American physicians and dual loyalty obligations in the "war on terror"

BMC Medical Ethics

Volumn 4, Issue , 2003, Pages 1-10

  Singh, Jerome Amir ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b at the University of Toronto Wagner is also a faculty member of the Canadian Medical Associations' Physician Management Institute   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DETENTION; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HUMAN RIGHTS; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MILITARY MEDICINE; PHYSICIAN; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PRISONER; REVIEW; TERRORISM; UNITED STATES; WAR;

EID: 0345915813     PISSN: 14726939     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-4-1     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Gall C: U.S. military investigating death of Afghan in custody. The New York Times. 2003 March 04
2. Priest D and Gellman B: U.S. decries abuse but defends interrogations. The Washington Post. 2002 December 26
3. Summerfield D: Fighting "terrorism" with torture. BMJ 2003, 326:773.
4. Gregg Bloche M: Clinical loyalties and the social purposes of medicine. JAMA 1999, 281:268-274.
5. Priest D and Gellman B: U.S. decries abuse but defends interrogations. The Washington Post. 2002 December 26
6. U.S. sedates terror suspects [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1772522.stm]. January 21, 2002
7. Griffiths F: Guantanamo prisoner attempts suicide. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-2747985,00.html]. June 4, 2003
8. U.S. detains children at Guantanamo Bay [http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,941875,00.html]. April 23, 2003
9. Article 40. Convention on the Rights of the Child [http://www.savethechildren.ca/en/whoweare/whounrights.html]. G.A. res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR (Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/ 49 (1989), entered into force Sept. 2 1990
10. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice ("The Beijing Rules") [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp48.htm]. G.A. res. 40/33, annex, 40 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 53) at 207, U.N. Doc. A/40/53 (1985)
11. United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty [http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/h_comp37.htm]. G.A. res. 45/113, annex, 45 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49A) at 205, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (1990)
12. Physicians for Human Rights and University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty: Dual loyalty and human rights in health professional practice: proposed guidelines and institutional standards. Boston: Physicians for Human Rights [http://www.phrusa.org/healthrights/dual_loyalty.html]. Accessed July 2003
13. Albert T: Physicians prepare for duty in military. [http://www.ama-assn.org/sci-pubs/amnews/pick_01/prsa1015.htm]. October 15, 2001
14. British Medical Association: The Medical Profession and Human Rights: Handbook For a Changing Agenda. London 2001.
15. Article 17, paragraph 3 of the Third Geneva Convention [http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/91.htm]
16. Beauchamp T and Childress J: Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press Fifth2001.
17. Beauchamp T and Childress J: Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press Fifth2001:113.
18. Beauchamp T and Childress J: Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press Fifth2001:166.
19. Beauchamp T and Childress J: Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press Fifth2001:115.
20. Beauchamp T and Childress J: Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press Fifth2001:167.
21. The Geneva Convention of 27 July 1929 relative to the treatment of prisoners of war, as amended in 1949 [http://www.icrc.org/IHL.nsf/52d68d14de6160e0c12563da005fdb1b/ eb1571b00daec90ec125641e00402aa6?OpenDocument]
22. Article 2. The Geneva Convention of 27 July 1929 relative to the treatment of prisoners of war, as amended in 1949 [http://www.icrc.org/IHL.nsf/52d68d14de6160e0c12563da005fdb1b/ eb1571b00daec90ec125641e00402aa6?OpenDocument]
23. Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (also known as the Third Geneva Convention) [http://www.hri.ca/uninfo/treaties/92.shtml]. Adopted on 12 August 1949 by the Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War, held in Geneva from 21 April to 12 August, 1949. Entry into force 21 October 1950.
24. Geneva Convention to cover Taliban [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1775162.stm]. January 22, 2002
25. United States v Noriega 746 F. Supp 1506 (S.D.Fl. 1990) at 808 F.Supp at 803 [http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/july97/92-4687.man.html]
26. Body Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988 [http://www.nchre.org/readingroom/undocuments/bpi1.shtml]
27. Principle I, Body Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988 [http://www.nchre.org/readingroom/undocuments/bpi1.shtml]
28. Principle 6. Body Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988 [http://www.nchre.org/readingroom/undocuments/bpi1.shtml]
29. Principle 6. Body Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988 [http://www.nchre.org/readingroom/undocuments/bpi1.shtml]
30. Principle 7(2). Body Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988 [http://www.nchre.org/readingroom/undocuments/bpi1.shtml]
31. Article 21. Body Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment. General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988 [http://www.nchre.org/readingroom/undocuments/bpi1.shtml]
32. The First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders Geneva 1955 [http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm].
33. Article 4(1), The First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders Geneva 1955 [http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm].
34. Article 84 (1), The First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders Geneva 1955 [http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm].
35. Article 84(2), The First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders Geneva 1955 [http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm].
36. Article 95, The First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders Geneva 1955 [http://193.194.138.190/html/menu3/b/h_comp34.htm].
37. General Assembly Resolution A/RES/57/219 of 16 December 2002 on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism [http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2002/documentation/genassembly/a-res-57-219.htm]
38. United Nations General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948 [http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html]
39. Article 5, United Nations General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948 [http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html]
40. International covenaut on civil and political rights. Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by United Nations General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 [http://www.iidh.ed.cr/docweb/instrumentos/ing/ pacto%20internacional%20de%20devechos%20civiles%20y%20politics.htm]. Entry into force 23 March 1976
41. Kellberg L: Torture: International Rules and Procedures. In: An End to Torture: Strategies for its Eradication Edited by: Duner B. London: Zen Books; 1998.
42. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984 [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm]. Entered into force 26 June 1987
43. Article 1 of both Declarations, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984 [http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm]
44. Ireland v UK (1978) 2 EHRR 25 paragraph 168 [http://www.law.qub.ac.uk/humanrts/ehris/ni/icase/intcaseA.htm]
45. Israel Supreme Court; Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. the State of Israel. 1999.
46. The 29th World Medical Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 [http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/tokyo/]
47. McQuoid-Mason DJ and Dada MA: Guide to Forensic Medicine and Medical Law. Durban: Independent Medico-Legal Unit 1999.
48. Paragraph 1, preamble of the 29th World Medical Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 [http://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/ tokyo/]
49. Article 1, the Declaration of Tokyo [http://www.euroethics.de/tokyo.htm]
50. Article 2, the Declaration of Tokyo [http://www.euroethics.de/tokyo.htm]
51. Article 3, the Declaration of Tokyo [http://www.euroethics.de/tokyo.htm]
52. Article 4, the Declaration of Tokyo [http://www.euroethics.de/tokyo.htm]
53. Guideline 14. DLHR Guidelines on Prison, Detention and other Custodial Settings [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#a]
54. General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982 [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r194.htm]
55. Principle 4, General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982 [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r194.htm]
56. Principle 2, General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982 [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r194.htm]
57. Principle 1, General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982 [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r194.htm]
58. Principle 6, General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982 [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r194.htm]
59. Principle 5, General Assembly resolution 37/194 of 18 December 1982 [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/37/a37r194.htm]
60. Guideline 13. DLHR Guidelines on Prison, Detention and other Custodial Settings [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#a]
61. The 49th WMA General Assembly. Hamburg, Germany, November 1997 [http://www.wma.net/e/policy/a12.htm]
62. Article 4(1), The 49th WMA General Assembly. Hamburg, Germany, November 1997 [http://www.wma.net/e/policy/a12.htm]
63. Principle 1, The 49th WMA General Assembly. Hamburg, Germany, November 1997 [http://www.wma.net/e/policy/a12.htm]
64. AMA Code of Ethics (Professionalism) E-2.067 Torture [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/8421.html]. Issued December 1999
65. Guideline 8. DLHR Guidelines on Prison, Detention and other Custodial Settings [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#a]
66. Guideline 7. DLHR Guidelines for Military Health Professionals [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#e]
67. Guideline 9. DLHR Guidelines on Prison, Detention and other Custodial Settings [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#a]
68. Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [http://www.phrusa.org/research/istanbul_protocol/ist_prot.pdf]
69. Guideline 6. DLHR Guidelines on Prison, Detention and other Custodial Settings [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#a]
70. Guideline 1, DLHR Guidelines on Prison, Detention and other Custodial Settings [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#a]
71. Stover E, Nightingale EO and eds: The Breaking of Bodies and Minds. New York: WH Freeman and Co 1985.
72. British Medical Association: BMA Guidance medical treatment: Guidance for decision making. London: BMJ Books 1999:81.
73. British Medical Association: Withholding and withdrawing life-prolonging medical treatment: Guidance for decision making. London: BMJ Books 1999:81-2.
74. Weinstein H: Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control. Washington: American Psychiatric Press Inc 1988.
75. British Medical Association: The Medical Profession and Human Rights: Handbook For a Changing Agenda. London 2001:xxiii.
76. Economic and Social Council Resolution 2002/27 [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/optprotort.html]
77. Principle 3; Principles of Medical Ethics, AMA [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/upload/mm/369/principlestracked.pdf]
78. British Medical Association: The Medical Profession and Human Rights: Handbook For a Changing Agenda. London 2001:xxiii.
79. Principle 8, Principles of Medical Ethics, AMA [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/upload/mm/369/principlestracked.pdf]
80. Guideline 6. DLHR Proposed General Guidelines for Health Professional Practice [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#c]
81. AMA Code of Ethics (Professionalism) E-2.067 Torture [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/8421.html]. Issued December 1999
82. Guideline 14. DLHR Proposed General Guidelines for Health Professional Practice [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#d]
83. Guideline 11. DLHR Proposed General Guidelines for Health Professional Practice [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#d]
84. Guideline 2. DLHR Guidelines for Military Health Professionals [http://phrusa.org/healthrights/dl_4.html#e]