Computer crimes

American Criminal Law Review

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 481-524

  Bakewell, Eric J ^a   Koldaro, Michelle ^a   Tjia, Jennifer M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345893922     PISSN: 01640364     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (8)

1. See M. Cherif Bassiouni, Effective National and International Action Against Organized Crime and Terrorist Criminal Activities, 4 EMORY INT'L L. REV. 9, 20 (1990) (discussing the need for international cooperation in the fight against organized crime); see also Soma, supra note 298, at 359-60 (proposing multinational treaty for dealing with extradition in computer crime cases). Nations are beginning to combine their efforts in law enforcement and prosecution of computer crimes. E.g., David Graves, The Schoolboy Computer Surfer Who Made Waves in the Pentagon, DAILY TELEGRAPH (London), Mar. 22, 1997, at 3 (reporting on British schoolboy who pleaded guilty to twelve offenses under United Kingdom's Computer Misuse Act of 1990 following arrest by New Scotland Yard's Computer Crime Unit for "hacking" into United States Air Force computers).
2. See M. Cherif Bassiouni, Effective National and International Action Against Organized Crime and Terrorist Criminal Activities, 4 EMORY INT'L L. REV. 9, 20 (1990) (discussing the need for international cooperation in the fight against organized crime); see also Soma, supra note 298, at 359-60 (proposing multinational treaty for dealing with extradition in computer crime cases). Nations are beginning to combine their efforts in law enforcement and prosecution of computer crimes. E.g., David Graves, The Schoolboy Computer Surfer Who Made Waves in the Pentagon, DAILY TELEGRAPH (London), Mar. 22, 1997, at 3 (reporting on British schoolboy who pleaded guilty to twelve offenses under United Kingdom's Computer Misuse Act of 1990 following arrest by New Scotland Yard's Computer Crime Unit for "hacking" into United States Air Force computers).
3. See Durham, supra note 310, at 97 n.51 (citing efforts by Council of Europe, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and United Nations). The OECD is an intergovernmental organization designed to encourage multilateral dialogue and cooperation on economic and social policies that have transnational effects. Although the OECD does not have legal powers, its guidelines, reports, and publications can have a significant influence on policy-making for both member and non-member countries. See Stewart A. Baker, Decoding OECD Guidelines for Cryptography Policy, 31 INT'L LAW. 729, 732-33 (1997) (providing background on OECD). As of November 2000, OECD is comprised of 29 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. See OECD Online, at http://www.oecd.org/about (last visited Feb. 14, 2001).
4. To access the Business Software Alliance website, visit http://www.bsa.org (last visited Feb. 9, 2001).
5. For example, the Business Software Alliance, together with the Mexican federal attorney's office, initiated a 1992 software piracy investigation that led to seizure of illegally reproduced software programs. James Daly, Netherlands, Mexico Chase After Hackers, COMPUTERWORLD, July 13, 1992, at 14.
6. See BUSINESS SOFTWARE ALLIANCE, BSA WORLD-WIDE REPORT 1990-91 (1991) (describing a drop from the 49% of software products pirated in 1994).
7. Id. In practical terms, this means that 36% of all business software applications existing on PCs around the world in 1999 were unauthorized, unpaid-for, illegal copies. In other words, one out of every three software applications were pirated in 1999.
8. Id. A $12 billion loss in 1999 is still comparable to the loss in 1994. Id.