Bad Girls, Bad Reputations: Feminist Ethics and Postfeminism

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 14, Issue 30, 1999, Pages 377-385

  Parkins, Wendy ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345911730     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164649993191     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Florian Rotzer, Conversations with French Philosophers (Humanities Press) New Jersey, 1995, p. 58.
2. See Rene Denfeld, The New Victorians: a Young Woman's Challenge to the Old Feminist Order (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1995.
3. See Jean Curthoys, Feminist Amnesia: the Wake of Women's Liberation (Routledge) London, 1997.
4. See Denfeld, New Victorians.
5. See Helen Garner, The First Stone: Some Questions About Sex and Power (Picador) Sydney, 1995; and Katie Roiphe, The Morning After: Sex, Fear and Feminism on Campus (Little, Brown and Co.) Boston, 1993.
6. See Helen Garner, The First Stone: Some Questions About Sex and Power (Picador) Sydney, 1995; and Katie Roiphe, The Morning After: Sex, Fear and Feminism on Campus (Little, Brown and Co.) Boston, 1993.
7. Jane Long, 'A Certain Kind of Modern Feminism: Memory, Feminist Futures and Generational Cleavage in Historical Perspective', unpublished paper, p. 4.
8. Long, 'A Certain Kind', p. 4.
9. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Feminism Without Illusions (University of North Carolina Press) Chapel Hill, 1991, p. 32.
10. Catherine M. Orr, 'Charting the Currents of the Third Wave', Hypatia, vol. 12, no. 3, 1997, p. 34. The term 'woman-centred individualism' comes from Shelley Budgeon and Dawn H. Currie, 'From Feminism to Postfeminism: Women's Liberation in Fashion Magazines', Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 18, no. 2, 1995, p. 184.
11. Catherine M. Orr, 'Charting the Currents of the Third Wave', Hypatia, vol. 12, no. 3, 1997, p. 34. The term 'woman-centred individualism' comes from Shelley Budgeon and Dawn H. Currie, 'From Feminism to Postfeminism: Women's Liberation in Fashion Magazines', Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 18, no. 2, 1995, p. 184.
12. See Emmanuel Levinas, 'Ethics as First Philosophy' in Sean Hand (ed.), The Levinas Reader (Blackwell) Oxford, 1989, pp. 75-87.
13. Elizabeth Grosz, Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists (Allen & Unwin) North Sydney, 1989, p. xvii.
14. For sustained critiques of The Second Sex see, for example, Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason; 'Male' and 'Female' in Western Philosophy, 2nd edn (Routledge) London, 1993; Moira Gatens, Feminism and Philosophy: Perspectives on Difference and Equality (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1991; Catriona Mackenzie, 'Simone de Beauvoir: Philosophy and/or the Female Body' in Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz (eds), Feminist Challenges (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1986, pp. 144-56; and Michele le Doeuff, 'Simone de Beauvoir and Existentialism', Feminist Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 277-89.
15. For sustained critiques of The Second Sex see, for example, Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason; 'Male' and 'Female' in Western Philosophy, 2nd edn (Routledge) London, 1993; Moira Gatens, Feminism and Philosophy: Perspectives on Difference and Equality (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1991; Catriona Mackenzie, 'Simone de Beauvoir: Philosophy and/or the Female Body' in Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz (eds), Feminist Challenges (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1986, pp. 144-56; and Michele le Doeuff, 'Simone de Beauvoir and Existentialism', Feminist Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 277-89.
16. For sustained critiques of The Second Sex see, for example, Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason; 'Male' and 'Female' in Western Philosophy, 2nd edn (Routledge) London, 1993; Moira Gatens, Feminism and Philosophy: Perspectives on Difference and Equality (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1991; Catriona Mackenzie, 'Simone de Beauvoir: Philosophy and/or the Female Body' in Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz (eds), Feminist Challenges (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1986, pp. 144-56; and Michele le Doeuff, 'Simone de Beauvoir and Existentialism', Feminist Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 277-89.
17. For sustained critiques of The Second Sex see, for example, Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason; 'Male' and 'Female' in Western Philosophy, 2nd edn (Routledge) London, 1993; Moira Gatens, Feminism and Philosophy: Perspectives on Difference and Equality (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1991; Catriona Mackenzie, 'Simone de Beauvoir: Philosophy and/or the Female Body' in Carole Pateman and Elizabeth Grosz (eds), Feminist Challenges (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1986, pp. 144-56; and Michele le Doeuff, 'Simone de Beauvoir and Existentialism', Feminist Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 277-89.
18. Catharine Lumby, Bad Girls: the Media, Sex and Feminism in the 90s (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1997, pp. 9-10.
19. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 15 (posed as a rhetorical question).
20. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 15.
21. Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 188. Later, Wolf contradicts her argument that objectification is primal when she states that objectifying the other sexually is simply 'human immaturity' which she and her friends 'eventually learned, with effort' to overcome (p. 227).
22. Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 298.
23. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 85.
24. Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 247.
25. Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 301.
26. Lumby does, however, also contend that 'Women can objectify men without oppressing them because men are already seen as multidimensional human beings' (Bad Girls, p. 84).
27. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 86; Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 226.
28. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 86; Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 226.
29. Jacques Derrida, 'Violence and Metaphysics' in Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (University of Chicago Press) Chicago, 1978, p. 92.
30. See Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness: an Essay in Phenomenological Ontology, trans. Hazel E. Barnes (Citadel Press) Secaucus, New Jersey, 1956, pp. 211-14.
31. I think a good case can be made for The Ethics of Ambiguity as a critical response to Sartre, rather than as a dutiful explication, as le Doeuff argues (pp. 279-80).
32. Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity, trans. Bernard Frechtman (Citadel Press) Secaucus, New Jersey, 1948, p. 71. In all the quotations from The Ethics of Ambiguity I have changed the gender of the subject to feminine; references to 'men' as a collective have been rendered as 'people'.
33. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 34.
34. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 67.
35. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 18.
36. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 91.
37. Such risks are very different from the risks of being the 'outsider' as represented in Camus' and Sartre's existentialist version of the Marlboro man.
38. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 67.
39. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 74, emphasis added.
40. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 135.
41. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 156.
42. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 72.
43. See Derrida, 'Violence and Metaphysics' (pp. 92-3) on Levinas, who closely corresponds to Weil on this point.
44. Simone Weil, Waiting on God (Routledge and Kegan Paul) London, 1952, p. 136.
45. Weil, Waiting on God, p. 99.
46. Weil, Waiting, p. 88.
47. Emmanuel Levinas, 'Ethics as First Philosophy', p. 83.
48. Alphonos Lingis, Foreign Bodies (Routledge) New York, 1994, p. 174.
49. Andrea Nye, Philosophia: the Philosophy of Rosa Luxembourg, Simone Weil and Hannah Arendt (Routledge) New York, 1994, p. 128.
50. Levinas, 'Time and the Other', Levinas Reader, p. 48.
51. Levinas, 'Time and the Other' pp. 49-51.
52. Grosz, Sexual Subversions, p. xvii.
53. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 114.
54. Jacques Derrida, 'Eating Well, or the Calculation of the Subject: An Interview with Jacques Derrida' in Eduardo Cadava, Peter Connor and Jean-Luc Nancy (eds), Who Comes After the Subject? (Routledge) New York, 1991, p. 110.
55. Simone Weil, The Need for Roots: Prelude to a Declaration of Duties Towards Mankind (1949) (Routledge and Kegan Paul) London, 1952, p. 5.
56. Derrida, 'Eating Well', p. 110.
57. Grosz, Sexual Subversions, p. xvii.
58. Grosz, Sexual Subversions, p. xvii.
59. Diane Elam, Feminism and Deconstruction: Ms en abyme (Routledge) London, pp. 105-6.
60. Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 138.
61. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 174.
62. Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 139.
63. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 13.
64. Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 137.
65. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. xxv.
66. Having stated that 'there is no single true reading of any image or representation. There are only points of view', Lumby does concede that 'not all points of view are given equal weight in a given society' (p. xxv) but much of her analysis none the less deems as illegitimate readings of images which see them as degrading to women.
67. Claire Colebrook, 'Feminist Ethics and Historicism', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 11, no. 24, 1996, p. 300.
68. Colebrook, 'Feminist Ethics and Historicism', p. 301.
69. Wolf, Fire with Fire, p. 246.
70. Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 17.
71. See, for example, Lumby, Bad Girls, p. 153.
72. Orr, 'Charting the Currents of the Third Wave', p. 35, emphasis added.
73. de Beauvoir, Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 158.