Enigmatic writings: Karl Marx's the civil war in France and the Paris commune of 1871

History of Political Thought

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 483-510

  Thomas, R ^a  

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References (164)

1. Documents of the First International, 1870-1871, Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the CC, CPSU (Moscow, 1966 and London, 1976), p. 166. The minutes record that K. Marx proposed that an address be issued to the people of Paris.
2. Letter of Marx's daughter, Jenny Marx, 18 April 1871: 'Mohr (Marx) and he (Engels) go out for long walks together, whenever Mohr's health permits it . . . The present state of things causes our dear Mohr intense suffering and no doubt is one of the chief causes of his illness. A great number of friends are in the Commune. Some of them have already fallen victims to the butchers of Versailles.' Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. H. Draper (New York and London, 1971), p. 222. At the General Council meeting of 23 May Marx stated that he had been ill, Documents of the First International 1870-1871, p. 200. In a letter written by Engels to Ludwig Kugelmann dated 28 April, Engels referred only to Marx's physical condition; to a troublesome cough which prevented him from sleeping, although he added 'that there can be no speedy cure for a cronic illness that, to my knowledge, has been more or less permanent for the last 26 years'. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works (hereafter Collected Works), Vol. 44, ed. L. Golman, V. Pospelova and T. Yeremeyeva (London, 1989), Letters July 1870-December 1873, p. 143.
3. Letter of Marx's daughter, Jenny Marx, 18 April 1871: 'Mohr (Marx) and he (Engels) go out for long walks together, whenever Mohr's health permits it . . . The present state of things causes our dear Mohr intense suffering and no doubt is one of the chief causes of his illness. A great number of friends are in the Commune. Some of them have already fallen victims to the butchers of Versailles.' Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. H. Draper (New York and London, 1971), p. 222. At the General Council meeting of 23 May Marx stated that he had been ill, Documents of the First International 1870-1871, p. 200. In a letter written by Engels to Ludwig Kugelmann dated 28 April, Engels referred only to Marx's physical condition; to a troublesome cough which prevented him from sleeping, although he added 'that there can be no speedy cure for a cronic illness that, to my knowledge, has been more or less permanent for the last 26 years'. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works (hereafter Collected Works), Vol. 44, ed. L. Golman, V. Pospelova and T. Yeremeyeva (London, 1989), Letters July 1870-December 1873, p. 143.
4. Letter of Marx's daughter, Jenny Marx, 18 April 1871: 'Mohr (Marx) and he (Engels) go out for long walks together, whenever Mohr's health permits it . . . The present state of things causes our dear Mohr intense suffering and no doubt is one of the chief causes of his illness. A great number of friends are in the Commune. Some of them have already fallen victims to the butchers of Versailles.' Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. H. Draper (New York and London, 1971), p. 222. At the General Council meeting of 23 May Marx stated that he had been ill, Documents of the First International 1870-1871, p. 200. In a letter written by Engels to Ludwig Kugelmann dated 28 April, Engels referred only to Marx's physical condition; to a troublesome cough which prevented him from sleeping, although he added 'that there can be no speedy cure for a cronic illness that, to my knowledge, has been more or less permanent for the last 26 years'. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works (hereafter Collected Works), Vol. 44, ed. L. Golman, V. Pospelova and T. Yeremeyeva (London, 1989), Letters July 1870-December 1873, p. 143.
5. 'Perhaps you will refer me to the Paris Commune; but apart from the fact that this was merely the rising of a city under exceptional conditions, the majority of the Commune was in no wise socialist, nor could it be.' Collected Works, Vol. 46, ed. V. Smirnova (London, 1992), K. Marx to Ferdinand Domela-Nieuwenhuis, p. 66. Both Roger Magraw in A History of the French Working Class: Volume 1 The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992), p. 262, and The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left, ed. Eugene Schulkind (London, 1972), pp. 52-3, 200-1 and 244, and Eugene Schulkind in The Paris Commune of 1871 (London, 1972), p. 35, would appear to share this view, as does Paul Thomas, Alien Politics. Marxist State Theory Retrieved (London, 1994), p. 106.
6. 'Perhaps you will refer me to the Paris Commune; but apart from the fact that this was merely the rising of a city under exceptional conditions, the majority of the Commune was in no wise socialist, nor could it be.' Collected Works, Vol. 46, ed. V. Smirnova (London, 1992), K. Marx to Ferdinand Domela-Nieuwenhuis, p. 66. Both Roger Magraw in A History of the French Working Class: Volume 1 The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992), p. 262, and The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left, ed. Eugene Schulkind (London, 1972), pp. 52-3, 200-1 and 244, and Eugene Schulkind in The Paris Commune of 1871 (London, 1972), p. 35, would appear to share this view, as does Paul Thomas, Alien Politics. Marxist State Theory Retrieved (London, 1994), p. 106.
7. 'Perhaps you will refer me to the Paris Commune; but apart from the fact that this was merely the rising of a city under exceptional conditions, the majority of the Commune was in no wise socialist, nor could it be.' Collected Works, Vol. 46, ed. V. Smirnova (London, 1992), K. Marx to Ferdinand Domela-Nieuwenhuis, p. 66. Both Roger Magraw in A History of the French Working Class: Volume 1 The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992), p. 262, and The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left, ed. Eugene Schulkind (London, 1972), pp. 52-3, 200-1 and 244, and Eugene Schulkind in The Paris Commune of 1871 (London, 1972), p. 35, would appear to share this view, as does Paul Thomas, Alien Politics. Marxist State Theory Retrieved (London, 1994), p. 106.
8. 'Perhaps you will refer me to the Paris Commune; but apart from the fact that this was merely the rising of a city under exceptional conditions, the majority of the Commune was in no wise socialist, nor could it be.' Collected Works, Vol. 46, ed. V. Smirnova (London, 1992), K. Marx to Ferdinand Domela-Nieuwenhuis, p. 66. Both Roger Magraw in A History of the French Working Class: Volume 1 The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992), p. 262, and The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left, ed. Eugene Schulkind (London, 1972), pp. 52-3, 200-1 and 244, and Eugene Schulkind in The Paris Commune of 1871 (London, 1972), p. 35, would appear to share this view, as does Paul Thomas, Alien Politics. Marxist State Theory Retrieved (London, 1994), p. 106.
9. 'Perhaps you will refer me to the Paris Commune; but apart from the fact that this was merely the rising of a city under exceptional conditions, the majority of the Commune was in no wise socialist, nor could it be.' Collected Works, Vol. 46, ed. V. Smirnova (London, 1992), K. Marx to Ferdinand Domela-Nieuwenhuis, p. 66. Both Roger Magraw in A History of the French Working Class: Volume 1 The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992), p. 262, and The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the Left, ed. Eugene Schulkind (London, 1972), pp. 52-3, 200-1 and 244, and Eugene Schulkind in The Paris Commune of 1871 (London, 1972), p. 35, would appear to share this view, as does Paul Thomas, Alien Politics. Marxist State Theory Retrieved (London, 1994), p. 106.
10. Shlomo Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 247-9.
11. R. Tombs, The War Against Paris 1871 (Cambridge, 1981), p. 193. Edward S. Mason notoriously claimed that 'the Marxian history of the Commune is from beginning to end, almost pure myth'. Edward S. Mason, The Paris Commune An Episode in the History of the Socialist Movement (New York, 1930; reprinted New York, 1967), p. 320.
12. R. Tombs, The War Against Paris 1871 (Cambridge, 1981), p. 193. Edward S. Mason notoriously claimed that 'the Marxian history of the Commune is from beginning to end, almost pure myth'. Edward S. Mason, The Paris Commune An Episode in the History of the Socialist Movement (New York, 1930; reprinted New York, 1967), p. 320.
13. Magraw, The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871, p. 262.
14. 'The General Council of the International Working Men's Association on the War: Second Address', Collected Works, Vol. 22, ed. T. Yeremeyeva and V. Kunina (London, 1986), p. 269.
15. Shlomo Avineri's Chapter 8, 'The New Society, the Paris Commune: the Necessary Failure', The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, pp. 239-49, has been widely influential, as for example with Richard Applebaum, Karl Marx (London, 1988), p. 136. An earlier essay written by a writer who had a detailed knowledge of the Paris Commune is J. Rougerie, 'Karl Marx, L'Etat et La Commune', Preuves, No. 212 (1968), pp. 34-42; and No. 213 (1968), pp. 45-56. For a trenchant defence of Marx's views on the Paris Commune see Monty Johnstone, 'The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and the Role of the Party', in Images of the Commune, ed. J. Leith (Montreal and London, 1978), pp. 201-24.
16. Shlomo Avineri's Chapter 8, 'The New Society, the Paris Commune: the Necessary Failure', The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, pp. 239-49, has been widely influential, as for example with Richard Applebaum, Karl Marx (London, 1988), p. 136. An earlier essay written by a writer who had a detailed knowledge of the Paris Commune is J. Rougerie, 'Karl Marx, L'Etat et La Commune', Preuves, No. 212 (1968), pp. 34-42; and No. 213 (1968), pp. 45-56. For a trenchant defence of Marx's views on the Paris Commune see Monty Johnstone, 'The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and the Role of the Party', in Images of the Commune, ed. J. Leith (Montreal and London, 1978), pp. 201-24.
17. Shlomo Avineri's Chapter 8, 'The New Society, the Paris Commune: the Necessary Failure', The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, pp. 239-49, has been widely influential, as for example with Richard Applebaum, Karl Marx (London, 1988), p. 136. An earlier essay written by a writer who had a detailed knowledge of the Paris Commune is J. Rougerie, 'Karl Marx, L'Etat et La Commune', Preuves, No. 212 (1968), pp. 34-42; and No. 213 (1968), pp. 45-56. For a trenchant defence of Marx's views on the Paris Commune see Monty Johnstone, 'The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and the Role of the Party', in Images of the Commune, ed. J. Leith (Montreal and London, 1978), pp. 201-24.
18. Shlomo Avineri's Chapter 8, 'The New Society, the Paris Commune: the Necessary Failure', The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, pp. 239-49, has been widely influential, as for example with Richard Applebaum, Karl Marx (London, 1988), p. 136. An earlier essay written by a writer who had a detailed knowledge of the Paris Commune is J. Rougerie, 'Karl Marx, L'Etat et La Commune', Preuves, No. 212 (1968), pp. 34-42; and No. 213 (1968), pp. 45-56. For a trenchant defence of Marx's views on the Paris Commune see Monty Johnstone, 'The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and the Role of the Party', in Images of the Commune, ed. J. Leith (Montreal and London, 1978), pp. 201-24.
19. Shlomo Avineri's Chapter 8, 'The New Society, the Paris Commune: the Necessary Failure', The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, pp. 239-49, has been widely influential, as for example with Richard Applebaum, Karl Marx (London, 1988), p. 136. An earlier essay written by a writer who had a detailed knowledge of the Paris Commune is J. Rougerie, 'Karl Marx, L'Etat et La Commune', Preuves, No. 212 (1968), pp. 34-42; and No. 213 (1968), pp. 45-56. For a trenchant defence of Marx's views on the Paris Commune see Monty Johnstone, 'The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and the Role of the Party', in Images of the Commune, ed. J. Leith (Montreal and London, 1978), pp. 201-24.
20. Alvin Gouldner, 'Marx's Last Battle: Bakunin and the First Inernational', Theory and Society (1982), pp. 853-84; and Paul Thompson, Marx and the Anarchists (London, 1980).
21. Alvin Gouldner, 'Marx's Last Battle: Bakunin and the First Inernational', Theory and Society (1982), pp. 853-84; and Paul Thompson, Marx and the Anarchists (London, 1980).
22. B. Jessop, 'Marx and Engels on the State', in Politics, Ideology and the State, ed. Sally Hibbin (London, 1978), p. 40; and B. Jessop, The Capitalist State (Oxford, 1982), P. 218. Michael Levin has also argued that Marx never attempted to establish a comprehensive organized theory of the state, M. Levin, 'Marx and Engels on the Generalized Class State', History of Political Thought, Vol. 6 (1985), pp. 433-53.
23. B. Jessop, 'Marx and Engels on the State', in Politics, Ideology and the State, ed. Sally Hibbin (London, 1978), p. 40; and B. Jessop, The Capitalist State (Oxford, 1982), P. 218. Michael Levin has also argued that Marx never attempted to establish a comprehensive organized theory of the state, M. Levin, 'Marx and Engels on the Generalized Class State', History of Political Thought, Vol. 6 (1985), pp. 433-53.
24. B. Jessop, 'Marx and Engels on the State', in Politics, Ideology and the State, ed. Sally Hibbin (London, 1978), p. 40; and B. Jessop, The Capitalist State (Oxford, 1982), P. 218. Michael Levin has also argued that Marx never attempted to establish a comprehensive organized theory of the state, M. Levin, 'Marx and Engels on the Generalized Class State', History of Political Thought, Vol. 6 (1985), pp. 433-53.
25. As for example with Robert Meister, Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx (Oxford, 1990); The Cambridge Companion to Marx, ed. Terrell Carver (Cambridge, 1991); and Alan Carter, Marx: A Radical Critique (Brighton, 1988).
26. As for example with Robert Meister, Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx (Oxford, 1990); The Cambridge Companion to Marx, ed. Terrell Carver (Cambridge, 1991); and Alan Carter, Marx: A Radical Critique (Brighton, 1988).
27. As for example with Robert Meister, Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx (Oxford, 1990); The Cambridge Companion to Marx, ed. Terrell Carver (Cambridge, 1991); and Alan Carter, Marx: A Radical Critique (Brighton, 1988).
28. Karl Marx La Commune de Paris, ed. Charles Longuet (Paris, 1901), Preface, p. XI. More recently the anonymous editor of Collected Works, Vol. 22, has written: 'With biting sarcasm he exposed the leaders of the Versailles counter-revolutionary government, the instigators and organisers of the savage reprisals against the Paris Workers.' Preface, p. xxii.
29. Karl Marx La Commune de Paris, ed. Charles Longuet (Paris, 1901), Preface, p. XI. More recently the anonymous editor of Collected Works, Vol. 22, has written: 'With biting sarcasm he exposed the leaders of the Versailles counter-revolutionary government, the instigators and organisers of the savage reprisals against the Paris Workers.' Preface, p. xxii.
30. La Guerre Civile en France, 1871, Editions Nouvelle Accompagnee des Travaux Preparatoires de Marx (Paris, 1953; reprints, 1968 and 1973). The press extracts are not to be found in the Peking edition of The Civil War in France (Peking, 1966), or the Soviet collection Marx and Engels on the Paris Commune (Moscow, 1971), Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, nor Collected Works, Vol. 22. Edward Mason made the erroneous statement that 'He [Marx] read every word of the Journal Officiel', Mason, The Paris Commune, p. 309.
31. La Guerre Civile en France, 1871, Editions Nouvelle Accompagnee des Travaux Preparatoires de Marx (Paris, 1953; reprints, 1968 and 1973). The press extracts are not to be found in the Peking edition of The Civil War in France (Peking, 1966), or the Soviet collection Marx and Engels on the Paris Commune (Moscow, 1971), Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, nor Collected Works, Vol. 22. Edward Mason made the erroneous statement that 'He [Marx] read every word of the Journal Officiel', Mason, The Paris Commune, p. 309.
32. La Guerre Civile en France, 1871, Editions Nouvelle Accompagnee des Travaux Preparatoires de Marx (Paris, 1953; reprints, 1968 and 1973). The press extracts are not to be found in the Peking edition of The Civil War in France (Peking, 1966), or the Soviet collection Marx and Engels on the Paris Commune (Moscow, 1971), Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, nor Collected Works, Vol. 22. Edward Mason made the erroneous statement that 'He [Marx] read every word of the Journal Officiel', Mason, The Paris Commune, p. 309.
33. La Guerre Civile en France, 1871, Editions Nouvelle Accompagnee des Travaux Preparatoires de Marx (Paris, 1953; reprints, 1968 and 1973). The press extracts are not to be found in the Peking edition of The Civil War in France (Peking, 1966), or the Soviet collection Marx and Engels on the Paris Commune (Moscow, 1971), Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, nor Collected Works, Vol. 22. Edward Mason made the erroneous statement that 'He [Marx] read every word of the Journal Officiel', Mason, The Paris Commune, p. 309.
34. La Guerre Civile en France, 1871, Editions Nouvelle Accompagnee des Travaux Preparatoires de Marx (Paris, 1953; reprints, 1968 and 1973). The press extracts are not to be found in the Peking edition of The Civil War in France (Peking, 1966), or the Soviet collection Marx and Engels on the Paris Commune (Moscow, 1971), Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, nor Collected Works, Vol. 22. Edward Mason made the erroneous statement that 'He [Marx] read every word of the Journal Officiel', Mason, The Paris Commune, p. 309.
35. La Guerre Civile en France, 1871, Editions Nouvelle Accompagnee des Travaux Preparatoires de Marx (Paris, 1953; reprints, 1968 and 1973). The press extracts are not to be found in the Peking edition of The Civil War in France (Peking, 1966), or the Soviet collection Marx and Engels on the Paris Commune (Moscow, 1971), Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, nor Collected Works, Vol. 22. Edward Mason made the erroneous statement that 'He [Marx] read every word of the Journal Officiel', Mason, The Paris Commune, p. 309.
36. The activities of the Association of Women for the Defence of Paris and Aid to the Wounded have been throughly researched by Eugene Schulkind in 'Socialist Women during the 1871 Paris Commune', Past and Present, No. 106 (1985), pp. 124-63 and The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 171-8. The initial Union address, 'A Call to the Women Citizens of Paris', was published in the Journal Officiel, 11 April 1871, while their request to the Commune was published in the Journal Officiel on 14 April 1871. The letter from the Union to the Commission of Labour and Exchange is dated by E. Schulkind, late April or early May. This document contains an analysis of women's work and a proposed organizational plan. The Central Committee of the Union produced a declaration which was printed in the Journal Officiel on 6 May.
37. The activities of the Association of Women for the Defence of Paris and Aid to the Wounded have been throughly researched by Eugene Schulkind in 'Socialist Women during the 1871 Paris Commune', Past and Present, No. 106 (1985), pp. 124-63 and The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 171-8. The initial Union address, 'A Call to the Women Citizens of Paris', was published in the Journal Officiel, 11 April 1871, while their request to the Commune was published in the Journal Officiel on 14 April 1871. The letter from the Union to the Commission of Labour and Exchange is dated by E. Schulkind, late April or early May. This document contains an analysis of women's work and a proposed organizational plan. The Central Committee of the Union produced a declaration which was printed in the Journal Officiel on 6 May.
38. The activities of the Association of Women for the Defence of Paris and Aid to the Wounded have been throughly researched by Eugene Schulkind in 'Socialist Women during the 1871 Paris Commune', Past and Present, No. 106 (1985), pp. 124-63 and The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 171-8. The initial Union address, 'A Call to the Women Citizens of Paris', was published in the Journal Officiel, 11 April 1871, while their request to the Commune was published in the Journal Officiel on 14 April 1871. The letter from the Union to the Commission of Labour and Exchange is dated by E. Schulkind, late April or early May. This document contains an analysis of women's work and a proposed organizational plan. The Central Committee of the Union produced a declaration which was printed in the Journal Officiel on 6 May.
39. The activities of the Association of Women for the Defence of Paris and Aid to the Wounded have been throughly researched by Eugene Schulkind in 'Socialist Women during the 1871 Paris Commune', Past and Present, No. 106 (1985), pp. 124-63 and The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 171-8. The initial Union address, 'A Call to the Women Citizens of Paris', was published in the Journal Officiel, 11 April 1871, while their request to the Commune was published in the Journal Officiel on 14 April 1871. The letter from the Union to the Commission of Labour and Exchange is dated by E. Schulkind, late April or early May. This document contains an analysis of women's work and a proposed organizational plan. The Central Committee of the Union produced a declaration which was printed in the Journal Officiel on 6 May.
40. For a lively discussion of those English writers who were prepared to defend the Paris Commune in Britain see The English Defence of the Commune (1871), ed. Royden Harrison (London, 1971). The Times used Reuters telegrams and had its own reporter in Paris. On 26 April, after the blockade of the Northern Railway, it used material from Brussels. For the French Press see Georges Tersen, 'L'Opinion Publique et La Commune de Paris, 1871-1879' (Paris 1952). Diplome d'Etudes Superieurs (University of Sussex Microfilm).
41. For a lively discussion of those English writers who were prepared to defend the Paris Commune in Britain see The English Defence of the Commune (1871), ed. Royden Harrison (London, 1971). The Times used Reuters telegrams and had its own reporter in Paris. On 26 April, after the blockade of the Northern Railway, it used material from Brussels. For the French Press see Georges Tersen, 'L'Opinion Publique et La Commune de Paris, 1871-1879' (Paris 1952). Diplome d'Etudes Superieurs (University of Sussex Microfilm).
42. The Times, 6 May 1871; similar prejudicial attitudes towards women are expressed in the book by Paul Fontoulieu, Les Eglises sous La Commune (Paris, 1873). This author mentions womens' meetings in the churches of St Eustace, St Pierre, Montmartre, St Eloi, Rue de Reuilly, St Jacques de Haut-Pas, Notre Dame de La Croix, Ménilmontant, St Ambroise, XIII arrondissement, St Nicholas-des-Champs, III arrondissement, St Lambert, St Germain L'Auxerrois, St Marguerite, Rue Saint Bernard, Saint Pierre, Montrouge, St Leu, St Trinity, and St Michel, Batignolles.
43. The Times, 6 May 1871; similar prejudicial attitudes towards women are expressed in the book by Paul Fontoulieu, Les Eglises sous La Commune (Paris, 1873). This author mentions womens' meetings in the churches of St Eustace, St Pierre, Montmartre, St Eloi, Rue de Reuilly, St Jacques de Haut-Pas, Notre Dame de La Croix, Ménilmontant, St Ambroise, XIII arrondissement, St Nicholas-des-Champs, III arrondissement, St Lambert, St Germain L'Auxerrois, St Marguerite, Rue Saint Bernard, Saint Pierre, Montrouge, St Leu, St Trinity, and St Michel, Batignolles.
44. Minutes of the General Council Meeting of 4 July 1871, Documents of the First International 1870-1871: 'The Telegraph had suppressed part of his [Reid] letters and telegrams he had sent because they gave truthful facts favourable to the Commune' pp. 228-9
45. Letter of Karl Marx to Spencer Beesly, 12 June 1871, Collected Works, Vol. 44, pp. 150-2: p. 150 - 'A woman friend (Ann Jaclard) will be going to Paris in three or four days. I am giving her regular passports for some members of the Commune who are still hiding in Paris.'; p.151 - 'My relations with the Commune were maintained through a German merchant [N. Eilau] who travels on business between Paris and London all the year round.'
46. Letter of Frankel, 30 March, Lettres des Communards et des Militants de la Première International à Marx, Engels, et Autres Dans Les Journées de La Commune de Paris en 1871, ed. J. Rocher (Paris, 1934); also The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 117-18.
47. Letter of Frankel, 30 March, Lettres des Communards et des Militants de la Première International à Marx, Engels, et Autres Dans Les Journées de La Commune de Paris en 1871, ed. J. Rocher (Paris, 1934); also The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 117-18.
48. Letter of Elizabeth Dmetrieff to Jung/Marx, 26 April, Lettres des Communards et des Militants de la Première International, ed. Rocher, pp. 36-7.
49. 'Declaration to the People of France', The Communards of Paris, ed. S. Edwards (London, 1973) (hereafter 'Declaration to the People'), pp. 81-3.
50. In his First Draft Marx wrote: 'Whatever the merits of the single measures of the Commune, its greatest measure was its own organisation, extemporised with the foreign enemy at one door, and the class enemy at the other, providing by its life its vitality, confirming its thesis by its action.' Collected Works, Vol. 22, p. 339. Also: 'The greatest measure of the Commune is its own existence, working, acting under circumstances of unheard of difficulty!' Ibid., p. 499.
51. In his First Draft Marx wrote: 'Whatever the merits of the single measures of the Commune, its greatest measure was its own organisation, extemporised with the foreign enemy at one door, and the class enemy at the other, providing by its life its vitality, confirming its thesis by its action.' Collected Works, Vol. 22, p. 339. Also: 'The greatest measure of the Commune is its own existence, working, acting under circumstances of unheard of difficulty!' Ibid., p. 499.
52. K. Marx to Ludwig Kugelmann, Collected Works, Vol. 44, pp. 131-2.
53. 'The Civil War in France', Collected Works, Vol. 22, p. 328.
54. Ibid., pp. 334-5.
55. Mirabeau, L'Affranchi, No. 2 (3 April 1871).
56. 'Declaration to the People', pp. 81-83.
57. A. Vermorel, L. 'Ami du Peuple, No. 2 (24 April 1871).
58. 'Proposal for the Organisation of Producer Co-operatives for Women', mid May 1871, The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. E. Schulkind, pp. 178-80.
59. For the 'mandat impératif' see M. Allner, 'Les Communeaux Jacobins: Heritage Ideolique et Exercise du Pouvoir Revolutionnaire', Le Mouvement Sociale, No. 117 (1981), pp.77-99; and in more detail M. Allner, 'Les Jacobins dans La Commune de 1871' (PhD thesis, University of Paris VII, 1976).
60. For the 'mandat impératif' see M. Allner, 'Les Communeaux Jacobins: Heritage Ideolique et Exercise du Pouvoir Revolutionnaire', Le Mouvement Sociale, No. 117 (1981), pp.77-99; and in more detail M. Allner, 'Les Jacobins dans La Commune de 1871' (PhD thesis, University of Paris VII, 1976).
61. 'The Civil War in France', p. 331.
62. Benoît Malon, La Troisième Défaite du Prolétariat Français (Neuchâtel, 1871);
63. Jacques Rougerie, 'Les Elections du 26 mars à la Commune de Paris. Histoire Economique, Sociale et Politique' (Paris, 1955) Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures (University of Sussex); and Jacques Rougerie, 'Chapitre 4. La Ville, Les Elections du 26 Mars', Paris Libre 1871 (Paris, 1971), pp. 135-46.
64. Jacques Rougerie, 'Les Elections du 26 mars à la Commune de Paris. Histoire Economique, Sociale et Politique' (Paris, 1955) Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures (University of Sussex); and Jacques Rougerie, 'Chapitre 4. La Ville, Les Elections du 26 Mars', Paris Libre 1871 (Paris, 1971), pp. 135-46.
65. 'The Civil War in France', p. 331.
66. Patrick Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition: the Blanquists in French Politics, 1864-1893 (London, 1981), Ch. IV, 'The Commune as Atheist Drama', Pp. 59-99.
67. 'Declaration to the People', p. 82.
68. Collected Works, Vol. 47, ed. V. Kunina and V. Pospelova (London, 1993), p. 74.
69. 'Declaration to the People', p. 82.
70. Collected Works, Vol. 22, p. 333. In Paul Thomas's opinion: 'The most positive feature of the Paris Commune, according to The Civil War in France, Marx's 1871 address on it, was that it radically deinstitutionalised political power, and in so doing repoliticized society at large.' Thomas, Alien Politics, p. 105.
71. Collected Works, Vol. 22, p. 333. In Paul Thomas's opinion: 'The most positive feature of the Paris Commune, according to The Civil War in France, Marx's 1871 address on it, was that it radically deinstitutionalised political power, and in so doing repoliticized society at large.' Thomas, Alien Politics, p. 105.
72. 'The Civil War in France', pp. 333-4.
73. Ibid., p. 334.
74. Ibid.
75. J. Rougerie, 'Mil Huit Cent Soixante et Onze', La Commune de 1871, Colloque de Paris (Mai 1971) (Paris, 1972), pp. 50-77.
76. For associations during the 1840s see Remi Gossez, Les Ouvriers de Paris. Book One. L'Organisation, 1848-1851. Bibliothèque de la Révolution de 1848, Vol. 24 (La Roche-sur-Yon, 1967); Alain Faure Jacques Rancière, La Parole Ouvrière, 1830-1851 (Paris, 1976); William H. Sewell Jr., Work and Revolution in France, The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge, 1980); and R. Magraw, The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992).
77. For associations during the 1840s see Remi Gossez, Les Ouvriers de Paris. Book One. L'Organisation, 1848-1851. Bibliothèque de la Révolution de 1848, Vol. 24 (La Roche-sur-Yon, 1967); Alain Faure Jacques Rancière, La Parole Ouvrière, 1830-1851 (Paris, 1976); William H. Sewell Jr., Work and Revolution in France, The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge, 1980); and R. Magraw, The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992).
78. For associations during the 1840s see Remi Gossez, Les Ouvriers de Paris. Book One. L'Organisation, 1848-1851. Bibliothèque de la Révolution de 1848, Vol. 24 (La Roche-sur-Yon, 1967); Alain Faure Jacques Rancière, La Parole Ouvrière, 1830-1851 (Paris, 1976); William H. Sewell Jr., Work and Revolution in France, The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge, 1980); and R. Magraw, The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992).
79. For associations during the 1840s see Remi Gossez, Les Ouvriers de Paris. Book One. L'Organisation, 1848-1851. Bibliothèque de la Révolution de 1848, Vol. 24 (La Roche-sur-Yon, 1967); Alain Faure Jacques Rancière, La Parole Ouvrière, 1830-1851 (Paris, 1976); William H. Sewell Jr., Work and Revolution in France, The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (Cambridge, 1980); and R. Magraw, The Age of Artisan Revolution 1815-1871 (Oxford, 1992).
80. 'The Civil War in France', pp. 334-5.
81. Article by Leo Frankel in Munkas Heti-Kronika (Workers Weekly), 18 March 1877, text printed in Europe (April-May 1951), p. 180.
82. K. Marx, 'Critique of the Gotha Programme', Collected Works, Vol. 24, ed. V. Smirnova (London, 1989), pp. 85-6, 93.
83. F. Engels, 'The Housing Question', Part III, Collected Works, Vol. 23, ed. L. Golman (London, 1988), p. 370; and '. . . on April 16th it [the Commune] ordered a statistical tabulation of factories which had been closed down by the manufacturers, and the working out of plans for the operation of these factories by the workers formerly employed in them, who were to be organised in co-operative socities, and also plans for the organisation of these co-operatives in one grand union', F. Engels 'Introduction to K. Marx's The Civil War in France (1891)', Collected Works, Vol. 27, ed. B. Tartakovsky and V. Smirnova (London, 1990), p. 185.
84. F. Engels, 'The Housing Question', Part III, Collected Works, Vol. 23, ed. L. Golman (London, 1988), p. 370; and '. . . on April 16th it [the Commune] ordered a statistical tabulation of factories which had been closed down by the manufacturers, and the working out of plans for the operation of these factories by the workers formerly employed in them, who were to be organised in co-operative socities, and also plans for the organisation of these co-operatives in one grand union', F. Engels 'Introduction to K. Marx's The Civil War in France (1891)', Collected Works, Vol. 27, ed. B. Tartakovsky and V. Smirnova (London, 1990), p. 185.
85. 'Decree on Co-operative Operation of Abandoned Workshops, 16 April 1871', ed. E. Schulkind, pp. 162-3.
86. Ibid.
87. Sources relevant to the association movement include 'A Stone Carver's Letter' and 'A Nail Maker's Letter', in The Communards of Paris, ed. Edwards, pp. 123-6;
88. 'The Louvre Workshop Regulations', in Journal Officiel (3 May 1871);
89. 'Decree of Co-operative Operation of Abdandoned Workshops' (16 April 1871), The Union of Tailors' (19th April 1871), 'The Union of Mechanics and Metal Workers' (25th April 1871), 'Workers in the Jewelry Trade' (7 May 1871), 'Foundry Worker's Letter', 'Letter of a Tailors' Association', 'Petition of Women Workers', 'Letter and Proposal from the Association of Women to the Commission of Labour and Exchange', in The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 162-8 and 175-80. The material on the Association of Women for the Defence of Paris and Aid to the Wounded is to be found in the Archives Historiques du Ministère de la Guerre (France), cartons collectifs AG Ly 22.
90. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, 'Manifesto of the Communist Party', Collected Works, Vol. 6, ed. L. Golman (London, 1976), p. 505.
91. 'The Civil War in France', pp. 334-5.
92. 'The First Draft', Collected Works, Vol. 22, pp. 473-4.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid., pp. 437-43, 445, 504-5.
95. Ibid., pp. 438, 441-3, 453-8, 428-30, 462-3.
96. Ibid., pp. 465-6.
97. Ibid., p. 473.
98. See the discussion on self-employed artisans, small businesses and Parisian manufacturing by Alain Cottereau, 'Denis Poulot's Le Sublime - a Preliminary Study', in Voices of the People: The Social Life of 'La Sociale' at the End of the Second Empire, ed. Adrian Rifkin and Roger Thomas (London, 1988), pp. 97-180.
99. Le Cri du Peuple (22 March 1871).
100. 'The First Draff', pp. 474-6, 476-9, 483-92.
101. Ibid., pp. 490-1.
102. Ibid.
103. Ibid., pp. 507-14.
104. Ibid., pp. 512-14.
105. 'The Civil War in France', pp. 346-55.
106. Geoffrey de Molinari, Les Clubs Rouges Pendant Le Siège de Paris (Paris, 1871), 15 March 1871. Molinari gives particular prominence to the Club Favi in Belleville and the Club de La Reine-Blanche, Montmartre. He summarizes the debates at twenty-two clubs. The introduction to this book, 'Les Clubs, Historie, Organisation, Physionomie', was published in the Revue des Deux Mondes (5 December 1870).
107. Geoffrey de Molinari, Les Clubs Rouges Pendant Le Siège de Paris (Paris, 1871), 15 March 1871. Molinari gives particular prominence to the Club Favi in Belleville and the Club de La Reine-Blanche, Montmartre. He summarizes the debates at twenty-two clubs. The introduction to this book, 'Les Clubs, Historie, Organisation, Physionomie', was published in the Revue des Deux Mondes (5 December 1870).
108. A modern study is Alain Dalotel, Alain Faure, Jean Claude-Freirmuth, Aux Origines de La Commune (Paris, 1980).
109. Robert Wolfe, 'The Parisian Club de La Revolution of the 18th Arrondissement 1870-1871', Past and Present, No. 39 (1968), pp. 81-119.
110. Thirty-two Communard clubs are named by Jean Bruhat, Jean Daulry, Emile Tersen, La Commune de 1871 (Paris, 1960; 2nd edn., 1970), 'Cartes des Clubs et sections de L'Internationale', pp. 164-5. There is a detailed article on the clubs by Eugene Schulkind, 'The Activity of Popular Organizations During the Paris Commune of 1871', French Historical Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1960), pp. 394-415. Some minutes and miscellaneous club papers have survived and are kept at the Archives Historiques de La Guerre, cartons collectifs, C-22.
111. Thirty-two Communard clubs are named by Jean Bruhat, Jean Daulry, Emile Tersen, La Commune de 1871 (Paris, 1960; 2nd edn., 1970), 'Cartes des Clubs et sections de L'Internationale', pp. 164-5. There is a detailed article on the clubs by Eugene Schulkind, 'The Activity of Popular Organizations During the Paris Commune of 1871', French Historical Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1960), pp. 394-415. Some minutes and miscellaneous club papers have survived and are kept at the Archives Historiques de La Guerre, cartons collectifs, C-22.
112. Thirty-two Communard clubs are named by Jean Bruhat, Jean Daulry, Emile Tersen, La Commune de 1871 (Paris, 1960; 2nd edn., 1970), 'Cartes des Clubs et sections de L'Internationale', pp. 164-5. There is a detailed article on the clubs by Eugene Schulkind, 'The Activity of Popular Organizations During the Paris Commune of 1871', French Historical Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1960), pp. 394-415. Some minutes and miscellaneous club papers have survived and are kept at the Archives Historiques de La Guerre, cartons collectifs, C-22.
113. Eleven clubs were affiliated to this federation. Le Vengeur records: 'This is a most urgent and most useful measure; it is indispensable for public meetings to federate in such a way that each may propose and if possible adopt resolutions already voted by the others, in order to exercise a legitimate influence in public opinion.' Resolution of 4 May, Salle Molière, 159 Rue Saint Martin.
114. Speech by Marx at the London Conference of the International, 19 September 1871, Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. H. Draper, p. 224.
115. For Marx's attitudes to women wage earners see Harold Benson, 'Victorian Sexual Ideology and Marx's Theory of the Working Class', International Labor and Working Class History, No. 25 (Spring 1984), pp. 1-23; and ibid., No. 26, pp. 45-52.
116. For Marx's attitudes to women wage earners see Harold Benson, 'Victorian Sexual Ideology and Marx's Theory of the Working Class', International Labor and Working Class History, No. 25 (Spring 1984), pp. 1-23; and ibid., No. 26, pp. 45-52.
117. 'Manifesto of the Communist Party', p. 497.
118. Minutes of the First International, 29 September 1871, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, p. 224.
119. Schulkind, 'Socialist Women During the 1871 Paris Commune', pp. 124-63; Kathleen Jones and François Vèrges, 'Aux Citoyennes! Women, Politics and the Paris Commune of 1871', History of European Ideas, Vol. 13, No. 6 (1991), pp. 711-32; David A. Shafer, 'Plus Que des Ambulancières: Women in Articulation and Defence of Their Ideals During the Paris Commune (1871)', French History, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1993), pp. 85-101; Phillip Martin Johnson, 'Citizenship and Gender: The Légion des Fédérées in the Paris Commune of 1871', French History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1994), pp. 276-95.
120. Schulkind, 'Socialist Women During the 1871 Paris Commune', pp. 124-63; Kathleen Jones and François Vèrges, 'Aux Citoyennes! Women, Politics and the Paris Commune of 1871', History of European Ideas, Vol. 13, No. 6 (1991), pp. 711-32; David A. Shafer, 'Plus Que des Ambulancières: Women in Articulation and Defence of Their Ideals During the Paris Commune (1871)', French History, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1993), pp. 85-101; Phillip Martin Johnson, 'Citizenship and Gender: The Légion des Fédérées in the Paris Commune of 1871', French History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1994), pp. 276-95.
121. Schulkind, 'Socialist Women During the 1871 Paris Commune', pp. 124-63; Kathleen Jones and François Vèrges, 'Aux Citoyennes! Women, Politics and the Paris Commune of 1871', History of European Ideas, Vol. 13, No. 6 (1991), pp. 711-32; David A. Shafer, 'Plus Que des Ambulancières: Women in Articulation and Defence of Their Ideals During the Paris Commune (1871)', French History, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1993), pp. 85-101; Phillip Martin Johnson, 'Citizenship and Gender: The Légion des Fédérées in the Paris Commune of 1871', French History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1994), pp. 276-95.
122. Schulkind, 'Socialist Women During the 1871 Paris Commune', pp. 124-63; Kathleen Jones and François Vèrges, 'Aux Citoyennes! Women, Politics and the Paris Commune of 1871', History of European Ideas, Vol. 13, No. 6 (1991), pp. 711-32; David A. Shafer, 'Plus Que des Ambulancières: Women in Articulation and Defence of Their Ideals During the Paris Commune (1871)', French History, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1993), pp. 85-101; Phillip Martin Johnson, 'Citizenship and Gender: The Légion des Fédérées in the Paris Commune of 1871', French History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1994), pp. 276-95.
123. Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition, pp. 65-86.
124. 'Declaration to the People', p. 101.
125. La Revolté (20 March 1880).
126. Ibid. Incorporated in Paroles d'Une Revolté (Paris, 1885).
127. Freedom (April 1891).
128. Caroline Cahm, Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 28-31.
129. Bakunin Statism and Anarchy, ed. Marshall S. Shatz (Cambridge, 1990), p. 24.
130. For these themes see the informative thesis by Paul Martinez, 'Paris Communard Refugees in Britain, 1871-1880' (PhD thesis, University of Sussex, 1981); and P. Martinez, 'Amis Eprouvés et Sûrs: Les Réfugiés Blanquistes en Angleterre 1871- 1879', Blanqui et Blanquistes, Societé d'Histoire de La Révolution de 1848 et des Révolutions du XIX Siecle (Paris, 1986), pp. 153-72.
131. For these themes see the informative thesis by Paul Martinez, 'Paris Communard Refugees in Britain, 1871-1880' (PhD thesis, University of Sussex, 1981); and P. Martinez, 'Amis Eprouvés et Sûrs: Les Réfugiés Blanquistes en Angleterre 1871-1879', Blanqui et Blanquistes, Societé d'Histoire de La Révolution de 1848 et des Révolutions du XIX Siecle (Paris, 1986), pp. 153-72.
132. Martinez, 'Paris Communard Refugees in Britain'; Martinez, 'Amis Eprouvés et Sûrs', pp. 158-68; and Paul Thomas, K. Marx and the Anarchists (London, 1980), pp. 327-9.
133. Martinez, 'Paris Communard Refugees in Britain'; Martinez, 'Amis Eprouvés et Sûrs', pp. 158-68; and Paul Thomas, K. Marx and the Anarchists (London, 1980), pp. 327-9.
134. Martinez, 'Paris Communard Refugees in Britain'; Martinez, 'Amis Eprouvés et Sûrs', pp. 158-68; and Paul Thomas, K. Marx and the Anarchists (London, 1980), pp. 327-9.
135. This theme is outlined in Thomas, K. Marx and the Anarchists.
136. F. Engels, 'The Housing Question, part III', Collected Works, Vol. 23, p. 370, F. Engels letter to F. Sorge (12-17 September 1874), Collected Works, Vol. 45, ed. V. Kunina and V. Pospelova (London, 1993), p. 41.
137. F. Engels, 'The Housing Question, part III', Collected Works, Vol. 23, p. 370, F. Engels letter to F. Sorge (12-17 September 1874), Collected Works, Vol. 45, ed. V. Kunina and V. Pospelova (London, 1993), p. 41.
138. Letter by Engels to E. Bernstein (1 January 1884), Collected Works, Vol. 47, Pp. 73-4.
139. Collected Works, Vol. 27, p. 191.
140. F. Engels, 'Introduction (1891)', Collected Works, Vol. 27, p. 187.
141. Ibid., p. 188.
142. Extracts from Engels' 'The Programme of the Blanquist Commune Refugees' are Printed in The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 239-40, and Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, pp. 227-30.
143. Extracts from Engels' 'The Programme of the Blanquist Commune Refugees' are Printed in The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 239-40, and Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels Writings on the Paris Commune, ed. Draper, pp. 227-30.
144. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 10, ed. V. Kunina and V. Pospelova (London, 1978), pp. 311-25.
145. Gustave Tridon, Les Herbertistes (Paris, 1871); Gustave Tridon, Du Molochisme Juif: Etudes Critiques et Philosophiques (Brussels, 1884); 'Instructions Pour un Prise d'Armes', Futur Anterieur, Editions de La Tête de Feuilles (Paris, 1972); Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition, pp. 38-58.
146. Gustave Tridon, Les Herbertistes (Paris, 1871); Gustave Tridon, Du Molochisme Juif: Etudes Critiques et Philosophiques (Brussels, 1884); 'Instructions Pour un Prise d'Armes', Futur Anterieur, Editions de La Tête de Feuilles (Paris, 1972); Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition, pp. 38-58.
147. Gustave Tridon, Les Herbertistes (Paris, 1871); Gustave Tridon, Du Molochisme Juif: Etudes Critiques et Philosophiques (Brussels, 1884); 'Instructions Pour un Prise d'Armes', Futur Anterieur, Editions de La Tête de Feuilles (Paris, 1972); Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition, pp. 38-58.
148. Gustave Tridon, Les Herbertistes (Paris, 1871); Gustave Tridon, Du Molochisme Juif: Etudes Critiques et Philosophiques (Brussels, 1884); 'Instructions Pour un Prise d'Armes', Futur Anterieur, Editions de La Tête de Feuilles (Paris, 1972); Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition, pp. 38-58.
149. Jacques Rougerie, 'Les Elections du 26 Mars à La Commune de Paris' (Paris, 1955), Diplome Etudes Supérieures.
150. Engels' irritation with the Communard refugees is well caught in the following extract from his letter to F.A. Sorge, 12-17 September (London, 1874): 'The French refugees are in utter chaos. They have all fallen out with each other and with everyone else for quite personal reasons, money matters for the most part, and are now almost entirely rid of them . . . All these people have been horridly demoralised by their dissolute life during the war, the Commune, and in exhile, and the situation really has to be desperate to rescue a Frenchman once he has let himself go.' Collected Works, Vol. 45, p. 44.
151. Collected Works, Vol. 27, p. 191.
152. Marian Sawer, 'The Genesis of State and Revolution', Socialist Register (1977), pp. 209-27; and Marian Sawer, 'The Soviet Image of the Commune: Lenin and Beyond', Images of the Commune, ed. Leith, pp. 245-64.
153. Marian Sawer, 'The Genesis of State and Revolution', Socialist Register (1977), pp. 209-27; and Marian Sawer, 'The Soviet Image of the Commune: Lenin and Beyond', Images of the Commune, ed. Leith, pp. 245-64.
154. Sawer, 'The Genesis of State and Revolution', p. 217.
155. Karl Kautsky, 'The Dictatorship of the Proletariat', in The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 282-4; and Karl Kautsky, Terror and Communism (London, 1920), Ch. VI, 'The Second Paris Commune', pp. 53-120.
156. Karl Kautsky, 'The Dictatorship of the Proletariat', in The Paris Commune of 1871, ed. Schulkind, pp. 282-4; and Karl Kautsky, Terror and Communism (London, 1920), Ch. VI, 'The Second Paris Commune', pp. 53-120.
157. Leon Trotsky, The Defence of Terrorism (London, 1925).
158. 'Resolution of the United Secretariat of the Fourth International: Social Democracy and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Inprecor (7 July 1977).
159. Sawer, 'The Genesis of State and Revolution'; Sawer, 'The Soviet Image of the Commune'; Maurice Meisner, 'Images of the Paris Commune in Contemporary Chinese Thought', in Revolution and Reaction: The Paris Commune 1871, ed. John Hicks and Robert Tucker (Massachusetts, 1973), pp. 112-30; also John Bryan Starr, 'The Commune in Chinese Communist Thought', in Images of the Commune, ed Leith pp. 291- 312.
160. Sawer, 'The Genesis of State and Revolution'; Sawer, 'The Soviet Image of the Commune'; Maurice Meisner, 'Images of the Paris Commune in Contemporary Chinese Thought', in Revolution and Reaction: The Paris Commune 1871, ed. John Hicks and Robert Tucker (Massachusetts, 1973), pp. 112-30; also John Bryan Starr, 'The Commune in Chinese Communist Thought', in Images of the Commune, ed Leith pp. 291-312.
161. Johnstone, The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', in Images of the Commune, ed. Leith, pp. 201-24. Also see Etienne Balibar, Sur La Dictature du Proletariat (Paris, 1976); P.J. Kain, 'Estrangement and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Political Theory, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1979), pp. 509-20; and Eric Chester, 'Revolutionary Socialism and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Critique, No. 17 (1986), pp. 83-9.
162. Johnstone, The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', in Images of the Commune, ed. Leith, pp. 201-24. Also see Etienne Balibar, Sur La Dictature du Proletariat (Paris, 1976); P.J. Kain, 'Estrangement and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Political Theory, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1979), pp. 509-20; and Eric Chester, 'Revolutionary Socialism and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Critique, No. 17 (1986), pp. 83-9.
163. Johnstone, The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', in Images of the Commune, ed. Leith, pp. 201-24. Also see Etienne Balibar, Sur La Dictature du Proletariat (Paris, 1976); P.J. Kain, 'Estrangement and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Political Theory, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1979), pp. 509-20; and Eric Chester, 'Revolutionary Socialism and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Critique, No. 17 (1986), pp. 83-9.
164. Johnstone, The Commune and Marx's Conception of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', in Images of the Commune, ed. Leith, pp. 201-24. Also see Etienne Balibar, Sur La Dictature du Proletariat (Paris, 1976); P.J. Kain, 'Estrangement and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Political Theory, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1979), pp. 509-20; and Eric Chester, 'Revolutionary Socialism and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Critique, No. 17 (1986), pp. 83-9.