The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

Social Service Review

Volumn 71, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 335-359

  Scharlach, Andrew E ^a   Grosswald, Blanche ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345909573     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/604261     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, P.L. 103-3, Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.), 29:825.
2. General Accounting Office (GAO), The Changing Workforce: Demographic Issues Facing the Federal Government, GAO/GGD-92-38 (Washington, D.C.: GAO, 1992).
3. Ibid.
4. U.S. Department of Labor, "Labor Force Participation Unchanged among Mothers with Young Children," News 88 (September 1988): 431.
5. Ellen Galinsky, James T. Bond, and Dana Friedman, Highlights of the National Study of the Changing Workforce (New York: Families and Work Institute, 1993).
6. Marianne A. Ferber and Brigid O'Farrell with La Rue Allen, eds., Work and Family: Policies for a Changing Work Force (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991); Bob Smith, "Back to School: Work-Family Conflicts," Personnel 68 (1991): 1, 3-4.
7. Marianne A. Ferber and Brigid O'Farrell with La Rue Allen, eds., Work and Family: Policies for a Changing Work Force (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991); Bob Smith, "Back to School: Work-Family Conflicts," Personnel 68 (1991): 1, 3-4.
8. Galinsky, Bond, and Friedman (n. 5 above).
9. American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and the Travelers Foundation, A National Survey of Caregivers: Final Report (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1988); U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Aging, Exploding the Myth: Caregiving in America, committee publication no. 99-611 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987).
10. American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) and the Travelers Foundation, A National Survey of Caregivers: Final Report (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1988); U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Aging, Exploding the Myth: Caregiving in America, committee publication no. 99-611 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987).
11. Galinsky, Bond, and Friedman (n. 5 above).
12. AARP and Administration on Aging, A Profile of Older Americans (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1993); U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Aging (n. 8 above).
13. Deborah L. Vandell and Mary A. Corasiniti, øChild Care and Family,ø New Directions for Child Development 49 (1990): 23-38.
14. Jane L. Barney, øThe Prerogative of Choice in Long-Term Care,ø Gerontologist 23 (1977): 300-306; B. O. Dunlap, øExpanded Home-Based Care for the Impaired Elderly Solution or Pipe Dreams?ø American Journal of Public Health 70 (1980): 514-19.
15. Jane L. Barney, øThe Prerogative of Choice in Long-Term Care,ø Gerontologist 23 (1977): 300-306; B. O. Dunlap, øExpanded Home-Based Care for the Impaired Elderly Solution or Pipe Dreams?ø American Journal of Public Health 70 (1980): 514-19.
16. Diana M. DiNitto, Social Welfare Politics and Public Policy (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1995).
17. Roberta M. Spalter-Roth and Heidi I. Hartmann, Unnecessary Losses: Costs to Americans of the Lack of Family and Medical Leave (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women's Policy Research, 1990); E. Trzcinski, "Wage and Employment Effects of Mandated Leave Policies" (Consumer Economics and Housing, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1988).
18. Roberta M. Spalter-Roth and Heidi I. Hartmann, Unnecessary Losses: Costs to Americans of the Lack of Family and Medical Leave (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women's Policy Research, 1990); E. Trzcinski, "Wage and Employment Effects of Mandated Leave Policies" (Consumer Economics and Housing, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1988).
19. Spalter-Roth and Hartmann (n. 14 above).
20. Ferber and O'Farrell with Allen, eds. (n. 6 above); Congressional Digest, "Family and Medical Leave Legislation," vol. 72 (1993).
21. International Labor Organization (ILO), Maternity Benefits in the 80's: An ILO Survey (1964-84) (Geneva: ILO, 1985).
22. C. J. Ruhm and J. L. Teague, Parental Leave Policies in Europe and North America (Greensboro: University of North Carolina, Department of Economics, 1993).
23. Maureen Baker, "Parental Benefit Policies and the Gendered Division of Labor," Social Service Review 71, no. 1 (1997): 51-70.
24. Linda Haas, "Household Division of Labor in Industrial Societies," in Families in Multicultural Perspective, ed. B. B. Ingoldsby and S. Smith (New York: Guilford Press, 1995), pp. 268-96, "Nurturing Fathers and Working Mothers: Changing Gender Roles in Sweden," in Men, Work, and Family, ed. J. C. Hood, Research on Men and Masculinities Series, vol. 4 (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1993).
25. Linda Haas, "Household Division of Labor in Industrial Societies," in Families in Multicultural Perspective, ed. B. B. Ingoldsby and S. Smith (New York: Guilford Press, 1995), pp. 268-96, "Nurturing Fathers and Working Mothers: Changing Gender Roles in Sweden," in Men, Work, and Family, ed. J. C. Hood, Research on Men and Masculinities Series, vol. 4 (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1993).
26. Congressional Digest, "Pros and Cons: Should Congress Override the Veto of the Family and Medical Leave Act?" Congressional Digest 72, no. 1 (January 1993): 15.
27. Ibid., p. 23.
28. Ibid.
29. Sue Shallenberger, "On the Job: A Guide to the New Federal Leave Act," Parenting 7, no. 7 (1993): 27-29.
30. Hewitt Associates, "Employer Response to Family and Medical Leave Legislation," in On Employee Benefits (Lincolnshire, Ill.: Hewitt Associates, February 1993).
31. Towers Perrin, Family and Medical Leave Programs: Before and After the New Federal Law (New York: Towers Perrin, July 1993).
32. Andrew E. Scharlach, Stephanie L. Sansom, and Janice Stanger, "The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993: How Fully Is Business Complying?" California Management Review 37 (1995): 66-79.
33. U. S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division, Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (Public Law 103-3), Sec. 302, WH Publication 1418 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor May, 1993).
34. The following information on the commission survey is taken from Commission on Leave, A Workable Balance: Report to Congress on Family and Medical Leave Policies (Washington, D.C.: Commission on Leave, 1996), pp. xvi-xxii, 105-57.
35. The following is taken from Commission on Leave (n. 29 above).
36. Andrew E. Scharlach and Janice K. Stanger, "Mandated Family and Medical Leave: Boon or Bane?" Compensation and Benefits Management 11, no. 3 (1995): 1-9.
37. Hewitt Associates (n. 25 above).
38. Towers Perrin (n. 26 above).
39. Eileen Trzcinski and Matia Finn-Stevenson, "A Response to Arguments against Mandated Parental Leave: Findings from the Connecticut Survey of Parental Leave Policies," Journal of Marriage and the Family 53 (1991): 445-60.
40. James T. Bond, Ellen Galinsky, Michele Lord, Graham L. Staines, and Karen R. Brown, Beyond the Parental Leave Debate: The Impact of Laws in Four States (New York: Families and Work Institute, 1991).
41. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), pp. 83-84.
42. Sandra L. Hofferth, April Brayfield, Sharon Deich, and Pamela Holcomb, National Child Care Survey, 1990, Urban Institute Report 91-5 (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press, 1991).
43. Bond et al. (n. 35 above).
44. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), pp. 93, 266, table 5.A.
45. Bond et al. (n. 35 above). p. vi.
46. Eileen Trzcinski and William T. Alpert, "Handling Work during Leave: Strategies and Costs," Journal of Managerial Issues 3 (1991): 403-26, Leave Policies in Small Business: Findings from the U.S. Small Business Administration Employee Leave Survey (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, 1990).
47. Eileen Trzcinski and William T. Alpert, "Handling Work during Leave: Strategies and Costs," Journal of Managerial Issues 3 (1991): 403-26, Leave Policies in Small Business: Findings from the U.S. Small Business Administration Employee Leave Survey (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, 1990).
48. The following information on the commission survey is taken from Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), pp. 102-30.
49. Scharlach and Stanger (n. 31 above).
50. Bond et al. (n. 35 above).
51. J. D. Phillips and B. Reisman, "Turnover and Return on Investment Models for Family Leave," in Parental Leave and Productivity: Current Research, ed. D. E. Friedman, E. Galinsky, and V. Plowden (New York: Families and Work Institute, 1992), pp. 33-53.
52. E. Trzcinski and W. T. Alpert, "Job Guaranteed Medical Leave: Reducing Termination Costs to Business" (paper presented at the World Congress on the Family, Columbus, Ohio, August 1992).
53. Rebecca Marra and Judith Lindner, "The True Cost of Parental Leave: The Parental Leave Cost Model," in Friedman, Galinsky, and Plowden, eds. (n. 45 above).
54. New England Work and Family Association, "Survey: Family and Medical Leave Act" (Boston: New England Work and Family Association, 1993).
55. National Council for Jewish Women (NCJW), Accommodating Pregnancy in the Workplace (New York: NCJW Center for the Child, 1987).
56. Scharlach and Stanger (n. 31 above).
57. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), pp. xviii, xxi.
58. Edward F. Zigler and M. Frank, eds., The Parental Leave Crisis: Toward a National Policy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988).
59. Testimony of the American Academy of Pediatrics at the Joint Hearings before the Subcommittee on Labor-Management Relations and the Subcommittee on Labor Standards of the Committee on Education and Labor, U. S. House of Representatives, February 25, March 5, 1987.
60. K. Alison Clarke-Stewart, "Infant Day Care: Maligned or Malignant?" American Psychologist 44 (1989): 266-73.
61. Michael Lamb, K. Sternber, and M. Prodromidis, "Nonmaternal Care and the Security of Infant-Mother Attachment: A Re-analysis of the Data," Infant Behavior and Development 15 (1992): 71-83.
62. Jay Belsky and Michael Rovine, "Nonmaternal Care in the First Year of Life and Security of Infant-Parent Attachment," Child Development 59 (1988): 157-67.
63. Jay Belsky, "Consequences of Child Care for Children's Development: A Deconstructionist View," in Child Care in the 1990s: Trends and Consequences, ed. A. Booth (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1992), pp. 83-93.
64. Vandell and Corasiniti (n. 11 above).
65. K. A. Clarke-Stewart, "Developmental Consequences of Child Care," in Booth, ed. (n. 57 above), pp. 63-82.
66. Jay Belsky and Julia M. Braungart, "Are Insecure-Avoidant Infants with Extensive Day Care Experience Less Stressed by and More Independent in the Strange Situation?" Child Development 62 (1991): 567-71.
67. Family Research Council, "The Families and Medical Leave Act of 1991: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Children, Families, Drugs and Alcoholism of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources," Senate Hearings 102-58 (January 1991), Congressional Documents 70, no. 4 (April 1991): 121, 123.
68. Phillis Moen, Working Parents: Transformations in Gender Roles and Public Policies in Sweden (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989); Zigler and Frank, eds. (n. 52 above).
69. Ellen Galinsky and Diane Hughes, "The Fortune Magazine Child Care Study (paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New York, August 1987).
70. Andrew E. Scharlach and Sandra L. Boyd, "Caregiving and Employment: Results of an Employee Survey," Gerontologist 29 (1989): 382-87.
71. A. C. Emlen, P. E. Koren, and D. Louise, Child and Elder Care: Final Report of an Employee Survey at the Sisters of Providence (Portland, Ore.: Portland State University, Regional Research Institute for Human Services, 1988).
72. Ferber and O'Farrell with Allen, eds. (n. 6 above).
73. R. J. Burke, "Some Antecedents and Consequences of Work-Family Conflict," in Work and Family, Theory, Research, and Applications, ed. E. B. Goldsmith (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1989), pp. 287-302.
74. R. J. Burke, T. Weir, and R. F. Duwors, Jr., "Work Demands on Administrators and Spouse Well-Being," Human Relations 33 (1980): 253-78; G. L. Staines and J. L. Pleck, The Impact of Work Schedules on the Family (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, 1983); R. P. Quinn and G. L. Staines, The 1977 Quality of Employment Survey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1979).
75. R. J. Burke, T. Weir, and R. F. Duwors, Jr., "Work Demands on Administrators and Spouse Well-Being," Human Relations 33 (1980): 253-78; G. L. Staines and J. L. Pleck, The Impact of Work Schedules on the Family (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, 1983); R. P. Quinn and G. L. Staines, The 1977 Quality of Employment Survey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1979).
76. R. J. Burke, T. Weir, and R. F. Duwors, Jr., "Work Demands on Administrators and Spouse Well-Being," Human Relations 33 (1980): 253-78; G. L. Staines and J. L. Pleck, The Impact of Work Schedules on the Family (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, 1983); R. P. Quinn and G. L. Staines, The 1977 Quality of Employment Survey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1979).
77. R. A. Winnett and M. S. Neale, "Modifying Settings as a Strategy for Permanent, Preventive Behavior Change," in Improving the Long-Term Effects of Psychotherapy, ed. P. Karoly and J. J. Steffan (New York: Gardner, 1980), pp. 407-37; R. A. Lee, "Flextime and Conjugal Roles," Journal of Occupational Program 5 (1983): 297-315; Rena L. Repetti, "Linkages between Work and Family Roles," Applied Social Psychology Annual 7 (1987): 98-127.
78. R. A. Winnett and M. S. Neale, "Modifying Settings as a Strategy for Permanent, Preventive Behavior Change," in Improving the Long-Term Effects of Psychotherapy, ed. P. Karoly and J. J. Steffan (New York: Gardner, 1980), pp. 407-37; R. A. Lee, "Flextime and Conjugal Roles," Journal of Occupational Program 5 (1983): 297-315; Rena L. Repetti, "Linkages between Work and Family Roles," Applied Social Psychology Annual 7 (1987): 98-127.
79. R. A. Winnett and M. S. Neale, "Modifying Settings as a Strategy for Permanent, Preventive Behavior Change," in Improving the Long-Term Effects of Psychotherapy, ed. P. Karoly and J. J. Steffan (New York: Gardner, 1980), pp. 407-37; R. A. Lee, "Flextime and Conjugal Roles," Journal of Occupational Program 5 (1983): 297-315; Rena L. Repetti, "Linkages between Work and Family Roles," Applied Social Psychology Annual 7 (1987): 98-127.
80. Janet Shibley Hyde, M. H. Klein, M. J. Essex, and R. Clark, "Maternity Leave and Women's Mental Health," Psychology of Women Quarterly 19 (1995): 257-85.
81. Ibid.
82. New England Work and Family Association (n. 48 above).
83. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), p. 120.
84. Center on Work and Family, personal interviews, Boston University, Fall 1994.
85. Andrew E. Scharlach and Karen Fredriksen, "Survey of Caregiving Employees for the University of California at Berkeley" (University of California, Berkeley 1992).
86. E. H. Schaller and M. K. Qualiana, "The Family and Medical Leave Act - Key Provisions and Potential Problems," Employee Relations Law Journal 19 (Summer 1993): 5-22, 11n.
87. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), p. xvii.
88. William M. Mercer, Effective Employer Policies for Family Leave (New York: William M. Mercer, Inc., 1993); Diane Hughes and Ellen Galinsky, "Balancing Work and Family Life: Research and Corporate Application," in Maternal Employment and Children's Development: Longitudinal Research, ed. A. E. Gottfried and A. W. Gottfried (New York: Plenum, 1988), pp. 233-68.
89. William M. Mercer, Effective Employer Policies for Family Leave (New York: William M. Mercer, Inc., 1993); Diane Hughes and Ellen Galinsky, "Balancing Work and Family Life: Research and Corporate Application," in Maternal Employment and Children's Development: Longitudinal Research, ed. A. E. Gottfried and A. W. Gottfried (New York: Plenum, 1988), pp. 233-68.
90. Bond et al. (n. 35 above).
91. William M. Mercer and University of California, Survey Results: Family and Medical Leave Act (Berkeley, Calif.: William M. Mercer and University of California, 1994), p. 10.
92. Scharlach, Sansom, and Stanger (n. 27 above).
93. Bureau of National Affairs, "Majority of Workers Unaware of Rights Provided by Family and Medical Leave Act, BNA Survey Finds," Government Employee Relations Report (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, 1994), 32:1536-38.
94. Bond et al. (n. 35 above).
95. Labor Project for Working Families, "The Case for Paid Leave," Labor News for Working Families 2, no. 4 (Fall 1994): 1-4, esp. 1.
96. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), p. xix.
97. Hofferth et al. (n. 37 above); Bond et al. (n. 35 above).
98. Ferber and O'Farrell with Allen (n. 6 above).
99. M. O'Connell, "Maternity Leave Arrangements: 1961-1985," in Work and Family Patterns of American Women, Current Population Reports, Special Studies Series P-23, no. 165 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, March 1990), pp. 11-49.
100. J. Fierman, "Are Companies Less Family Friendly?" Fortune 129 (1994): 64-67.
101. The Conference Board, "Family and Medical Leave," Work-Family Roundtable 4, n. 4 (1994): 1-15, esp. 7.
102. Marra and Lindner (n. 47 above); New England Work and Family Association (n. 48 above).
103. Marra and Lindner (n. 47 above).
104. Bond et al. (n. 35 above).
105. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), p. xvi.
106. K. Doherty, "Parental Leave: Strategies for the 1990s," Business and Health 8 (1990): 21-23.
107. Ferber and O'Farrell with Allen, eds. (n. 6 above); Congressional Digest, "Family and Medical Leave Legislation" (n. 16 above).
108. Michele B. Jankanish, ed., Conditions of Work Digest: Maternity and Work (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1994), 13:326-27, 241-42.
109. Ruhm and Teague (n. 18 above), pp. 13-14, 18-19.
110. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), p. xvi.
111. Scharlach and Fredriksen (n. 75 above).
112. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), p. xvii.
113. Fierman (n. 89 above).
114. Labor Project for Working Families (n. 84 above).
115. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), p. xxi.
116. Bond et al. (n. 35 above).
117. Families and Work Institute, "Parental Leave Benefits for American Workers" (New York: Families and Work Institute, 1993).
118. Ibid.
119. Labor Project for Working Families (n. 84 above).
120. Families and Work Institute (n. 106 above).
121. Ferber and O'Farrell with Allen, eds. (n. 6 above).
122. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), p. 230.
123. U.S. Department of Labor, Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Sec. 302 (n. 28 above).
124. Commission on Leave (n. 29 above), pp. 196-97.
125. Scharlach and Stanger (n. 31 above).
126. U. S. Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division, The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993: Federal Regulations Part 825, Page 2, WH Publication 1419 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, June 1993).
127. Ruhm and Teague (n. 18 above).
128. Andrew E. Scharlach, Beverly F. Lowe, and Edward L. Schneider, Elder Care and the Work Force: Blueprint for Action (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1991).