The nature of islamic fundamentalism in Israel

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 155-170

  Amara, Muhammad Hasan ^a  

^a BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345905855     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559608427351     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (eds.), Accounting for Fundamentalism (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press 1994) p.1.
2. James Piscatori, 'Accounting for Islamic Fundamentalism', in Many and Appleby (note 1).
3. See Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (Oxford: OUP 1993); S.E. Ibrahim, 'Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Groups: Methodological Notes and Preliminary Findings', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 12 (1985) pp.423-53; and Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1985).
4. See Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (Oxford: OUP 1993); S.E. Ibrahim, 'Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Groups: Methodological Notes and Preliminary Findings', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 12 (1985) pp.423-53; and Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1985).
5. See Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (Oxford: OUP 1993); S.E. Ibrahim, 'Anatomy of Egypt's Militant Groups: Methodological Notes and Preliminary Findings', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 12 (1985) pp.423-53; and Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1985).
6. Thomas Mayer, The Awakening of Muslims in Israel (Hebrew) (Giv'at Haviva: The Institute for Arabic Studies 1988).
7. For example, the use of Allahu Akbar (God is Great) by Egyptian soldiers crossing the BarLev Line as their battle cry, achieving 'relative breakthrough' in the Arab-Israeli military balance, was interpreted by Islamists as the factor for Egyptian 'victory'.
8. See John L. Esposito, Islam and Politics (Syracuse, NY: SUP 1983); and Daniel Pipes, In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power (NY: Basic Books 1983).
9. See John L. Esposito, Islam and Politics (Syracuse, NY: SUP 1983); and Daniel Pipes, In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power (NY: Basic Books 1983).
10. See John Obert Voll, Islam. Continuity and Change in the Modern World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1982); and Gilles Keppel, The Prophet and the Pharaoh (London: Isaki 1985).
11. See John Obert Voll, Islam. Continuity and Change in the Modern World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1982); and Gilles Keppel, The Prophet and the Pharaoh (London: Isaki 1985).
12. See, for instance, Yousif Alqirdawi, The Islamic Awakening between Apostasy and Extremism (The West Bank: n.p., n.d.).
13. Many and Appleby (note 1).
14. Piscatori (note 2) p.371.
15. Marty and Appleby (note 1).
16. See Mayer (note 4); and Ibrahim Malik, The Islamic Movement in Israel: Between Fundamentalism and Pragmatism (Hebrew) (Giv'at Haviva: The Institute for Arabic Studies).
17. In respect to the holiness of Jerusalem in Islam, see Hava Lazarus-Yafe, 'The Holiness of Jerusalem in the Tradition of Islam', in E. Shaltiel (ed.), Chapters on the Contemporary History of Jerusalem (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Yad Ben-Zvi and the Ministry of Defense 1981) pp.127-9; and Emmanuel Sivan, 'The Holiness of Jerusalem in Islam in the Crusades', in Joshua Prawer and H. Ben-Shamai (eds.), Jerusalem Book, the Crusader and the Ayyoban Period 1099-1250 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem 1991).
18. In respect to the holiness of Jerusalem in Islam, see Hava Lazarus-Yafe, 'The Holiness of Jerusalem in the Tradition of Islam', in E. Shaltiel (ed.), Chapters on the Contemporary History of Jerusalem (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Yad Ben-Zvi and the Ministry of Defense 1981) pp.127-9; and Emmanuel Sivan, 'The Holiness of Jerusalem in Islam in the Crusades', in Joshua Prawer and H. Ben-Shamai (eds.), Jerusalem Book, the Crusader and the Ayyoban Period 1099-1250 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem 1991).
19. Mayer (note 4).
20. It is interesting to see that al-Qassam's name has been given to a militant group (associated with Hamas, the Islamic movement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip) and Shabab Muhammad's name to a group of Israeli Muslims active in the Islamic movement.
21. Mayer (note 4) p.28.
22. ibid.
23. See, for instance, Majid Al-Haj, Social Change and Family Processes: Arab Communities in Shefar-Amr (Brown University Studies in Population and Development 1987); Yosef Ginat, Labour as a Factor for Change in the Arab Village (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: The Pinhas Sapir Institute for Development 1980); H. Rosenfeld, 'Change, Barriers to Change, and Contradictions in the Arab Village Family", American Anthropologists 70 (1968) pp.732-52; and S. Smooha, 'Control of Minorities in Israel and Northern Ireland', Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980) pp.256-80.
24. See, for instance, Majid Al-Haj, Social Change and Family Processes: Arab Communities in Shefar-Amr (Brown University Studies in Population and Development 1987); Yosef Ginat, Labour as a Factor for Change in the Arab Village (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: The Pinhas Sapir Institute for Development 1980); H. Rosenfeld, 'Change, Barriers to Change, and Contradictions in the Arab Village Family", American Anthropologists 70 (1968) pp.732-52; and S. Smooha, 'Control of Minorities in Israel and Northern Ireland', Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980) pp.256-80.
25. See, for instance, Majid Al-Haj, Social Change and Family Processes: Arab Communities in Shefar-Amr (Brown University Studies in Population and Development 1987); Yosef Ginat, Labour as a Factor for Change in the Arab Village (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: The Pinhas Sapir Institute for Development 1980); H. Rosenfeld, 'Change, Barriers to Change, and Contradictions in the Arab Village Family", American Anthropologists 70 (1968) pp.732-52; and S. Smooha, 'Control of Minorities in Israel and Northern Ireland', Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980) pp.256-80.
26. See, for instance, Majid Al-Haj, Social Change and Family Processes: Arab Communities in Shefar-Amr (Brown University Studies in Population and Development 1987); Yosef Ginat, Labour as a Factor for Change in the Arab Village (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: The Pinhas Sapir Institute for Development 1980); H. Rosenfeld, 'Change, Barriers to Change, and Contradictions in the Arab Village Family", American Anthropologists 70 (1968) pp.732-52; and S. Smooha, 'Control of Minorities in Israel and Northern Ireland', Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980) pp.256-80.
27. See Elia Zureik, Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul 1979).
28. See Al-Haj (note 18).
29. See Aharon Layish, Women in Islamic Law in a non-Muslim State: A Study Based on Decisions of Shari'a Courts in Israel (NY: John Wiley and Israeli University Press 1981).
30. See Yoram Bar-Gal and Amon Soffer, Geographical Changes in the Traditional Arab Villages in Northern Israel (Durham, England: Center for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham 1981).
31. K. Nakhleh, 'The Direction of Local-Level Conflict in Two Arab Villages in Israel', American Ethnologist 2/3 (1975) pp.497-516.
32. A case in point is the success of the Communist Party at the local and national level, primarily in the 1977 Knesset elections.
33. Mayer (note 4).
34. See Al-Haj, 'The Political and Social Consequences of the Meeting between Palestinians across the Green Line', in Amon Soffer, Twenty Years since the Six Day War (Hebrew) (Haifa: The Arab-Jewish Institute for the Study of the Middle East 1988).
35. Mayer (note 4).
36. See Benny Morris, The Birth of the Problem of the Palestinian Refugees 1947-1949 (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv 1991).
37. See Shmueli Avshalom et al., The Little Triangle: Transformation of an Area (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: University of Haifa Institute of Middle Eastern Studies 1985).
38. Reuven Paz, The Islamic Movement in Israel after the Elections to the Local Government (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies-Shiloah Institute 1989).
39. See Muhammad Mi'ari, 'The Islamic Movement in Israel', Shu'un Filasliniyya (Arabic) (14 March 1991) pp.215-16.
40. ibid.
41. ibid.
42. Mayer (note 4) p.40.
43. ibid. p.37.
44. ibid.
45. ibid. p.65.
46. See As'ad Ganem and Sara Ostaski-Lazar, The Elections to the Arab Local Government, Nov. 1993: Results and Analysis (Hebrew) (Giv'at Haviva: The Institute for Peace Research 1994).
47. A body established in 1974 that is composed of Arab local government representatives. Its aim is to advance Arab affairs in various fields and pressure the government into allocating more funds to the Arab sector.
48. Kul al-'Arab. 23 March 1990.
49. ibid. 27 April 1990.
50. Al-Sinara. 16 March 1990.
51. ibid.
52. Jerusalem Post, 19 Sept. 1994; Al-Hamishmar. 15 Feb. 1995.
53. Jerusalem Post, 19 Sept. 1994; Al-Hamishmar. 15 Feb. 1995.
54. Jerusalem Post, 19 Sept. 1994.
55. Kul al-'Arab. 2 June 1995.
56. Sowt al-Haq wal Hurriya, 19 Jan. 1990.
57. Assirat, 12 Nov. 1989.
58. See Ziad Abu 'Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad (Bloomington: Indiana UP 1994); see also his interview in the Jerusalem Post, 30 Sept. 1990.
59. See Ziad Abu 'Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad (Bloomington: Indiana UP 1994); see also his interview in the Jerusalem Post, 30 Sept. 1990.
60. See Assirat, 15 Sept. 1989; and Sawt al-Haq wal Hurriya. 27 Oct. 1990.
61. See Assirat, 15 Sept. 1989; and Sawt al-Haq wal Hurriya. 27 Oct. 1990.
62. See Malik (note 12).
63. Fahmi Abu Mukh was the founder and general officer of the radical group 'the Jihad family', usrat Al-jihad, which aimed to achieve its goals through violence. The members of the group were caught and Farid was sentenced to 15 years (see Mayer (note 4)). Fathi Ali-Nasir, from Nazareth, was the leader of the Islamic Association in Ramla prison. In May 1985 both of them were released in 'The Jibril Deal', in which 1150 Palestinian prisoners were released in exchange for 4 Israeli soldiers.
64. Mayer (note 4) p.58.
65. ibid. p.62.
66. Nida'a al-Aswar. 26 June 1990.
67. ibid.
68. Kol Ha'ir, 19 Jan. 1991.
69. David Grossman, Present Absentees (Hebrew) (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameiuhad 1992) p.178.
70. ibid. p.180.
71. ibid. p.181.
72. See Davor, 23 Sept. 1993; and Jerusalem Post, 19 Aug. 1994.
73. Jerusalem Post (note 61).
74. Avraham Sela and Ifrach Zilberman, Israel's Arab Community in the Context of the Peace Process (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Israel-Palestinian Peace Research Project, Working Paper Series No. 22. Truman Research Institute 1992). It puts forward a suggestion that the Islamic movement in Israel is attempting to bring about 'enclaving' within the state. In other words, their involvement in local politics is a strategy by which the movement intends to make the Arab sector autonomous. This prospectus lacks sophistication, since there is not enough evidence of the Islamic Movement's intentions to do so, and in advancing such an idea the various internal and external factors affecting the Arab society should be taken into account. First, the Arab society is not homogeneous and the majority do not support the Islamic movement. Second, the great dependence of the Arab sector on the Jewish economy makes the notion unrealistic.
75. Piscatori (note 2).