Emergency Safeguard Measures under Article X in GATS: Applicability of the Concepts in the WTO Agreement on Safeguards

Journal of World Trade

Volumn 33, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 47-59

  Lee, Yong Shik ^a  

^a Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade   (South Korea)

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EID: 0345977195     PISSN: 10116702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. See Lee, Y.S. and Mah, Jai S., Reflections on the Agreement on Safeguards in the WTO, 21 W.Comp. 6, p. 25 (December, 1998) for discussions on the general characteristics of the Agreement.
2. The prolonged and complicated negotiation process on GATS is illustrated in Stewart, Terence, P. (ed.), The GATT Uruguay Round: A Negotiating History (1986-1992), (Kluwer Law and Taxation, 1993), pp. 2335-2663.
3. GATT Uruguay Round Document MTN.GNS/W/120 (dated 10 July 1991).
4. WTO Document S/WPGR/M/18 (dated 13 November 1998).
5. Note by the Secretariat of the Working Party on GATS Rules, dated 6 July 1995 (WTO Document S/WPGR/W/1) illustrates the flexible structure of the GATS. It states: "The GATS permits signatories to circumscribe their commitments in several ways. First, the GATS contains relatively few general obligations that apply in the absence of specific commitments. Moreover, the single most important general obligation - the most-favoured-nation (MFN) rule of Article II - will not apply if a Member exempts certain measures from MFN at the time of entry into force of the agreement. Secondly, specific commitments only apply if a sector has been scheduled, and all Members have omitted sectors from their positive lists of commitments. Even where a sector has been scheduled, particular modes of delivery may be excluded from any commitment, and the precise terms of commitments undertaken can be conditioned through market access limitations (Article XVI) and national treatment limitations (Article XVII)."
6. WTO Document S/WPGR/W/1 (dated 6 July 1995).
7. WTO Document S/WPGR/W/24 (dated 3 September 1997).
8. WTO Document S/WPGR/W/1 (dated 6 July 1995).
9. See Bosworth, Malcolm, GATS Emergency Safeguard Measures, in Report on the Implementation of Safeguards in the Area of Trade and Distribution Services, Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade (KIET), (1998), p. 243.
10. Freebain, J.W., Pros and Cons of Temporary Industry Assistance, Australian Journal of Agriculture Economics, 22(3), pp. 194-205.
11. See Bosworth, as note 9, above, p. 246.
12. See WTO Document S/WPGR/M/19 (dated 21 January 1999).
13. See WTO Document S/WPGR/M/20 (dated 17 March 1999).
14. WTO Documents S/WPGR/M/19 (dated 21 January 1999), S/WPGR/M/20 (dated 17 March 1999).
15. WTO Document S/WPGR/W/27 (dated 20 November 1998).
16. As note 15, above.
17. For details, see Mah, Jai S., Reflections on the Balance of Payment Provisions in the WTO, 21 W.Comp. 5, p. 139 (September, 1998).
18. Jackson, John H., The World Trading System, (The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1997), p. 210.
19. See Lee, Y.S. and Mah, Jai S., as note 1, above, pp. 26-28 for details.
20. WTO Documents S/WPGR/M/19 (dated 21 January 1999) and S/WPGR/M/20 (dated 17 March 1999).
21. Dolzer, Rudolf and Stevens, Margrete, Bilateral Investment Treaties, (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1994), p. 1.
22. WTO Documents S/WPGR/M/19 (dated 21 January 1999) and S/WPGR/M/20 (dated 17 March 1999).
23. Jackson, John H., World Trade and the Law of GATT, (Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1969), p. 563.
24. WTO Document S/WPGR/W/24 (dated 3 September 1997).
25. WTO Document S/WPGR/M/20 (dated 17 March 1999).
26. See Lee, Y.S. and Mah, Jai S., as note 1, above, p. 28.
27. See also Lee, Y.S. and Mah, Jai S., as note 1, above, p. 29.
28. See section I, above.
29. See the discussions at section III.D, above.
30. Article 13 of the Agreement on Safeguards provides for the establishment of the Committee on Safeguards and designates its functions.
31. Article XXI of GATS provides for arbitration where no agreement is made between the modifying Member and any affected Member.
32. See discussions in section II, above.
33. See Lee, Y.S. and Mah, Jai S., as note 1, above.