systemic mycoses. Curr Opin Dent 1991: 1: 423-428.
45. Despommier D, Gwadz RW, Hotez PJ. Parasitic diseases. 3rd edn. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995: 89-93.
46. Dhooria HS, Badhe AG. Oral myiasis: a case report. J Ind Dent Assoc 1984: 56: 25-27.
47. Dixon DM, McNeil MM, Cohen ML, Gellin BG, La Montagne JR. Fungal infections - a growing threat. Public Health Rep 1996: 111: 226-235.
48. Dixon HBF, Lipscomb FM. Cysticercosis: analysis and follow-up of 450 cases. Privy Council, Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 299. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1961.
49. Dodson TB, Perrott DH, Leonard MS. Nonhealing ulceration of the oral mucosa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989: 47: 849-852.
50. Don PC, Shen NN, Koestenblatt EK, Sierra MF, Stone RK, Bamji M. Mucocutaneous fungal colonization in HIV-infected children. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1995: 75: 310-311.
51. Donabedian H, O'Donnell E, Olszewski C, MacArthur RD, Budd N. Disseminated cutaneous and meningeal sporotrichosis in an AIDS patient. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1994: 18: 111-115.
52. Dorocka-Bobkowska B, Budtz-Jörgensen E, Wloch S. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for denture stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med 1996: 25: 411-115.
53. Dreizen S, Bodey GP, McRedie KB, Keating MJ. Orofacial aspergillosis in acute leukemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1985: 59: 499-504.
54. Dreizen S, Keating MJ, Beran N. Orofacial fungal infections. Nine pathogens that may invade during chemotherapy. Postgrad Med 1992: 91: 349-364.
55. Dreizen S. Oral complications of cancer therapies: description and incidence of oral complications. Monogr Natl Cancer Inst 1990: 9: 11-15.
56. Economopolou P, Laskaris G, Fereklis E, Kanelis N. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with severe oral lesions: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995: 53: 215-217.
57. Efran F. Gingival myiasis caused by Diptera (sarcophaga). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1980: 49: 148-150.
58. Eisig S, Boguslaw B, Copperband B. Oral mainfestations of disseminated histoplasmosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991: 49: 310-313.
59. Emmanuelli JL. Infectious granulomatous diseases of the head and neck. Am J Otol 1993: 14: 155-167.
60. Evans HL, Kletzel M, Lawson RD, Frankel LS, Hopfer RL. Systemic mycosis due to Trichosporon cutaneum: a report of two cases. Cancer 1980: 45: 367-371.
61. Eversole LR, Reichart PA, Ficarra G, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Romagnoli P, Pimpinelli N. Oral keratinocyte immune responses in HIV-associated candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997: 84: 372-380.
62. Fazakerly MW, Woolgar JA. Cysticercosis cellulosae. An unusual cause of a labial swelling. Br Dent J 1991: 170: 105-106.
63. Felices RR, Ogbureke KUE. Oral myiasis: report of a case and review of management. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996: 54: 219-220.
64. Ficarra G, Shillitoe EJ. HIV-related infections of the oral cavity. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1992: 3: 207-231.
65. Filho FJS, Lopes MA, de Almeida OPD. Mucocutaneous histoplasmosis in AIDS. Br J Dermatol 1995: 133: 472-474.
66. Fotos PG, Lilly JP. Clinical management of oral and perioral candidosis. Dermatol Clin 1996: 14: 273-280.
67. Fowler CB, Nelson JF, Henley DW, Smith HR. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome presenting as a palatal perforation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1989: 67: 313-318.
68. Gerber ME, Rosdeutscher JD, Seiden AM, Tami TA. Histoplasmosis: the otolaryngologist's perspective. Laryngoscope 1995: 105: 919-923.
69. Gilmore BJ, Retsinas EM, Lorenz JS, Hostetter MK. An iC3b receptor on Candida albicans: structure, function and correlates for pathogenicity. J Infect Dis 1988: 157: 38-46.
70. Glick M, Cohen SG, Cheney RT, Crooks GW, Greenberg MS. Oral manifestations of disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1987: 64: 454-459.
71. Goodnight J, Dulguerov P, Abemayor E. Calcified mucor fungus ball of the maxillary sinus. Am J Otolaryngol 1993: 14: 209-210.
72. Gracanin S. An unusual case of echinococcus cyst of the tongue. J Laryngol 1963: 77: 624-626.
73. Grbic JT, Mitchell-Lewis DA, Fine JB, Phelan JA, Bucklan RS, Zambon JJ, Lamster IB. The relationship of candidiasis to gingival erythema in HIV-infected homosexual men and parenteral drug users. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 30-37.
74. Greenspan D, Greenspan JS, Pindborg JJ. Oral manifestations of infectious diseases. In: AIDS and the dental team. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1986: 35-52.
75. Grennan S. A case of oral myiasis. Br Dent J 1946: 80: 274.
76. Gunbay S, Bicakci N, Canda T, Canda S. A case of myiasis gingiva. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 892-895.
77. Gupta SC, Gupta SC. Cysticercosis of the tongue. Ear Nose Throat J 1995: 74: 174, 177-178.
78. Hansen LS, Allard RHB. Encysted parasitic larvae in the mouth. J Am Dent Assoc 1984: 108: 632-636.
79. Hartwick RW, Batsakis JG. Sinus aspergillosis and allergic fungal sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991: 100: 427-430.
80. Hauman CHJ, Raubenheimer EJ. Orofacial mucormycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1989: 68: 624-627.
81. Haupt HM, Merz WG, Beschorner WE, Vaughan WP, Saral R. Colonization and infection with Trichosporon species in the immunosuppressed host. J Infect Dis 1983: 147: 199-203.
82. Hazen KC. New and emerging yeast pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995: 8: 462-478.
83. Heinic GS, Greenspan D, MacPhail LA, Greenspan JS. Oral Geotrichum candidum infection associated with HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1992: 73: 726-728.
84. Heinic GS, Greenspan D, Muephail LA. Oral Histoplasma capsulatum infection in association with HIV infection: a case report. J Oral Pathol Med 1992: 21: 85-89.
85. Hiatt WR. Submandibular swelling of unusual etiology. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1969: 28: 610-612.
86. Hiltbrand JB, McGuirt W, Winston-Salem N. Oropharyngeal histoplasmosis. South Med J 1990: 83: 227.
87. Huber MA, Hull EH, Rathbun WA. The role of the dentist in diagnosing infection in the AIDS patient. Mil Med 1989: 154: 315-318.
88. Iacopino AM, Wathen WF. Oral candidal infection and denture stomatitis. J Am Dent Assoc 1992: 123: 46-51.
89. Indira C, Ramesh V, Misra RS. Association of oral cysticercosis and post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990: 19: 266-267.
90. Jain RK, Gupta OP, Atyya NC. Cysticercosis of the tongue. J Laryngol Otol 1989: 103: 1227-1228.
91. Jones AC, Miglioratti CA, Baughman RA. The simultaneous occurrence of oral herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and histoplasmosis in an HIV-infected patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1992: 74: 334-339.
92. Jones AC, Youngblood Bensen T, Freedman PD. Mucormycosis of the oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1993: 75: 455-460.
93. Joseph EA, Mare A, Irving WR. Oral South American blastomycosis In the United States of America. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1966: 21: 732-737.
94. Kassamali H, Anaissie E, Ro J, Rolston K, Kantarjian H, Fainstein V, Bodey GP. Disseminated Geotrichum candidum infection. J Clin Microbiol 1987: 25: 1782-1783.
95. Kolokotronis A, Kioses V, Antoniades D, Mandraveli K, Doutsos I, Papanayoutou P. Median rhomboid glossitis. An oral manifestation in patients infected with HIV. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1994: 78: 36-40.
96. Konstantinidis AB, Zamanis D. Gingival myiasis. J Oral Med 1987: 42: 243-245.
97. Kulak Y, Arikan A, Delibalta N. Comparison of three different treatment methods for generalized denture stomatitis. J Prosthet Dent 1994: 72: 283-288.
98. Kurien M, Anandi V, Raman R, Brahmasathan KN. Maxillary sinus fusariosis in immunocompetent hosts. J Laryngol Otol 1992: 106: 733-736.
99. Kuruvilla A, Humphrey DM, Emko P. Coexistent oral cryptococcosis and Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cutis 1992: 49: 260-264.
100. LaFont AH, Quintero JG. Cysticercosis lingual. Rev Lat Am Pathol 1971: 10: 151-153.
101. Laskaris G, Oral manifestations of infectious diseases. Dent Clin North Am 1996: 40: 395-423.
102. Laurence SM. Dipterous larvae infection. BMJ 1909: 9: 88.
103. Lazow SK, Seldin RD, Solomon MP. South American blastomycosis of the maxilla: report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990: 48: 66-71.
104. Lederberg J, Shope RE, Oaks SC, ed. Emerging infections: microbial threats to health in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1992.
105. Levitz SM. The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. Rev Infect Dis 1991: 13: 1163-1169.
106. Limongelli WA, Rothstein SS, Smith LG, Clark MS. Disseminated South American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis): report of a case. J Oral Surg 1978: 36: 625-630.
107. Listemann H, Schonrock-Nabulsi P, Kuse R, Meigel W. Geotrichosis of oral mucosa. Mycoses 1996: 39: 289-291.
108. Loh F, Yeo J, Tan W, Kumarasinghe G. Histoplasmosis presenting as hyperplastic gingival lesion, J Oral Pathol Med 1989: 18: 533-536.
109. Loose DS, Stover EP, Restrepo A, Stevens DA, Feldman E. Estradiol binds to a receptor-like cytosol binding protein and initiates a biological response in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983: 80: 7659-7663.
110. Lucartorto F, Eversole LR. Deep mycoses and palatal perforation with granulomatous pansinusitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case reports. Quintessence Int 1993: 24: 743-874.
111. Lustman J, Copelyn M. Oral cysticercosis. Int J Oral Surg 1981: 10: 371-375.
112. Lynch DP, Naftolin LZ. Oral Cryptococcus neoformans infection in AIDS. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1987: 64: 449-453.
113. Mallett SP. Stomatitis with Taenia saginata. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1957: 10: 1277-180.
114. Mattingly GM, Rodu B. Differential diagnosis of oral mucosal ulcerations. Compendium Contin Educ Dent 1993: 14: 141-150.
115. McCullough M, Ross B, Reade P. Characterization of a genetically distinct subgroup of Candida albicans strains isolated from oral cavities of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbiol 1995: 33: 696-700.
116. McCullough M, Ross B, Reade P. Oral Candida albicans from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and characterization of a genetically distinct subgroup of Candida albicans. Aust Dent J 1995: 40: 91-97.
117. Meyer RD, Young LS, Armstrong D. Aspergillosis complicating neoplastic disease. Am J Med 1973: 54: 6-15.
118. Michiels JF, Monteil RA, Hofman P, Perrin C, Fuzibet JG, Lefichoux Y, Loubiere R. Oral leishmaniasis and Kaposi's sarcoma in an AIDS patient. J Oral Pathol Med 1994: 23: 45-46.
119. Miloro M, Kinney LA. Trichinosis of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1994: 78: 26-27.
120. Mincer HH, Oglesby RJ. Intraoral North American blastomycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1966: 22: 36-41.
121. Mishra YC, Nadkarni N. Oro-facial cysticercosis. Ann Dent 1988: 47: 23-25.
122. Monteil RA, Hofman P, Michiels P, Loubiere R. Oral cryptococcosis: case report of salivary gland involvement in an AIDS patient. J Oral Pathol Med 1997: 26: 53-56.
123. Monteil RA. Parasitic diseases. In: Millard HD, Mason DK, ed. 2nd edn. World Workshop on Oral Medicine. Ann Arbor: School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1993: 75-82.
124. Moskow BS. Trichinosis in oral musculature: report of a case. J Am Dent Assoc 1973: 86: 663-666.
125. Murray HW, Littman ML, Roberts RB. Disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) in the United States. Am J Med 1974: 56: 209-220.
126. Muzyka BC, Glick M. A review of oral fungal infections and appropriate therapy. J Am Dent Assoc 1995: 126: 63-72.
127. Myoken Y, Sugata T, Fujihara M. Oral Fusarium infection in a granulocytopenic patient with acute myelogenous leukemia: a case report. J Oral Pathol Med 1995; 24: 237-240.
128. Myoken Y, Tatsumi S, Tai-Ichi K, Megumu F. Pathologic features of invasive oral aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996: 54: 263-270.
129. Nagy-Agren SE, Chu P, Walker Smith GJ, Waskin HA, Altice FL. Zygomycosis (mucormycosis) and HIV infection: report of three cases and review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995: 10: 441-449.
130. Napoli JA, Donegan JO. Aspergillosis and necrosis of the maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991: 49: 532-534.
131. Navarrete F, Vazquez-Fritz C, Cedillo S, Portilla J. Cisticercosis lingual. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1974: 31: 101-104.
132. Nevalalnen MJ, Narhi TO, Ainamo A. Oral mucosal lesions and oral hygiene habits in the home-living elderly. J Oral Rehabil 1997: 24: 332-337.
133. Newman CW, Rosenbaum D. Oral cryptococcus. J Periodontol 1962: 33: 266-269.
134. Ng KH, Chin CS, Jalleh RD, Siar CH, Ngui CH, Singaram SP. Nasofacial zygomycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1991: 72: 685-688.
135. Ng KH, Siar CH. Review of oral histoplasmosis in Malaysians. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod Oral Radiol Endod 1996: 81: 303-307.
136. Nittayananta W, Kumplanont P, Srisintorn S, Akkayanont P, Chungpanich S, Teanpaisan R, Chareonwatanan M, Nuntanaranont T. Oral histoplasmosis associated with candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a report of two cases. Br Dent J 1997: 182: 309-312.
137. Novelli MR, Haddock A, Eveson JW. Orofacial myiasis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993: 31: 36-37.
138. Oda D, McDougal L, Fritsche T, Worthington P, Oral histoplasmosis as a presenting disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1990: 70: 631-636.
139. Oelz O, Schaffner A, Frick P, Schaer G. Trichosporon captium: thrush-like oral infection, local invasion, fungaemia and metastatic abscess formation in a leukemic patient. J Infect 1983: 6: 183-185.
140. Öhman SC, Österberg T, Dahlén G, Landahl S. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae species, and Candida species and their relation to oral mucosal lesions in a group of 79-year-olds in Göteborg. Acta Odontol Scand 1995: 53: 49-54.
141. Okuda C, Ito M, Sato Y, Oka K, Hotchi M. Disseminated cutaneous Fusarium infection with vascular invasion in a leukemic patient. J Med Vet Mycol 1987: 25: 177-186.
142. Ostrofsky MK, Baker MA. Oral cysticercosis: three case reports. J Dent Assoc S Afr 1975: 30: 535-337.
143. Padhye AA, Pathak AA, Katkar VJ, Hazare VK, Kaufman L. Oral histoplasmosis in India: a case report and an overview of cases reported during 1968-92. J Med Vet Mycol 1994: 32: 93-103.
144. Page LR, Drummond JF, Daniels HT, Morrow LW, Frazier QZ. Blastomycosis with oral lesions. Report of two cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1979: 47: 157-160.
145. Parfrey NA. Improved diagnosis and prognosis of mucormycosis: a clinicopathologic study of 33 cases. Medicine 1986: 65: 113-123.
146. Perl P, Perl T, Goldberg B. Abbreviated case report: hydatid cyst of the tongue. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1972: 33: 579-581.
147. Piluso S, Ficarra G, Lucatorto FM, Orsi A, Dionisio D, Stendardi L, Eversole LR. Cause of oral ulcers in HIV-infected patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996: 82: 166-172.
148. Plorde JJ. Introduction to parasitic diseases. In: Ryan KJ, ed. Medical microbiology. 3rd edn. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lang, 1994: 623-625.
149. Pupkin J, Apt W, Rivera H. Cisticercosis de la lengua. Bol Chile Parasitol 1967: 22: 66-68.
150. Rajah V, Essa A. Histoplasmosis of the oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx. J Laryngol Otol 1993: 107: 58-81.
151. Rao PLNG, Radhakrishna K, Kapadia RD. Cysticercosis of the tongue. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990: 20: 150-161.
152. Reichart PA. Oral pathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and oro-facial Kaposi's sarcoma. Curr Top Pathol 1996: 90: 97-123.
153. Reichart PA, Philipsen HP, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Samaranayake LP. Pseudomembranous oral candidiasis in HIV infection: ultrastructural findings. J Oral Pathol Med 1995: 24: 276-281.
154. Reichart PA, Schmidt-Westhausen A, Samaranayake LP, Philipsen HP. Candida associated palatal hyperplasia in HIV infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1994: 23: 403-405.
155. Rodriguez-Archilla A, Urquia M, Cutando A, Asencio R. Denture stomatitis: quantification of interleukin-2 production by mononuclear cells cultured with Candida albicans. J Prosthet Dent 1996: 75: 426-431.
156. Romero De Leon E, Aguirre A. Oral cysticercosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995: 79: 572-577.
157. Rose HD, Gingrass DJ. Localized oral blastomycosis mimicking actinomycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1982: 54: 12-14.
158. Rosencrans M, Barak J. Parasitic infections of the mouth: a case report of cysticercus cellulosae. N Y State Dent J 1969: 35: 271-273.
159. Rubin MM, Jui V, Sadoff RS. Oral aspergillosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991: 48: 997-999.
160. Ruechel, R. Virulence factors of Candida species. In: Samaranayake LP, McFarlane TW, ed. Oral candidosis. London: Butterworths, 1990: 47-65.
161. Salisbury PL, Caloss R, Cruz JM, Powell BL, Cole R, Kohut RI. Mucormycosis of the mandible after dental extractions in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997: 83: 340-344.
162. Salman L, Sheppard SM. South American blastomycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1962: 15: 671-676.
163. Salonen MA, Raistia AM, Oikarinen KS. Effect of treatment of palatal papillary hyperplasia with local and systemic antifungal agents accompanied by renewal of complete dentures. Acta Odontol Scand 1996: 54: 87-91.
164. Samaranayake LP. Oral mycoses in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1992: 73: 171-180.
165. Samaranayake LP, McFarlane TW. Biology of Candida species. In: Samaranayake LP, McFarlane TW, ed. Oral candidosis. London: Butterworths, 1990: vii-viii.
166. Samaranayake LP, Yaacob HB. Classification of oral candidosis. In: Samaranayake LP, McFarlane TW, ed. Oral candidosis. London: Butterworths, 1990: 124-132.
167. Samaranayake LP. Superficial oral fungal infections. Curr Opin Dent 1991: 1: 415-422.
168. Samaranayake LP. Oral mycoses in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1992: 73: 171-180.
169. San Felix AC, Bertrand LS. Cisticerco de la lengua (observation clinical). An Esp Odontoestomatol 1965: 24: 35-40.
170. Sanchez-Torres J, Liceaga-Escalera C, Lifshitz-Oswiecki J. Oral myiasis: report of a case. Rev Assoc Dent Mex 1974: 31: 33-36.
171. Sarosi GA, Johnson PC. Disseminated histoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1992: 14: 560-567.
172. Schreiber MM, Schuckmell N, Sampsel J. Human myiasis. JAMA 1964: 188: 828-829.
173. Scott HG. Human myiasis in North America. Florida Entomol 1964: 47: 255-261.
174. Scully C, Almeida O. Orofacial manifestations of the systemic mycoses. J Oral Pathol Med 1992: 21: 289-294.
175. Shah HA, Dayal PK. Dental myiasis. J Oral Med 1984: 39: 210-211.
176. Sharma AK, Misra RS, Mukherjee A, Ramesh V, Jain RK. Oral cysticercosis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986: 15: 349-351.
177. Shepherd MG. Biology of Candida species. In: Samaranayake LP, McFarlane TW, ed. Oral candidosis. London: Butterworths, 1990: 10-20.
178. Shira RB. A case of oral myiasis. Mil Surg 1943: 92: 57-58.
179. Shuker S. Hydatid cyst in the maxillofacial region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1982: 40: 171-174.
180. Smith E, Franzmann M, Mathiesen LR. Disseminated histoplasmosis in a Danish patient with AIDS. Scand J Infect Dis 1989: 21: 573-577.
181. Souza Filho FJ, Lopes M, Almeida OP, Scully C. Mucocutaneous histoplasmosis in AIDS. Br J Dermatol 1995: 133: 472-474.
182. Sposto MR, Mendes-Giannini MJ, Moraes RA, Branco FC, Scully C. Paracoccidioidomycosis manifesting as oral lesions: clinical, cytological and serological investigation. J Oral Pathol Med 1994: 23: 85-87.
183. Stiles CW, Baker CE. A fifth case of gongylonema hominis in man in the United States. JAMA 1928: 91: 1891-1892.
184. Sugar AM. Mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992: 14(suppl 1): S126-S129.
185. Sugata T, Myoken Y, Kyo T. Invasive oral aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients with leukemia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994: 52: 382-386.
186. Swindells S, Durham T, Johansson SL, Kaufman L, Oral histoplasmosis in a patient infected with HIV. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1994: 77: 126-130.
187. Systemic mycoses. In: Levinson W, Jawetz E, ed. Medical microbiology and immunology. 4th edn. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lang, 1996: 258-266.
188. Tahiri D. Un cas de kyste hydatique de la langue. J Franc Otorhinolaryngol 1965: 14: 327-330.
189. Tashiro T, Nagai H, Nagaoka H, Goto Y, Kamberi P, Nasu M. Trichosporon beigelli pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies. Chest 1995: 108: 190-195.
190. The deep mycoses. In: Cawson RA, Binnie WH, Eveson JW. Color atlas of oral disease. 2nd edn. London: Wolfe, 1994: 9.3-9.9.
191. Theissing VG, Schmidt W. Sporotrichosis of the paranasal sinuses and mouth, with skin involvement. Z Laryngl Rhinol Otol 1957: 36: 143-149.
192. Tiecke RW, Baron HJ, Casey DE. Localized oral histoplasmosis. J Oral Surg 1968: 16: 441-447.
193. Timosca G, Gavrilita L. Cysticercosis of the maxillofacial region. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1974: 37: 390-400.
194. Toledo OA, Martinelli C. Cysticercosis in the human alveolar mucosa: case report. Rev Fac Farm Odontol Araraquara 1969: 3: 129-132.
195. Toth BB, Frame RR. Oral histoplasmosis: diagnostic complication and treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1983: 55: 597-600.
196. Tzerbos F, Kababi S, Booth D. Cryptococcosis as an exclusive oral presentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992: 50: 759-760.
197. Van der Westhuijzen AJ, Grotepass FW, Wyma G, Padayachee A. A rapidly fatal palatal ulcer: rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1989: 68: 32-36.
198. Vartivarian SE, Anaissie EJ, Bodey GP. Emerging fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients: classification, diagnosis, and management. Clin Infect Dis 1993: 17(suppl 2): S487-S491.
199. Verran J, Maryan CJ. Retention of Candida albicans on acrylic resin and silicone of different surface topography. J Prosthet Dent 1997: 77: 535-539.
200. Waite CH, Gorrie RA. Gongylonema infestation in man. JAMA 1935: 105: 23-24.
201. Walker DM, Arendorf TM. Candidal leukoplakia, chronic multifocal candidosis and median rhomboid glossitis. In: Samaranayake LP, McFarlane TW, ed. Oral candidosis. London: Butterworths, 1990: 184-199.
202. Warnakulasuriya KAAS, Harrison JD, Johnson NW, Edwards S, Taylor C, Pozniak AL Localised oral histoplasmosis lesions associated with HIV infection. J Oral Pathol Med 1997: 26: 294-296.
203. Webb DJ, Colman MF, Thompson K, Wescott WB. Acute, life-threatening disease first appearing as odontogenic pain. J Am Dent Assoc 1984: 109: 936-938.
204. Webb J, Seidel J, Correll RW. Multiple nodules on the tongue of a patient with seizures. J Am Dent Assoc 1986: 112: 701-702.
205. Weber JL. Histoplasmosis of the head and neck. Ear Nose Throat J 1988: 67: 841-842.
206. Weed LA, Parkhill EM. The diagnosis of histoplasmosis in ulcerative disease of the mouth and pharynx, Am J Clin Pathol 1948: 18: 130-140.
207. Williams DW, Potts AJC, Wilson MJ, Matthews JB, Lewis MAO. Characterisation of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic hyperplastic candidosis of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 1997: 26: 83-89.
208. Wirtz RA, Azad AF. Injurious arthropods. In: Strickland GT, ed. Tropical medicine. 7th edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1991: 893-904.
209. Witorsch P, Utz JP. North American blastomycosis: a study of 40 patients. Medicine 1968: 47: 169-200.
210. Wortman PD. Subcutaneous cysticercosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991: 25: 409-414.
211. Zegarelli V, Kutscher AH, Oispow J. Trichinosis found during examination of oral inflammatory tumor: report of a case. J Oral Surg 1965: 23: 655-666.
212. Zeltser R, Lustman J. Oral myiasis. Int J Oralmaxillofac Surg 1988: 17: 288-289.