Democracy-based resistance to a constitutional right of social citizenship: A comment on Forbath

Fordham Law Review

Volumn 69, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 1893-1899

  Michelman, Frank I ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0345893745     PISSN: 0015704X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (27)

1. See DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. 189 (1989).
2. See, e.g., William E. Forbath, Constitutional Welfare Rights: A Brief History, Critique and Reconstruction, 69 Fordham L. Rev. 1821 (2001); see also William E. Forbath, Caste, Class, and Equal Citizenship, 98 Mich. L. Rev. 1 (1999) [hereinafter Forbath, Caste].
3. See, e.g., William E. Forbath, Constitutional Welfare Rights: A Brief History, Critique and Reconstruction, 69 Fordham L. Rev. 1821 (2001); see also William E. Forbath, Caste, Class, and Equal Citizenship, 98 Mich. L. Rev. 1 (1999) [hereinafter Forbath, Caste].
4. See, e.g., Frank I. Michelman, Possession vs. Distribution in the Constitutional Idea of Property, 72 Iowa L. Rev. 1319 (1987).
5. See, e.g., Frank I. Michelman, In Pursuit of Constitutional Welfare Rights: One View of Rawls' Theory of Justice, 121 U. Pa. L. Rev. 962 (1973); Frank I. Michelman, The Supreme Court 1968 Term-Forward: On Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment, 83 Harv. L. Rev. 7 (1969).
6. See, e.g., Frank I. Michelman, In Pursuit of Constitutional Welfare Rights: One View of Rawls' Theory of Justice, 121 U. Pa. L. Rev. 962 (1973); Frank I. Michelman, The Supreme Court 1968 Term-Forward: On Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment, 83 Harv. L. Rev. 7 (1969).
7. See, e.g., Frank I. Michelman, Rawls on Constitutionalism and Constitutional Law, in The Cambridge Companion to John Rawls (Samuel Freeman ed., forthcoming 2001).
8. See, e.g., Lawrence Sager, The Domain of Constitutional Justice, in Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations 235 (Larry Alexander ed., 1998); Lawrence Sager, Justice In Plain Clothes: Reflections on the Thinness of Constitutional Law, 88 Nw. L. Rev. 410 (1993).
9. See, e.g., Lawrence Sager, The Domain of Constitutional Justice, in Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations 235 (Larry Alexander ed., 1998); Lawrence Sager, Justice In Plain Clothes: Reflections on the Thinness of Constitutional Law, 88 Nw. L. Rev. 410 (1993).
10. See Mark Tushnet, Taking the Constitution Away from the Courts (1999).
11. See 2 Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Transformations (1998).
12. See, e.g., Richard A. Epstein, Takings, Exclusivity and Speech: The Legacy of PruneYard v. Robins, 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 21, 22-28 (1997).
13. S. Afr. Const. (1996) § 26: (1) Everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing. (2) The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right. 11. For notable cases applying the First Amendment to block lawmakers from regulating, respectively, the expressive burning of American flags, the practice of turning over political signature-gathering to paid firms, commercial advertising, the amounts of money spent in political campaigns, and culpably negligent defamation of public officials (soon to become "public figures,") see, e.g., United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990);
14. Meyer v. Grant, 486 U.S. 414 (1988);
15. Va. Bd. of Pharmacy v. Va. Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748 (1976);
16. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976);
17. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964);
18. Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974).
19. Whether that makes it unfit for inclusion in a constitutional bill of rights expressly committed to judicial enforcement is another question, answered "no" by both the drafters of South Africa's Constitution and that country's Constitutional Court. See Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom, 2001 (1) SALR 46 (CC), http://www.concourt.gov.za/judgments/2000/grootboom1.pdf (finding a failure on the state's part to take "reasonable" measures to aid victims of housing "crisis" and ordering rectification); In re Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (4) SALR 744 (CC) ¶ 76, http://www.concourt.gov.za/ judgments/1996/const.pdf (concluding that section 26 conforms to the constitutional principle of separation of powers).
20. Whether that makes it unfit for inclusion in a constitutional bill of rights expressly committed to judicial enforcement is another question, answered "no" by both the drafters of South Africa's Constitution and that country's Constitutional Court. See Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom, 2001 (1) SALR 46 (CC), http://www.concourt.gov.za/judgments/2000/grootboom1.pdf (finding a failure on the state's part to take "reasonable" measures to aid victims of housing "crisis" and ordering rectification); In re Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (4) SALR 744 (CC) ¶ 76, http://www.concourt.gov.za/ judgments/1996/const.pdf (concluding that section 26 conforms to the constitutional principle of separation of powers).
21. See, e.g., Antonin Scalia, The Rule of Law as a Law of Rules, 56 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1175 (1989).
22. Forbath, Caste, supra note 2, at 49.
23. See, e.g., Frank I. Michelman, Human Rights and the Limits of Constitutional Theory, 13 Ratio Juris 63, 75 (2000); Frank I. Michelman, "Protecting the People from Themselves," or How Direct Can Democracy Be?, 45 U.C.L.A. L. Rev. 1717, 1732-34 (1998).
24. See, e.g., Frank I. Michelman, Human Rights and the Limits of Constitutional Theory, 13 Ratio Juris 63, 75 (2000); Frank I. Michelman, "Protecting the People from Themselves," or How Direct Can Democracy Be?, 45 U.C.L.A. L. Rev. 1717, 1732-34 (1998).
25. See John Rawls, The Idea of Public Reason Revisited, in Collected Papers 573 (Samuel Freeman ed., 1999); Michelman, supra note 5.
26. See Frank I. Michelman, Why Voting?, 34 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2001). On "the principle of institutional settlement," see Henry M. Hart, Jr. & Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law 1-10 (1994).
27. See Frank I. Michelman, Why Voting?, 34 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2001). On "the principle of institutional settlement," see Henry M. Hart, Jr. & Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law 1-10 (1994).