Composition and dynamics of the phytoplankton of the Ionian Sea (eastern Mediterranean)

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 108, Issue 9, 2003, Pages

  Casotti, R ^a   Landolfi, A ^a   Brunet, C ^a   D'Ortenzio, F ^a   Mangoni, O ^a   Ribera d'Alcala M ^a   Denis, M ^b  

^a STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA ANTON DOHRN   (Italy)

^b Lab d'Océanogr Biogeochemie   (France)

Author keywords

Flow cytometry; Mediterranean Sea; Mixing; Photoacclimation; Primary productivity; Ultraplankton

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; FLOW CYTOMETRY; PHYTOPLANKTON; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PRIMARY PRODUCTION;

IONIAN SEA; MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

EID: 0345907923     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002jc001541     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Agawin, N., C. M. Duarte, and S. Agusti, Nutrient and temperature control of the contribution of picoplankton to phytoplankton biomass and production, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 591-600, 2000a.
2. Agawin, N., C. M. Duarte, and S. Agusti, Response of Mediterranean Synechococcus growth and loss rates to experimental nutrient inputs, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 206, 97-106, 2000b.
3. Agusti, S., and C. M. Duarte, Phytoplankton chlorophyll a distribution and water column stability in the central Atlantic Ocean, Oceanol. Acta, 22, 193-203, 1999.
4. Andersen, R. A., G. W. Saunders, M. P. Pasking, and J. P. Sexton, Ultrastructure and 18S rRNA gene sequence for Pelagomonas calceolata gen. and sp. nov. and the description of a new algal class, the Pelagophyceae classis nov., J. Phycol., 29, 701-715, 1993.
5. Antoine, D., A. Morel, and J.-M. André, Algal pigment distribution and primary production in the eastern Mediterranean as derived from coastal zone color scanner observations, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,193-16,209, 1995.
6. Bergamasco, A. P., P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, C. Thacker, and R. B. Long, The seasonal steady circulation of the eastern Mediterranean determined with the adjoint method, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 40, 1269-1298, 1993.
7. Bianchi, F., A. Boldrin, G. Civitarese, P. Del Negro, P. Giordani, A. Malaguti, G. Socal, S. Rabitti, and M. M. Turchetto, Biogenic particulate matter and primary productivity in the southern Adriatic and northern Ionian Seas, in 4th-MTP Workshop MATER, Perpignan, France, pp. 120-121, Les Presses Littéraires, St.-Estève, France, 1999.
8. Blanchot, J., and M. Rodier, Picophytoplankton abundance and biomass in the western tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1992 El Niño year: Results from flow cytometry, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 877-895, 1996.
9. Boldrin, A., S. Miserocchi, S. Rabitti, M. M. Turchetto, V. Balboni, and G. Socal, Particulate matter in the southern Adriatic and Ionian Sea: Characterisation and downward fluxes, J. Mar. Syst., 33-34, 389-410, 2002.
10. Bregant, D., G. Civitarese, and A. Luchetta, Chemical parameters distribution in the Ionian Sea during POEM-06 cruise (October 1991), Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Sci. Mer. Mediter., 33, 395, 1992.
11. Brunet, C., J. M. Brylinski, and Y. Lemoine, In situ variations of the xanthophylls diatoxanthin and diadinoxanthin: Photoadaptation and relationships with an hydrodynamical system in the eastern English Channel, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 120, 69-77, 1993.
12. Brunet, C., R. Casotti, B. Aronne, and V. Vantrepotte, Measured photophysiological parameters used as tools to estimate vertical water movements in the coastal Mediterranean, J. Plankton Res., in press, 2003.
13. Bustillos-Guzman, J., H. Claustre, and J. C. Marty, Specific phytoplankton signatures and their relationships to hydrographic conditions in the coastal northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 124, 247-258, 1995.
14. Campbell, L., and E. Carpenter. Estimating the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoplankton on Synchococcus spp.: Using the sea water dilution and selective inhibitor techniques, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 33, 121-129. 1986.
15. Campbell, L., H. A. Nolla, and D. Vaulot. The importance of Prochlorococcus to community structure in the central North Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 954-961, 1994.
16. Campbell, L., H. Liu, H. A. Nolla, and D. Vaulot, Annual variability of phytoplankton and bacteria in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean at station ALOHA during the 1991-1994 ENSO event, Deep Sea Res., Part 1, 44, 167-192, 1997.
17. Campbell, L., M. R. Landry, J. Constantinou, H. A. Nolla, S. L. Brown, H. Liu, and D. A. Caron, Response of microbial community structure to environmental forcing in the Arabian Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 45, 2301-2325, 1998.
18. Casotti, R., Characterization and ecophysiological responses of ultraplankton of the Gulf of Naples and the Sicily Strait by flow cytometry, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Messina, Messina, Italy, 2000.
19. Casotti, R., C. Brunet, B. Aronne, and M. Ribera d'Alcalà, Mesoscale features of phytoplankton and planktonic bacteria in a coastal area as induced by external water masses, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 195, 15-127, 2000.
20. Chisholm, S. W., R. J. Olson, E. R. Zettler, R. Goericke, J. B. Waterbury, and N. A. Welschemeyer, A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone, Nature, 334, 340-343, 1988.
21. Cho, B. C., and F. Azam, Biogeochemical significance of bacteria biomass in the ocean's euphotic zone, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 63, 253-259, 1990.
22. Christaki, U., A. Giannakourou, F. Van Wambeke, and G. Grégori, Nanoflagellate predation on auto- and heterotrophic picoplankton in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea, J. Plankton Res., 23, 1297-1310, 2001.
23. Civitarese, G., and M. Gacic, Had the Eastern Mediterranean Transient an impact on the new production in the southern Adriatic? Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1627-1630, 2001.
24. Civitarese, G., A. Crise, G. Crispi, and R. Mosetti, Circulation effects on nitrogen dynamics in the Ionian Sea. Oceanol. Acta, 19, 609-622, 1996.
25. Claustre, H., The trophic status of various oceanic provinces as revealed by phytoplankton pigment signatures, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 1206-1210, 1994.
26. Claustre, H., and J.-C. Marty. Specific phytoplankton biomasses and their relation to primary production in the tropical North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 42, 1475-1493, 1995.
27. Cullen, J. J., The deep chlorophyll maximum: Comparing vertical profiles of chlorophyll a, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 39, 791-803, 1982.
28. Denis, M., V. Martin, and V. Andersen, Short term variations of the vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in the open Mediterranean Sea, Sci. Mar., 64, 157-163, 2000.
29. Dugdale, R. C., Nutrient limitation in the sea: Dynamics, identification and significance, Limnol. Oceanogr., 12, 685-695, 1967.
30. Du Rand, M. D., R. J. Olson, and S. W. Chisholm, Phytoplankton population dynamics at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series station in the Sargasso Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48, 1983-2003, 2001.
31. Eppley, R. W., and B. J. Peterson, The flux of particulate matter to the deep ocean, Nature, 282, 677-696, 1979.
32. Estrada, M., Primary production in the northwestern Mediterranean, Sci. Mar., 60, 55-64, suppl. 11, 1996.
33. Falkowski, P. G., Light-shade adaptation and vertical mixing of marine phytoplankton: A comparative field study, J. Mar. Res., 41, 215-237, 1983.
34. Falkowski, P. G., D. Ziemann, Z. Kolber, and P. Bienfang, Role of eddy pumping in enhancing primary production in the ocean, Nature, 352, 55-58, 1991.
35. Fasham, M. J. R., T. Platt, B. Irwin, and K. Jones, Factors affecting the spatial pattern of the deep chlorophyll maximum in the region of the Azores Front, Prog. Oceanogr., 14, 129-165, 1985.
36. Fasham, M. J. R., P. W. Boyd, and G. Savidge, Modeling the relative contribution of autotrophs and heterotrophs to carbon flow at a Lagrangian JGOFS station in the northeast Atlantic: The importance of DOC, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 80-94, 1999.
37. Fitzwater, S. E., G. A. Knauer, and J. H. Martin, Metal contamination and its effect on primary production measurement, Limnol. Oceanogr., 27, 544-551, 1982.
38. Fuhrman, J. A., T. D. Sleeter, C. A. Carlson, and L. M. Proctor, Dominance of bacterial biomass in the Sargasso Sea and its ecological implications, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 57, 207-217, 1989.
39. Garçon, V. C., A. Oschlies, S. C. Doney, D. McGillicuddy, and J. Waniek, The role of mesoscale variability on plankton dynamics in the North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48, 2199-2226, 2001.
40. Gasol, J. M., and P. A. del Giorgio, Using flow cytometry for counting natural planktonic bacteria and understanding the structure of planktonic bacterial communities, Sci. Mar., 64, 197-224, 2000.
41. Glover, H. E., M. D. Keller, and R. R. L. Guillard, Light quality and oceanic ultraphyto plankters. Nature, 319. 142-143, 1986.
42. Goericke, R., and D. J. Repeta, The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: The presence of divinyl chlorophyll a and b in a marine prokaryote. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 425-433, 1992.
43. Goericke, R., and N. A. Welschmeyer, Response of Sargasso Sea phytoplankton biomass, growth rates and primary production to seasonally varying physical forcing, J. Plankton Res., 20, 2223-2249, 1998.
44. Goldman, J. C., Potential role of large oceanic diatoms in new primary production, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 40, 159-168, 1993.
45. Goldman, J. C., and D. R. Caron, Experimental studies on an omnivorous microflagellate: Implications for grazing and nutrient regeneration in the marine microbial food chain, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 32, 899-915, 1985.
46. Grasshof, K., Determination of nitrate, in Methods of Seawater Analysis, edited by K. M. Grasshoff, K. Ehrardt, and K. Kremling, pp. 143-150, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1983.
47. Hasle, G., The inverted microscope method, in Phytoplankton Manual, UNESCO Monogr. Oceanogr. Methods, vol. 6, edited by A. Sournia, pp. 88-96, Paris, 1978.
48. Herbland, A., and B. Voituricz, Hydrological structure analysis for estimating the primary production in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Mar. Res., 37, 87-101, 1979.
49. Hooks, C. E., R. R. Bidigare, M. D. Keller, and R. R. L. Guillard, Coccoid eukaryotic marine ultraplankters with four different HPLC pigment signatures, J. Phycol., 24, 571-580, 1988.
50. Jacquet, S., J.-F. Lennon, and D. Vaulot, Application of a compact automatic sea water sampler to high frequency picoplankton studies, Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol., 14, 309-314, 1998.
51. Jiao, N. Z., Y. H. Yang, H. Koshikawa, and M. Watanabe, Influence of hydrographic conditions on picoplankton distribution in the East China Sea, Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol., 30, 37-48, 2002.
52. Kerhervé, P., S. Heussner, B. Charriére, S. Stavrakakis, J. L. Ferrand, A. Monaco, and N. Delsaut, Biogeochemistry and dynamics of settling particle fluxes at the Antikythira Strait (eastern Mediterranean), Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 651-675, 1999.
53. Kiefer, D. A., and J. N. Kremer, Origins of vertical patterns of phytoplankton and nutrients in the temperate, open ocean: A stratigraphic hypothesis, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 28, 1087-1105, 1981.
54. Klein, B., W. Roether, B. B. Manca, D. Bregant, V. Beitzel, V. Kovacevic, and A. Luchetta, The large deep water transient in the eastern Mediterranean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46, 371-414, 1999.
55. La Ferla, R., and M. Azzaro, Microbial respiratory activity in the euphotic zone of the Mediterranean Sea, Microbiologica. 19, 243-250, 1996.
56. La Ferla, R., and M. Azzaro, Microbial respiration in the Levantine Sea: Evolution of the oxidative processes in relation to the main Mediterranean water masses, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 48, 2147-2159, 2001.
57. 2 production rates in the Otranto Strait (Mediterranean Sea), Aquat. Ecol., 33, 157-165, 1999.
58. Landry, M. R., and R. P. Hassett, Estimating the grazing impact of marine micro-zooplankton, Biol. Morya Vladivostok, 67, 283-288, 1982.
59. Landry, M. R., J. Kirshtein, and J. Constantinou, Microzooplankton grazing in the central equatorial Pacific during February and August 1992, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 42, 657-671, 1995.
60. Landry, M. R., J. Constantinou, M. Latasa, S. L. Brown, R. R. Bidigare, and M. Ondrusek, Biological response to iron fertilization in the eastern equatorial Pacific (IronEx II). III, Dynamics of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 201, 57-71, 2000.
61. Lascaratos, A., W. Roether, K. Nittis, and B. Klein, Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 5-36, 1999.
62. Latasa, M., and R. R. Bidigare, A comparison of phytoplankton populations of the Arabian Sea during the spring intermonsoon and southwest monsoon of 1995 as described by HPLC-analysed pigments. Deep Sea Res., Part II, 45, 2133-2170, 1998.
63. Legendre, L., and F. Rassoulzadegan, Plankton and nutrient dynamics in marine waters, Ophelia, 41, 153-172, 1995.
64. Levy, M., L. Mémery, and G. Madee, The onset of a bloom after deep winter convective in the northwestern Mediterranean sea: Mesoscale process study with a primitive equation model, J. Mar. Syst., 16, 7-21, 1998.
65. Li, W. K. W., Cytometric diversity in marine ultraphytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 874-880, 1997.
66. Li, W. K. W., Annual average abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus in surface ocean waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 1746-1753, 1998.
67. Li, W. K. W., Macroecological patterns of phytoplankton in the northwestern North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 419, 129-154, 2002.
68. Li, W. K. W., P. M. Dickie, B. D. Irwin, and A. M. Wood, Biomass of bacteria, cyanobacteria, prochlorophytes and photosynthetic eukaryotes in the Sargasso Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 39, 501-519, 1992.
69. Li, W. K. W., T. Zohary, Y. Z. Yacobi, and A. M. Wood. Ultraphytoplankton in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Towards deriving phytoplankton biomass from flow cytometric measurements of abundance, fluorescence and light scatter. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 102, 79-87, 1993.
70. Lindell, D., and A. Post, Ultraphytoplankton succession is triggered by deep winter mixing in the Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat), Red Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 40, 1130-1141, 1995.
71. Longhurst, A., S. Sathyendranath, T. Platt, and C. Caverhill. An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. J. Plankton Res., 17, 1245-1271, 1995.
72. Macedo, M. F., P. Duarte, J. G. Ferreira, M. Alves, and V. Costa, Analysis of the deep chlorophyll maximum across the Azores Front, Hydrobiologia, 441, 155-172, 2000.
73. Magazzú, G., and F. Decembrini, Primary production, biomass and abundance of phototrophic picoplankton in the Mediterranean Sea: A review. Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol., 9, 97-104, 1995.
74. Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., et al., A synthesis of the Ionian Sea hydrography. circulation and water mass pathways during POEM-Phase I, Prog. Oceanogr., 39, 153-204, 1997.
75. Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., B. B. Manca, M. Ribera d'Alcalà, A. Theocaris, S. Brenner, G. Budillon, and E. Ozsoy. The eastern Mediterranean in the 80s and in the 90s: The big transition in the intermediate and deep circulations. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 29, 365-395, 1999.
76. Manca, B. B., V. Kovačevic, M. Gačić, and D. Viezzoli, Dense water formation in the southern Adriatic Sea and spreading into the Ionian Sea in the period 1997-1999, J. Mar. Syst., 33-34, 133-154, 2002.
77. Manca, B. B., G. Budillon, P. Scarazzato, and L. Ursella, Evolution of dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean affecting water mass structures and properties in the Ionian and Adriatic Seas. J. Geophys. Res., 108(C9). 8102, doi:10.1029/2002JC001664, in press, 2003.
78. Mantoura, R. F. C., and C. A. Llewellyn, The rapid determination of algal chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments and their breakdown products in natural waters by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, Anal. Chim. Acta. 151, 297-314, 1983.
79. Marasoviá, I., D. Viličic, and Ž. Ninčević, South Adriatic ecosystem: Interaction with the Mediterranean Sea, in The Eastern Mediterranean as a Laboratory Basin for the Assessment of Contrasting Ecosystems, NATO ASI Ser., vol. 51, edited by P. Malanotte-Rizzoli and V. N. Eremeev, pp. 383-406, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989.
80. Marie, D., F. Partensky, S. Jacquet, and D. Vaulot. Enumeration and cell cycle analysis of natural populations of marine picoplankton by flow cytometry using the nucleic acid stain SYBR Green-I, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 93, 186-193, 1997.
81. Marie, D., F. Partensky, D. Vaulot, and C. Brussaard, Enumeration of phytoplankton, bacteria, and viruses in marine samples, in Current Protocols in Cytometry, edited by J. P. Robinson et al., pp. 11.11.1 11.11.15, John Wiley, Hoboken, N. J., 1999.
82. 2 et comparison avee le Golfe du Saint Laurent, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. de la Mediter., Aix-Marseille II, France, 1997.
83. McCarthy, J. J., and J. C. Goldman. Nitrogenous nutrition of marine phytoplankton in nutrient-depleted waters. Science, 203, 670-672, 1979.
84. Moon-van der Staay, S. Y., R. De Wachter, and D. Vaulot, Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsespected eukaryotic diversity. Nature, 409, 607-610, 2001.
85. Moore, L. R., R. Goericke, and S. W. Chisholm. Comparative physiology of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus: Influence of light and temperature on growth, pigments, flourescence and absorptive properties. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 116, 259-275, 1995.
86. Morán, X. A. G., I. Taupier-Letage, E. Vázquez-Domínguez, S. Ruiz, L. Arin, P. Rainbault, and M. Estrada. Physical-biological coupling in the Algerian Basin (SW Mediterranean): Influence of mesoscale instabilities on the biomass and production of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 48, 405, 437, 2001.
87. Morel, A., Process studies in eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic oceanic regimes within the tropical northeast Atlantic, in The Changing Ocean Carbon Cycle, IBBP Book Ser., vol. 5, edited by R. B. Hanson, H. W. Ducklow, and J. G. Field, pp. 338-374, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2000.
88. Moutin, T., and P. Raimbault, Primary production, carbon export and nutrients availability in western and eastern Mediterranean Sea in early summer 1996 (MINOS cruise). J. Mar. Syst., 33-34, 273-288, 2002.
89. Moutin, T., T. F. Thingstad, F. Van Wambeke, D. Marie, G. Slawyk, P. Raimbault, and H. Claustre. Does competition for nanomolar phosphate supply explain the predominance of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus?. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1562-1567, 2002.
90. Neveux, J., and M. Panouse. Spectrofluorometric determination of chlorophylls and phaeophytins, Arch. Hydrobiol., 109, 567-581, 1987.
91. Olson, R. J., S. W. Chisholm, E. R. Zettler, M. A. Altabet, and J. A. Dusenberry. Spatial and temporal distributions of prochlorophyte picoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res., Part A, 37, 1033-1051, 1990.
92. Parpais, J., D. Marie, F. Partensky, P. Morin, and D. Vaulot, Effect of phosphorus starvation on the cell cycle of the photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorococcus spp., Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 132, 265-274, 1996.
93. Partensky, F., J. Blanchot, F. Lantoine, J. Neveux, and D. Marie. Vertical structure of picophytoplankton at different trophic sites of the tropical northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43, 1191-1213, 1996.
94. Platt, T., Analysis of the importance of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the estimation of annual production by phytoplankton in a small, enriched, marine basin. J. Exp. Mar. Biol., Ecol., 18, 99-109, 1975.
95. Psarra, S., A. Tselepides, and L. Ignatiades, Primary productivity in the oligotrophic Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean): Seasonal and interannual variability. Prog. Oceanogr., 46, 187-204, 2000.
96. Rabitti, S., F. Bianchi, A. Boldrin, L. Da Ros, G. Socal, and C. Totti, Particulate matter and phytoplankton in the Ionian Sea, Oceanol. Acta. 17, 297-307, 1994.
97. Raimbault, P., L. Taupier-Letage, and M. Rodier, Vertical size distribution of phytoplankton in the western Mediterranean Sea during early summer. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 45, 153-158, 1988.
98. Reckermann, M., and M. J. W. Veldhuis, Trophic interactions between picophytoplankton and micro- and nanozooplankton in the western Arabian Sea during the NE monsoon 1993, Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol., 12, 263-273, 1997.
99. Robarts, R. D., T. Zohary, M. J. Waiser, and Y. Z. Yacobi, Bacterial abundance, biomass, and production in relation to phytoplankton biomass in the Levantine Basin of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 137, 273-281, 1996.
100. Rodriguez, J., J. Tintoré, J. T. Allen, J. M. Blanco, D. Gomis, A. Reul, J. Ruiz, V. Rodriguez, F. Echevarria, and F. Jiménez-Gómez, Mesoscale vertical motion and the size structure of phytoplankton in the ocean, Nature, 49, 360-363, 2001.
101. Roether, W., B. B. Manca, B. Klein, D. Bregant, D. Bregant, D. Georgopoulos, V. Beitzel, V. Kovaćevic, and A. Luchetta. Recent changes in the eastern Mediterranean deep water. Science, 271, 333-335, 1996.
102. Saito, M. A., J. W. Moffett, S. W. Chisholm, and J. B. Waterbury. Cobalt limitation and uptake in Prochlorococcus. Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1629-1636, 2002.
103. Shalapyonok, A., R. J. Olson, and L. S. Shalapyonok. Arabian Sea phytoplankton during southwest and northeast monsoons 1995: Composition. size structure and biomass from individual cell properties measured by flow cytometry. Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48, 1231-1261, 2001.
104. Sieburth, J. McN., Sea Microbes, 491 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1979.
105. Siokou-Frangou, I., et al., Carbon flow in the planktonic food web along a gradient of oligotrophy in the Aegean Sea (Mediterranean Sea), J. Mar. Syst., 33-34, 335-353, 2002.
106. Socal, G., A. Boldrin, F. Bianchi, G. Civitarese, A. De Lazzari, S. Rabitti, C. Totti, and M. M. Turchetto, Nutrient, particulate matter and phytoplankton variability in the photic layer of the Otranto strait, J. Mar. Syst., 20, 381-398, 1999.
107. Strass, V. H., and J. D. Woods. New production in the summer revealed by the meridional slope of the deep chlorophyll maximum. Deep Sea Res., Part A. 38, 35-56, 1991.
108. Stratford, K., and K. Haines. Modelling nutrient cycling during the eastern Mediterranean transient event 1987-1995 and beyond. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1029-1032, 2002.
109. Thingstad, T. F., and F. Rassoulzadegan. Conceptual models for the biogeochemical role of the photic zone microbial food web, with particular reference to the Mediterranean Sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 271-286, 1999.
110. Turchetto, M. M., V. Balboni, A. Boldrin, G. Civitarese, P. Giordani, A. Malaguti, S. Miserocchi, S. Rabitti, F. Serra, and L. Strada, Mater project: Primary production and carbon export in the Adriatic and Ionian subbasins, in 3rd MTP-II-MATER Workshop: Variability of the Mediterranean Sea, edited by V. Lykousis and D. Sakellarious, pp. 141-142, Natl. Cent. for Mar. Res., Athens. 1998.
111. Turchetto, M. M., F. Bianchi, A. Boldrin, A. Malaguti, S. Rabitti, G. Socal, and L. Strada, Nutrients, phytoplankton and primary production processes in oligotrophic area (southern Adriatic and northern Ionian seas). Proc. XIII Congr. Assoc. Ital. Oceanol. Limnol.-AIOL, 13, 269-278, 2000.
112. Urbach, E., D. L. Robertson, and S. W. Chisholm. Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes within the cyanobacterial radiation. Nature, 355, 267-270, 1992.
113. Utermöl, H., Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik, Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 9, 1-38, 1958.
114. Vaulot, D., F. Partensky, J. Neveux, R. F. C. Mantoura, and C. A. Llewellyn, Winter presence of prochlorophytes in surface waters of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35, 1156-1164, 1990.
115. Vaulot, D., D. Marie, R. J. Olson, and S. W. Olson, Growth of Prochlorococcus, a photosynthetic prokaryote, in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Science, 268, 1480-1482, 1995.
116. Veldhuis, M. J. W., and G. W. Kraay. Cell abundance and fluorescence of picoplankton in relation to growth irradiance and nitrogen availability in the Red Sea, Neth. J. Sea Res., 31, 135-145, 1993.
117. Vidussi, F., H. Claustre, B. B. Manca, A. Luchetta, and J. C. Marty, Phytoplankton pigment distribution in relation to upper thermocline circulation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea during winter, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 19, 939-19,956, 2001.
118. Viličic, D., Z. Vucar, A. Skrivanic, and Z. Grezetic. Phytoplankton blooms in the oligotrophic open south Adriatic waters, Mar. Chem., 28, 89-107, 1989.
119. Waterbury, J. B., S. W. Watson, R. R. L. Guillard, and L. E. Brand, Widespread occurrence of a unicellular, marine, planktonic, cyanobacterium, Nature, 277, 293-294, 1979.
120. Wiggert, J. D., T. C. Granata, T. D. Dickey, and J. Marra, A seasonal succession of physical/biological interaction mechanisms in the Sargasso Sea, J. Mar. Res., 57, 933-966, 1999.
121. Yacobi, Y. Z., T. Zohary, N. Kress, A. Hecht, R. D. Robarts, M. Waiser, A. M. Wood, and W. K. W. Li, Chlorophyll distribution throughout the southeastern Mediterranean in relation to the physical structure of the water mass, J. Mar. Syst., 6, 179-190, 1995.
122. Zohari, T., and R. D. Robarts, Bacterial numbers, bacterial production, and heterotrophic nanoplankton abundance in a warm core eddy in the eastern Mediterranean, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 84, 133-137, 1992.
123. Zubkov, M. V., M. A. Sleigh, G. A. Tarran, P. H. Burkill, and R. J. G. Burkill, Picoplanktonic community structure on an Atlantic transect from 50°N to 50°S, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 45,