Congo: Transition and the struggle to consolidate

Political Reform in Francophone Africa

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 62-85

  Clark, John F ^a  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345887945     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780429498183     Document Type: Chapter

References (120)

1. René Gauze, The Politics of Congo-Brazzaville, translated, edited, and with a supplement by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1973), pp. 1-8.
2. Marcel Soret, Histoire du Congo, capitale Brazzaville (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1978), pp. 19-29.
3. Samuel Decalo, “People’s Republic of the Congo,” in Bogdan Szajkowski, ed., Marxist Governments: A World Survey, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1981), p. 214.
4. Bahjat Achikbache and Francis Anglade, “Les villes prises d’assaut: Les migrations internes,” Politique africaine, no. 31 (October 1988):7.
5. Michael S. Radu and Keith Somerville, “The Congo,” in Chris Allen et al., Benin, the Congo, Burkina Faso (London: Pinter, 1989), pp. 206-207.
6. Achikbache A. and Anglade, A. “Les villes prises d’assaut,” pp. 12-13.
7. Radu R. and Somerville, S. “The Congo,” p. 150.
8. Antoine Makonda, “Une école ‘pour le peuple’?” Politique africaine, no. 31 (October 1988): 39-50.
9. Radu R. and Somerville, S.“The Congo,” pp. 206-207.
10. Makonda M. (“Une école ‘pour le peuple’?” pp. 48-49)
11. Gauze, Adloff, and Thompson, T. Politics of Congo-Brazzaville, pp. 9-63.
12. Gauze, Adloff, and Thompson, T. Politics of Congo-Brazzaville, pp. 64-105, 125-150
13. Radu R. and Somerville, S. “The Congo,” pp. 162-164
14. Decalo D. “People’s Republic of the Congo,” pp. 214-215
15. Apollinaire Ngolongolo, L’assassinat de Marien Ngouabi, ou, L’histoire d’un pays ensanglant (Paris: Autoedition, 1988), pp. 45-57.
16. Emmanuel Terray, “Les révolutions congolaise et dahoméenne de 1963,” Revue française de science politique 14 (October 1964):918-925.
17. Gauze, Adloff, and Thompson, T., Politics of Congo-Brazzaville, pp. 151-171
18. Radu R. and Somerville, S. “The Congo,” pp. 164-168
19. Ngolongolo, N. L’assassinat de Marien Ngouabi, pp. 59-62.
20. David E. Gardinier, “Schooling in the States of Equatorial Africa,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 8, no. 3 (1974):531-533.
21. Makonda, M. “Une école‘pour le peuple’?”
22. Radu R. and Somerville, S. “The Congo,” pp. 169-181
23. Gauze, Adloff, and Thompson, T., Politics of Congo-Brazzaville, pp. 172-185
24. Ngolongolo, N. L’assassinat de Marien Ngouabi, pp. 63-65
25. Decalo, D. “People’s Republic of the Congo,” pp. 216-218.
26. Ngolongolo, N. L’assassinat de Marien Ngouabi, pp. 99-137.
27. Radu R. and Somerville, S. “The Congo,” p. 181;
28. Decalo, D. “People’s Republic of the Congo,” p. 218;
29. Colin Legum, ed., Africa Contemporary Record 1978-1979, vol. 11 (New York: Africana, 1980), pp. B552-B559.
30. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens (Paris), February 16, 1979, pp. 457-45
31. Radu R. and Somerville S. (“The Congo,” p. 182).
32. Gauze, Adloff, and Thompson, T Politics of Congo-Brazzaville, pp. 193-196.
33. Radu R. and Somerville S., “The Congo,” pp. 219-224.
34. Assou Massou, “Rente: La nouvelle donne,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1803 (July 27-August 2,1995):38-39.
35. Radu R. and Somerville, S. “The Congo,” p. 225.
36. Douglas Anglin, “Southern African Responses to Eastern European Developments,” Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 3 (September 1990):431-455.
37. Olivier Vallée, “Les cycles de la dette,” Politique africaine, no. 31 (October 1988):20.
38. Vallée, V. “Les cycles de la dette,” p. 18.
39. World Bank and UNDP, African Economie and Financial Data (Washington: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1989), p. 89 (for 1987 debt).
40. EIU, Country Report: Congo, no. 4 (1992):17.
41. Radu R. and Somerville S. “The Congo,” p. 159.
42. Africa Confidential 32, no. 2 (January 26, 1990):6-7
43. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, January 13, 1995, p. 95.
44. World Bank and UNDP, African Economie and Financial Data, p. 117.
45. UNDP, African Economic and Financial Data, p. 163.
46. Radu R. and Somerville, S. “The Congo,” p. 209
47. World Bank and UNDP, African Economic and Financial Data, p. 171.
48. Bulletin quotidien [official publication, Brazzaville], January 15, 1991.
49. Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Sub-Saharan Africa (hereafter FBIS-SSA), April 5, 1991, p. 3.
50. Vallée, V. “Les cycles de la dette,” especially pp. 15-17.
51. Sean Moroney, Africa: A Handbook, vol. 1 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 129;
52. FBIS-SSA, April 4, 1991, p. 3.
53. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, February 19,1993, p. 514.
54. Africa Confidential 31, no. 11 (June 29, 1990):8.
55. John F. Clark, “Socio-Political Change in the Republic of Congo: Political Dilemmas of Economic Reform,” Journal of Third World Studies 10, no. 1 (Spring 1993):52-77.
56. Abraham Okoko-Esseau, “The Christian Churches and Démocratisation in the Congo,” in Paul Gifford, ed., The Christian Churches and the Démocratisation of Africa (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1995), pp. 148-167.
57. Christine Coste, “A Breakdown in Democratization,” Jeune Afrique Économie, October 1990, pp. 46-47 (reprinted in English in FBIS-SSA, January 3,1991, p. 5).
58. Sennen Andriamirado, “Du mauvais usage de la démocratie,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1588 (June 5-11, 1991):24-25.
59. Patrick Girard, “La passion de Denis Sassou-Nguesso,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1585 (May 15-21, 1991):22-23.
60. International Foundation for Electoral Systems document, “IFES Observers’ Report on Elections in Congo,” September 1992. The voting lists scandal is also mentioned in “Characteristic Ambiguity,” Africa Confidential 33, no. 5 (March 6, 1992):5.
61. “La constitution de la République du Congo,” Afrique contemporaine, no. 162 (April-June 1992):35-59.
62. “Testing the Waters of Democracy,” Africa Confidential 33, no. 12 (June 19, 1992):6-7.
63. EIU, Country Report: Congo, no. 3 (1992):11.
64. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, May 8, 1992, p. 1196.
65. “IFES Observers’ Report on Elections in Congo,” p. 9.
66. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, January 31, 1992, p. 257.
67. “Que va faire l’armée?” Jeune Afrique, no. 1694 (June 24-30, 1993): 15.
68. Zyad Liman, “Lissouba peut-il s’en sortir?” Jeune Afrique, no. 1682 (April 1-7, 1993): 17.
69. Sennen Andriamirado, “Lissouba sous haute surveillance,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1671 (January 14-20, 1993):10-11
70. “The Barons Mind the Shop,” Africa Confidential 34, no. 7 (January 22, 1993):5-6
71. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, January 1, 1993, pp. 39-40.
72. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, May 21, 1993, p. 1321.
73. FBIS-SSA, June 25,1993, pp. 4-5.
74. “Congo’s Political Foes Strike an Agreement,” Africa Report 38, no. 5 (September-October 1993):5.
75. FBIS-SSA, July 12, 1992, pp. 5-6
76. Francis Kpatindé, “Démocratie armée,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1693 (June 17-23 1993):22-24.
77. FBIS-SSA, August 13, 1993, p. 1.
78. FBIS-SSA, July 27, 1993, p. 1.
79. FBIS-SSA, August 5, 1993, p. 1
80. FBIS-SSA, August 17, 1993, p. 1.
81. Francis Kpatindé, “Brazza comme Sarajevo,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1725 (January 27-February 2 1994):21.
82. Zyad Liman, “Congo: Une tragédie programmée,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1714 (November 11-17, 1993):7.
83. FBIS-SSA, December 23, 1993, p. 1.
84. FBIS-SSA, January 6, 1994, p. 1.
85. FBIS-SSA, January 24, 1994, p. 3.
86. Le Monde, February 2, 1995, p. 4
87. Francis Kpatindé, “Le retournement,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1748 (July 7-13, 1994):26.
88. Francis Kpatindé, “Lissouba dit tout…” in Jeune Afrique, no. 1729 (February 24-March 2, 1994):71.
89. FBIS-SSA, December 9, 1994, p. 1
90. Faouzia Fékiri, “Lissouba prêche l’apaisement,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1771 (December 15-21, 1994):22.
91. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, January 13, 1995, p. 95.
92. Francis Kpatindé, “La montagne accouche d’une souris,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1779 (February 9-15, 1995):34-35.
93. EIU, Country Report: Congo, no. 4 (1994):12.
94. EIU, Country Report: Congo, no. 1 (1995):6.
95. FBIS-SSA, May 26, 1995, p. 2.
96. “Sassou Nguesso: ‘Il faut sauver le Congo,”’ Jeune Afrique, no. 1797 (June 15-21, 1995): 36-38.
97. FBIS-SSA, January 31, 1995, p. 1
98. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, February 3.1995, p. 265.
99. EIU, Country Report: Congo, no. 1 (1995):6.
100. FBIS-SSA, May 23, 1995, p. 3.
101. FBIS-SSA, August 2, 1993, p. 4.
102. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, January 22, 1993, p. 233, and February 12, 1993, p. 423;
103. “La lune de miel,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1691 (June 3-9, 1993):22-23.
104. EIU, Country Report: Congo, no. 4 (1994):17.
105. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, December 2, 1994, p. 2534
106. FBIS-SSA, June 7.1995, p. 3.
107. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, April 21, 1995, p. 838.
108. FBIS-SSA, November 9, 1994, pp. 8-9.
109. Francis Kpatindé, “La guerre du pétrole,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1690 (May 27-June 2, 1993):12-15.
110. Zyad Liman, “La guerre du pétrole est-elle finie?” Jeune Afrique, no. 1705 (September 9-15, 1993):52-55.
111. Francis Kpatindé, ‘“Le mal du Congo s’appelle Sassou’: Interview avec Pascal Lissouba,” Jeune Afrique, no. 1697 (July 15-21, 1993):68.
112. FBIS-SSA, March 11, 1994, pp. 1-2.
113. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, March 31, 1995, pp. 697-698.
114. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, April 28, 1995, p. 871.
115. EIU, Country Report: Congo, no. 1 (1995):13
116. Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, May 5, 1995, p. 944.
117. Friedman F. and Sundberg, S. “Ethnie War and Ethnie Cleansing in Brazzaville,” pp. 8-9.
118. EIU, Country Report: Congo, no. 2 (1993): 11.
119. Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa,” World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994):488.
120. John F. Clark, “Elections, Leadership, and Democracy in Congo,” Africa Today 41 (1994):41-62.