Emerging Disability Policy Framework: A Guidepost for Analyzing Public Policy

Iowa Law Review

Volumn 85, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 1691-1746

  Silverstein, Robert ^a  

^a Ctr Stud Adv of Disability Plcy   (United States)

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EID: 0345915592     PISSN: 00210552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (229)

1. See Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 § 2(a), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a) (1994) (listing congressional findings regarding Americans with disabilities); see also S. REP. NO. 101-116, at 5-20 (1989). Former Senator Lowell Weicker (R. Conn.) testified before Congress "that people with disabilities spend a lifetime 'overcoming not what God wrought but what man imposed by custom and law.'" Id. at 11 (1989).
2. S. REP. NO. 101-116, at 5-7 (1989).
3. See National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 64 Fed. Reg. 68,576, 68,580 (Dec. 7, 1999) (providing notice for the final long-range plan for fiscal years 1999-2003 and explaining that the new paradigm of disability is an expectation for the future).
4. S. REP. NO. 101-116, at 5-7 (1989).
5. See Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, Pub. L. No. 94-142, 89 Stat. 773 (adding Part B to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. ch. 33 (1994)). See also Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. ch. 16 (1994).
6. Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, Pub. L. No. 100-430, 102 Stat. 1619; Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act Amendments of 1987, Pub. L. No. 100-146, 101 Stat. 840; Air Carrier Access Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-435, 100 Stat. 1080; Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-506, 100 Stat. 1807; Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-457, 100 Stat. 1145.
7. 42 U.S.C. ch. 126 (1994). President Bush signed the ADA into law on July 26, 1990. Id. Senator Tom Harkin (D. Iowa), the chief sponsor of the ADA, often refers to the legislation as the "20th century Emancipation Proclamation for persons with disabilities." 136 CONG. REC. S9689 (daily ed. July 13, 1990).
8. Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, Pub. L. No. 106-170, 113 Stat. 1860; Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-17, 111 Stat. 37; Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act Amendments of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-230, 108 Stat. 284; Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-569, 106 Stat. 4344.
9. See Re-Charting the Course - First Report of the Presidential Task Force on Employment of Adults with Disabilities (Nov. 15, 1998).
10. Generic programs include persons with and without disabilities among the beneficiaries of assistance. An example of a generic program is the recently enacted Workforce Investment Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-220, 112 Stat. 936, that establishes an integrated workforce investment preparation and employment system for all job seekers, including individuals with disabilities.
11. ADA § 2(a)(8), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(8) (1994).
12. 42 U.S.C. ch. 126 (1994).
13. 29 U.S.C. § 794 (1994) (amended 1998). Pursuant to Executive Order 12250, the Department of Justice is responsible for coordinating the implementation of section 504 by the various federal agencies. 28 C.F.R. § 41.1 (1999). The section 504 coordination regulations are set forth in 28 C.F.R. pt. 41 (1999). Each federal agency is responsible for promulgating its own regulations implementing section 504. 28 C.F.R. § 41.2 (1999). For example, the Department of Health and Human Services section 504 regulations are codified in Part 84 of Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations. 45 C.F.R. pt. 84 (1999).
14. 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f) (1994).
15. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1411-1419 (1994) (amended 1997, § 1415 amended 1999, § 1414a omitted by Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-17, 111 Stat. 37).
16. 42 U.S.C. § 401 (1994) (amended 1999).
17. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1381-1383c (1994) (§§ 1382-1382b, 1382d, 1382e, 1383, 1383b amended 1999; § 1382c amended 1997; § 1383c amended 1996).
18. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395c-1395ccc (1994).
19. 42 U.S.C. § 1396 (1994).
20. 42 U.S.C. § 1396a (a)(10)(A) (1994) (amended 1999).
21. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396(a)(10), 1396d(a) (1994) (amended 1999).
22. 42 U.S.C. § 1396n(c) (1994) (amended 1999).
23. 29 U.S.C. §§ 720-751 (1994) (amended 1998, §§ 740, 742-750 omitted by Workforce Investment Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-220, 112 Stat. 936, 1116).
24. 29 U.S.C. § 730 (1994) (amended 1998).
25. Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-33, 111 Stat. 251, 552.
26. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1411-1419 (1994) (amended 1997, § 1415 amended 1999, § 1414a omitted by Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-17, 111 Stat 37).
27. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1421-1427 (1994) (repealed by Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-17, 111 Stat. 37, 157).
28. 29 U.S.C. §§ 795i-795q (1994) (amended 1998, §§ 795o-795q omitted by Workforce Investment Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-220, 112 Stat. 931, 1210).
29. 29 U.S.C. §§ 796J-7961 (1994).
30. 42 U.S.C. §§ 6021-6030 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
31. 29 U.S.C. §§ 796f to 796f-6 (Supp. IV 1998).
32. 42 U.S.C. §§ 6041-6043 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
33. Workforce Investment Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-220, 112 Stat. 936.
34. 20 U.S.C. §§ 5801-5802 (Supp. IV 1998).
35. 42 U.S.C. §§ 9831-9841 (Supp. IV 1998).
36. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1397-1397f (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
37. 42 U.S.C. §§ 701-709 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (§ 706 amended 1999).
38. 29 U.S.C. §§ 760-765 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
39. 29 U.S.C. §§ 2201-2202 (1994) (repealed by Assistive Technology Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-394, 112 Stat. 3627, 3661).
40. 42 U.S.C. §§ 6061-6066 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
41. 42 U.S.C. §§ 281-283f (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
42. ADA § 506, 42 U.S.C. § 12206 (1994).
43. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1461-1474 (Supp. IV 1998).
44. 20 U.S.C. § 1482 (Supp. III 1997).
45. Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act, Pub. L. No. 106-170, 113 Stat. 1860.
46. 29 U.S.C. § 794e (1994) (amended 1998).
47. Pub. L. No. 103-31, 107 Stat. 77.
48. Pub. L. No. 103-3, 107 Stat. 6 (codified as 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601-26 (1994)).
49. Pub. L. No. 104-104, 110 Stat. 56.
50. 26 U.S.C. § 44 (1994).
51. 26 U.S.C. § 51 (1994) (amended 1999).
52. ADA § 2(a), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a) (1994).
53. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 100(a), 29 U.S.C. § 720(a) (1994).
54. IDEA § 601(c), 20 U.S.C. § 1400(c) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998). These findings were updated in the 1997 amendments to IDEA, Pub. L. No. 105-17, 111 Stat. 37.
55. IDEA § 601(c)(1), 20 U.S.C. § 1400(c)(1) (1994); Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 2(a)(3), 29 U.S.C. § 701(a)(3) (1994); Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 101(a)(2), 42 U.S.C. § 6000(a)(2) (1994).
56. ADA § 2(a)(8), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(8) (1994).
57. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 2(a), (c), 29 U.S.C. § 701(a), (c) (1994) (amended 1998).
58. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 2(a)-(c)(5), 29 U.S.C. § 701(a)-(c)(5) (1994) (amended 1998).
59. IDEA § 601(c)(5), 20 U.S.C. § 1400(c)(5) (1994) (amended 1997).
60. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 101(c), 42 U.S.C. § 6000(c)(1994).
61. ADA § 3(2), 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2) (1994).
62. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 6 (20), 29 U.S.C. § 705(20) (1994).
63. ADA § 101(8), 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8) (1994).
64. ADA § 201(2), 42 U.S.C. § 12131(2) (1994).
65. Social Security Act § 1614(a)(3)(A), 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A) (1994) (amended 1996).
66. Social Security Act § 1614(a)(3)(B), 42 U.S.C. § 1382(a)(3)(B) (1994) (amended 1996).
67. Social Security Act § 1614(a)(3)(C), 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(C) (1994).
68. Id.
69. IDEA § 602(3), 20 U.S.C. § 1401(3) (1994) (amended 1997).
70. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 6(20), 29 U.S.C. § 705(20) (1994).
71. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 102(a)(1), 29 U.S.C. § 722(a)(1) (1994).
72. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 102(8), 42 U.S.C. § 6001(8) (1994).
73. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 504, 29 U.S.C. § 794 (1994) (amended 1998); ADA § 202, 42 U.S.C. § 12132 (1994).
74. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130 (1999).
75. 28 C.F.R. § 41.51(b)(1) (1999).
76. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(1) (1999); 28 C.F.R. § 41.51(b)(1) (1999).
77. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 102, 29 U.S.C. § 722(a)(6) (1994).
78. IDEA § 614(c), 20 U.S.C. § 1414(c) (1994) (amended 1997).
79. IDEA § 614(a), 20 U.S.C. § 1414(a) (1994) (amended 1997).
80. Id.
81. 42 C.F.R. §§ 441.50-.62 (1999).
82. 42 C.F.R. § 441.56(a)(4) (1999).
83. ME. REV. STAT. ANN. tit. 20, § 911 (West 1964). The Maine statute was repealed in 1975 to ensure state compliance with IDEA.
84. IDEA § 612(a), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(2)(B) (1994) (amended 1997).
85. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 102(a)(4)(A), 29 U.S.C. § 722(a)(4)(A) (1994).
86. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 101(a)(5)(A), 29 U.S.C. § 721(a)(5)(A) (1994).
87. See Social Security Act tit. XVI, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1381-1383c (1994) (§§ 1382-1382b, 1382d, 1382e, 1383, 1383b amended 1999; § 1382c amended 1997; § 1383c amended 1996) (establishing and delineating the Supplemental Security Income Program).
88. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(1)(iv) (1999).
89. 28 C.F.R. § 41.51(b)(1)(iv) (1999).
90. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.9(a) (1999); 28 C.F.R. § 41.53 (1999) (providing examples of reasonable accommodations, including modifying a workplace policy, acquisition or modifications of equipment, the provision of qualified readers and interpreters and appropriate adjustment or modification of examinations).
91. 28 C.F.R. § 35.150 (1999); 28 C.F.R. § 35.151 (1999); 28 C.F.R. § 41.57 (1999).
92. 28 C.F.R. §§ 35.160-.164 (1999); 28 C.F.R. § 41.51(b), (e) (1999).
93. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(f) (1999).
94. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130 (e) (1999).
95. IDEA § 612(a)(1), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
96. IDEA § 612(a)(14), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(14) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
97. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 103, 29 U.S.C. § 723 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
98. Social Security Act § 1905(r), 42 U.S.C. § 1396d(r) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
99. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130 (1999).
100. 28 C.F.R. § 41.51(b) (1999).
101. IDEA § 615(k), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(k) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (amended 1999).
102. ADA § 2(a)(2), 42 U.S.C. § 12101(a)(2) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
103. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(1)(iv) (1999).
104. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(d) (1999).
105. 28 C.F.R. pt. 35, app. A (1998).
106. 28 C.F.R. § 41.51(d) (1999).
107. IDEA § 612(a)(5), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
108. 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.550-.551 (1999).
109. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 102(15), 42 U.S.C. § 6001(15) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
110. Social Security Act 1915(c), 42 U.S.C. § 1396n(c) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
111. 29 U.S.C. § 722(b) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
112. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 102, 29 U.S.C. § 722 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
113. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 105, 29 U.S.C. § 725 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
114. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 704(a)(2), 29 U.S.C. § 796c(a)(2) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
115. Social Security Act § 1148, 42 U.S.C., 13206-19 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (amended 1999).
116. Id.
117. IDEA § 614(d), (f), 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d), (f) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
118. IDEA § 614(d)(1)(B), 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(B) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
119. IDEA § 615(m), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(m) (Supp. IV 1998).
120. IDEA § 612(a)(21), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(21) (Supp. IV 1998).
121. 20 U.S.C. § 1435(a)(3)-(4) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
122. See Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 101(a)(2), 42 U.S.C. § 6000(a)(2) (1994) (stating that disability is a "natural part of the human experience" and does not diminish the right of independent living and self-determination).
123. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act, S. 1809, 106th Cong. § 102(2) (1999).
124. Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986 § 101 (2), 42 U.S.C. § 10801(2) (1994).
125. Social Security Act § 1915(c), 42 U.S.C. § 1396n(c) (1994) (amended 1999).
126. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 701, 29 U.S.C. § 796 (1994) (amended 1998).
127. Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C. §§ 796e-796f (1994) (amended 1998).
128. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 6(18), 29 U.S.C. § 705(18) (1994) (amended 1998).
129. IDEA § 601(d)(1), 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1) (Supp. IV 1998).
130. IDEA § 614, 20 U.S.C. § 1414 (Supp. IV 1998).
131. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 101 (b), 42 U.S.C. § 6000(b) (1994).
132. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 6(28), 29 U.S.C. § 705(28) (1994); Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 102(18), 42 U.S.C. § 6001(18) (1994).
133. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 103(a)(9), 29 U.S.C. § 723(a)(9) (Supp. IV 1998).
134. 42 U.S.C. § 1396d (1994) (amended 1999).
135. Social Security Act § 1915(c), 42 U.S.C. § 1396n(c) (Supp. IV 1998). Additional categories of long-term services and supports may be provided under the Waiver program.
136. See Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1381-1383c (1994) (§§ 1382-1382b, 1382d, 1382e, 1383, 1383b amended 1999; § 1382c amended 1997; § 1383c amended 1996); see also Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 401-434 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (amended 1999) (providing "Federal Old-Age and Survivors" with disability insurance benefits).
137. See Housing Act of 1937 § 8, 42 U.S.C. § 1437f(o) (1994) (providing rental vouchers for low-income families).
138. Food Stamp Act of 1977, 7 U.S.C. §§ 2011-2036 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
139. IDEA § 601(d)(1), 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1) (Supp. IV 1998).
140. 29 U.S.C. §§ 720-753a (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
141. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 100(a)(2)(A), 29 U.S.C. § 720(a)(2)(A) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
142. Pub. L. No. 99-643(1986) codified section 1619 of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1382h (1994). See Social Security Act § 1905(q), 42 U.S.C. § 1396d(q) (1994) (defining "qualified severely impaired individual").
143. Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Pub. L. No. 105-33, 111 Stat. 251.
144. Pub. L. No. 106-170, 113 Stat. 1860. These options are authorized under section 201 of Pub. L. No. 106-170, which adds sections 1902(a)(10)(A)(ii)(XV) & (XVI) to the Social Security Act.
145. Pub. L. No. 106-170 § 204 (1999).
146. 26 U.S.C. § 44 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
147. 26 U.S.C. § 51 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (amended 1999).
148. 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(3) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
149. 28 C.F.R. § 41.51(b)(3) (1999).
150. 29 C.F.R. § 37.54(1999).
151. See, e.g., 20 U.S.C. § 1412 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (IDEA State Eligibility); 20 U.S.C. § 1413 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (IDEA Local Eligibility); 29 U.S.C. § 721 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (Rehabilitation Act of 1973); 42 U.S.C. § 1396a (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (Social Security Act Medicaid State Plan).
152. For example, see waiver provisions in 42 U.S.C. § 1215 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (Social Security Act) and 42 U.S.C. § 1396n(c) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (Social Security Act).
153. IDEA § 616(a)(1), 20 U.S.C. § 1416(a)(1) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
154. Id.
155. IDEA § 613(d)(1), 20 U.S.C. § 1413(d)(1) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
156. IDEA § 613 (d)(2), 20 U.S.C. § 1413(d)(2) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
157. IDEA § 613(a)(7), 20 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(7) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
158. For example, see 45 C.F.R. § 84.61 (1999) (incorporating by reference the compliance and enforcement regulations implementing Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964).
159. 45 C.F.R. § 84.6 (1999).
160. For Department of Justice regulations pertaining to state and local government agencies, see 28 C.F.R. §§ 35.170-.190 (1999). Also see EEOC Compliance and Enforcement procedures described in Technical Assistance on the Employment Provisions (Title I) of the ADA - Explanation of Key Legal Requirements. 161. IDEA § 615(b)(3), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(3) (1994 & Supp. III 1997); 28 C.F.R. § 35.105 (1999).
161. IDEA § 615(b)(1), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(1) (1994 & Supp. III 1997).
162. IDEA § 615(b)(6), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6) (1994 & Supp. III 1997); Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 102(d), 29 U.S.C. § 722(d) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998); 28 C.F.R. §§ 35.170-.190 (1999) (implementing ADA regulations for state and local governments).
163. IDEA § 615(e), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(e) (1994 & Supp. III 1997); ADA § 513, 42 U.S.C. § 12212 (1994 & Supp. III 1997).
164. IDEA § 615(f), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
165. IDEA § 615(i)(2), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998); ADA § 203, 42 U.S.C. § 12133 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
166. Social Security Act § 1631(c), 42 U.S.C. 1383(c) (1994).
167. Social Security Act § 1902(a)(3), 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(3) (1994). See 45 C.F.R. §§ 431.206, 431.220 (1999).
168. IDEA § 612(a)(16), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(16) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
169. IDEA § 612 (a)(17), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(17) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
170. IDEA § 614(d)(1)(a)(viii), 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(A)(viii) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
171. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 106(a)(1)(a), 29 U.S.C. § 726(a)(1)(A) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
172. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 106(c), 29 U.S.C. § 726(c) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
173. IDEA § 612(a)(22)(A), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(22)(A) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
174. IDEA § 618(c)(1), 20 U.S.C. § 1418(c)(1) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
175. 20 U.S.C. § 6192(a)(5) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
176. Workforce Investment Act § 136(d)(2)(F), 29 U.S.C.§ 2871(d)(2)(F) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
177. See 20 C.F.R. § 666.200 (1999) (stating that a state is eligible to receive an Incentive Grant if it exceeds expectations).
178. IDEA § 612(a)(16), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(16) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
179. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 6041-6043 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
180. 42 U.S.C. §§ 10801-10851 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
181. 29 U.S.C. § 794e (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
182. Assistive Technology Act § 102, 29 U.S.C. § 3012 (Supp. IV 1998).
183. Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, Pub. L. No. 106-170, 113 Stat. 1860.
184. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 112, 29 U.S.C. § 732 (Supp. IV 1998).
185. 29 U.S.C. § 796f-4 (1994) (amended 1998).
186. IDEA § 682(b), 20 U.S.C. § 1482(b) (Supp. IV 1998).
187. Social Security Act § 1902(a)(5), 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(5) (1994).
188. IDEA § 612(a)(11), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(11) (1994) (amended 1997).
189. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 101(a)(1), 29 U.S.C. § 721(a)(1) (1994).
190. IDEA § 612(a)(12), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(12) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
191. 29 U.S.C. § 2841(c) (Supp. IV 1998).
192. 29 U.S.C. § 721 (a)(11) (1994).
193. Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, Pub. L. No. 100-360, 102 Stat. 693 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 42 U.S.C.).
194. IDEA § 635, 20 U.S.C. § 1435 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
195. IDEA § 636(d)(7), 20 U.S.C. § 1436(d)(7) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
196. Id. 198. 42 U.S.C. § 1396n(g) (1994); 34 C.F.R. § 303.23 (1999).
197. 42 U.S.C. § 1396d(a)(19) (1994).
198. Id.
199. Social Security Act § 1905(r)(5), 42 U.S.C. § 1396d(r)(5) (1994).
200. Social Security Act § 1902(a)(11), 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(11) (1994).
201. See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5)(B) (1994) (specifying that state funding mechanisms may not result in placing children outside the least restrictive environment). The least restrictive environment provision is codified in IDEA § 612(a)(5)(A), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5)(A) (1994).
202. See IDEA § 617(c), 20 U.S.C. § 1417(c) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (mandating that the Secretary take appropriate action to assure confidentiality both at state and federal levels); ADA § 102(c)(3)(B), 42 U.S.C. § 12112(c)(3)(B) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
203. See IDEA § 614(a)(1)(C), 20 U.S.C. § 1414(a)(1)(C) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (requiring informal consent before a local school district conducts an initial evaluation of a child).
204. See Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 142(g), 42 U.S.C. § 6042(g) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (providing system access to individual records).
205. See IDEA § 612(a)(14), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(14) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (providing requirements for states to provide knowledgable personnel to implement the program); Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 101(a)(7)(A), 29 U.S.C. § 721(a)(7)(A) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (mandating that the state adequately train their personnel).
206. See IDEA § 612(a)(15), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(15) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (explaining the required personnel standards of state employees implementing the program); Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 101(a)(7)(B), 29 U.S.C. § 721(a)(7)(B) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (requiring a state plan for personnel standards).
207. See IDEA § 618(c), 20 U.S.C. § 1418(c) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (requiring state reporting of data to determine whether significant disproportionality exists).
208. See Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 19(b), 29 U.S.C. § 718(b) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (requiring a percentage of funds to be devoted to outreach to minority entities). The term "minority entity" means an entity that is a historically black college or university, a Hispanic-serving institution of higher education, an Indian tribal college or university, or another institution of higher education whose minority students enrollment is at least fifty percent.
209. Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 121, 42 U.S.C. § 6021 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
210. See Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act § 102(7), 42 U.S.C. § 6001(7) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (defining the term "culturally competent" as services that are provided in a manner that ensures the greatest likelihood of maximum participation in the program).
211. See IDEA § 612(a)(18), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(18) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (prohibiting commingling of funds or supplanting of funds at the state level); IDEA § 613(a)(2), 20 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (prohibiting funds supplantation at the local level).
212. See IDEA § 612(a)(19), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(19) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (mandating that the state maintain or increase its fiscal expenditures on disability services); IDEA § 613(a)(2), 20 U.S.C. § 1413(a)(2) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (requiring a local level maintenance of effort).
213. See Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 101(a)(8), 29 U.S.C. § 721(a)(8) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (requiring state agencies to exhaust other funding before using federal money); IDEA § 612(a)(12), 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(12) (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (listing several obligations related to ensuring services).
214. See 20 U.S.C. §§ 1221-1235 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998) (expounding the General Education Provisions Act, which requires grantees to engage in fiscal control, record keeping, and periodic reporting).
215. 29 U.S.C. ch. 24 (1994 & Supp. IV 1998).
216. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1451-1456 (Supp. IV 1998).
217. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1471-1472 (Supp. IV 1998).
218. 42 U.S.C. §§ 6021-6030, 6041-6043, 6061-6066 (1994), amended by 42 U.S.C. §§ 6022, 6024, 6030, 6042, 6043, 6062, 6066 (Supp. IV 1998).
219. 29 U.S.C. §§ 796f to 796f-6 (Supp. IV 1998).
220. Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, Pub. L. No. 106-170, 113 Stat. 1860.
221. 20 U.S.C. § 1482 (Supp. IV 1998).
222. See Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 § 121, Pub. L. No. 106-170, 113 Stat. 1860 (adding a new section 1149 to the Social Security Act).
223. See Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 § 122, Pub. L. No. 106-170, 113 Stat. 1860 (adding a new section 1150 to the Social Security Act).
224. 42 U.S.C. §§ 6061-6066 (1994), amended by 42 U.S.C. §§ 6062, 6066 (Supp. III 1997).
225. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1461, 1471-1474 (Supp. IV 1998).
226. 29 U.S.C. §§ 770-777f (1994), amended by 29 U.S.C. §§ 771-776m (Supp. IV 1998).
227. 29 U.S.C. §§ 760-765 (Supp. IV 1998).
228. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1451-1456, 1461, 1471-1474 (Supp. IV 1998).
229. 42 U.S.C. §§ 281-300 (1994).