A Phthalocyanine Synthesis Group Project for General Chemistry

Journal of Chemical Education

Volumn 77, Issue 11, 2000, Pages 1484-1485

  MacFarland, Darren K ^a   Hardin, Christopher M ^a   Lowe, Michael J ^a  

^a ILLINOIS COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345853617     PISSN: 00219584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ed077p1484     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. For a broad review, see Phthalocyanines: Properties and Applications Leznoff, C. C.; Lever, A. B. P., Eds.; VCH: New York, 1989, Vol. I; 1992, Vol. II; 1993, Vol. III; 1996, Vol. IV.
2. For a broad review, see Phthalocyanines: Properties and Applications Leznoff, C. C.; Lever, A. B. P., Eds.; VCH: New York, 1989, Vol. I; 1992, Vol. II; 1993, Vol. III; 1996, Vol. IV.
3. For a broad review, see Phthalocyanines: Properties and Applications Leznoff, C. C.; Lever, A. B. P., Eds.; VCH: New York, 1989, Vol. I; 1992, Vol. II; 1993, Vol. III; 1996, Vol. IV.
4. For a broad review, see Phthalocyanines: Properties and Applications Leznoff, C. C.; Lever, A. B. P., Eds.; VCH: New York, 1989, Vol. I; 1992, Vol. II; 1993, Vol. III; 1996, Vol. IV.
5. See for example, Williamson, K. L.; Little, J. G. Microscale Experiments for General Chemistry; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1997; pp 329-336.
6. Copper phthalocyanine was discovered in 1907 by von Braun: von Braun, A.; Tcherniak, J. Chem. Ber. 1907, 40, 2709. Copper phthalocyanine is sold as Pigment Blue 15.
7. For example, phthalocyanine complexes have been used in catalysis: Sorokin, A.; Meunier, B. Eur. J. Chem. 1998, 1269-1281, and references therein. See also biomedical references below. For a review, see: Hanack, M.; Deger, S.; Lange, A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1988, 83, 115.
8. For example, phthalocyanine complexes have been used in catalysis: Sorokin, A.; Meunier, B. Eur. J. Chem. 1998, 1269- 1281, and references therein. See also biomedical references below. For a review, see: Hanack, M.; Deger, S.; Lange, A. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1988, 83, 115.
9. For examples of porphyrins in undergraduate laboratories see: Falvo, R. E.; Mink, L. M.; Marsh, D. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 237; Beeston, R. F.; Stitzel, S. E.; Rhea, M. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1468; Marsh, D. F.; Mink, L. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1188.
10. For examples of porphyrins in undergraduate laboratories see: Falvo, R. E.; Mink, L. M.; Marsh, D. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 237; Beeston, R. F.; Stitzel, S. E.; Rhea, M. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1468; Marsh, D. F.; Mink, L. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1188.
11. For examples of porphyrins in undergraduate laboratories see: Falvo, R. E.; Mink, L. M.; Marsh, D. F. J. Chem. Educ. 1999, 76, 237; Beeston, R. F.; Stitzel, S. E.; Rhea, M. A. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1468; Marsh, D. F.; Mink, L. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 1188.
12. For a recent review containing both cryptands and crown ethers, see: Caravan, P.; Ellison, J. J.; McMurry, T. J.; Lauffer, R. M. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2293-2352. For cryptands only: Volkert, W. A.; Hoffman, T. J. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2269-2292.
13. For a recent review containing both cryptands and crown ethers, see: Caravan, P.; Ellison, J. J.; McMurry, T. J.; Lauffer, R. M. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2293-2352. For cryptands only: Volkert, W. A.; Hoffman, T. J. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2269-2292.
14. For a recent review containing porphyrins and phthalocyanines, see: Ali, H.; van Lier, J. E. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2379-2450.
15. Loebbert, G. In Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed.; Kroschwitz, J. I.; Howe-Grant, M., Eds.; Wiley: New York, 1996; Vol. 18, pp 1043-1058.
16. For use of sodium as a crown ether template: Maeda, H.; Furuyoshi, S.; Nakatsuji, Y.; Okahara, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1983, 56, 212-218. For phthalocyanine templates: Metz, J.; Schneider, O.; Hanack, M. Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 1065-1071.
17. For use of sodium as a crown ether template: Maeda, H.; Furuyoshi, S.; Nakatsuji, Y.; Okahara, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1983, 56, 212-218. For phthalocyanine templates: Metz, J.; Schneider, O.; Hanack, M. Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 1065-1071.
18. A discussion of the template effect can be found in Shriver, D.; Atkins, P. W. H. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed.; Freeman: New York, 1999; pp 222-223. Sheeran, D. J.; Mertes, K. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 1055-1061, and references contained therein.
19. A discussion of the template effect can be found in Shriver, D.; Atkins, P. W. H. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed.; Freeman: New York, 1999; pp 222-223. Sheeran, D. J.; Mertes, K. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 1055-1061, and references contained therein.
20. Metz, J.; Schneider, O.; Hanack, M. Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 1065-1071. See also Ali, H.; van Lier, J. E. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2379-2450.
21. Metz, J.; Schneider, O.; Hanack, M. Inorg. Chem. 1984, 23, 1065-1071. See also Ali, H.; van Lier, J. E. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2379-2450.
22. Ruf, M.; Lawrence, A. M.; Noll, B. C.; Pierpont, C. G. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 1992-1999.
23. The only J. Chem. Educ. references to phthalocyanines are Joesten, M. D.; Higgins, M. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 1097-1098. Moser, F. H.; Thomas, A. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 245-249.
24. The only J. Chem. Educ. references to phthalocyanines are Joesten, M. D.; Higgins, M. M. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 1097-1098. Moser, F. H.; Thomas, A. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 245-249.
25. This general procedure is derived from work of the Hanack group. For references see: Hanack, M.; Schmid, G.; Sommerauer, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1422-1424. Rager, C.; Schmid, G.; Hanack, M. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 280-288.
26. This general procedure is derived from work of the Hanack group. For references see: Hanack, M.; Schmid, G.; Sommerauer, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1422- 1424. Rager, C.; Schmid, G.; Hanack, M. Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 5, 280-288.