Han Migration and Social Changes in Xinjiang

Issues and Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 33-61

  Wang, David ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Demography; Han; Migration; Uygur; Xinjiang

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345826530     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. According to both official CCP ethnic policy and academic studies, there are fifty-six nationalities (minzu or ethnic groups) in China. The Han nationality is the majority group, while the other fifty-five non-Han nationalities belong to the category of "minority nationalities." Apart from the Uygur, the twelve major ethnic groups in Xinjiang are the Han, Kazak, Mongol, Kirghiz, Tajik, Uzbek, Tatar, Hui, Man, Xibo, Daur, and Russian.
2. For more information on ethnic unrest in Xinjiang, see David Wang, "East Turkestan Independence Movement in Xinjiang," Journal of Chinese Political Science (Morehead, Kentucky, USA, forthcoming).
3. Qiu Yuanyao, ed., Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang juan (China's population toward the twenty-first century: Xinjiang) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1994), 21.
4. Zhou Chongjing, ed., Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence (China's population: Xinjiang) (Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe, 1990), 65; Liu Hong, Zhongguo tongji nianjian 1997 (China statistical yearbook 1997) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1997), 69.
5. Zhou Chongjing, ed., Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence (China's population: Xinjiang) (Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe, 1990), 65; Liu Hong, Zhongguo tongji nianjian 1997 (China statistical yearbook 1997) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1997), 69.
6. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 223.
7. Dong Yongmao, "Migration and Economic Development in Xinjiang," Xinjiang caijing (Xinjiang's Finance and Economy), 1988, no. 4:19.
8. Ibid., 20.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 21.
12. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 251.
13. Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 130.
14. Ibid., 139-40.
15. Ibid., 141.
16. Ibid., 140-41.
17. Ibid., 141.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 140, 142.
20. Ibid., 138.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., 144.
23. Tang Pingxiang, Xinjiang shengchan jianshe bingtuan tongji nianjian 1997 (Statistical yearbook of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 1997) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1997), 37.
24. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 11.
25. Ibid., 11-14, 280; Liu Guoning, Xinjiang tongji nianjian 1997 (Xinjiang statistical yearbook 1997) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1997), 47-53; Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 285.
26. Ibid., 11-14, 280; Liu Guoning, Xinjiang tongji nianjian 1997 (Xinjiang statistical yearbook 1997) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1997), 47-53; Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 285.
27. Ibid., 11-14, 280; Liu Guoning, Xinjiang tongji nianjian 1997 (Xinjiang statistical yearbook 1997) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1997), 47-53; Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 285.
28. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) was established in 1955. In 1996, the XUAR is comprised of three shi (cities) (Urumqi, Karamay, and Shihezi), five minority nationality zizhi zhou or zhou (prefectures) (Yili Kazak, Changji Hui, Bayinggoleng Mongol, Bortala Mongol, and Kizilsu Kirghiz), and eight zhuanqu or qu (districts) (Yili, Tacheng, Altay, Hami, Turpan, Aksu, Kashi, and Hetian). Under zhou and qu there are fourteen county-level cities, six minority nationality zizhi xian (autonomous counties), and sixty-three xian (counties). Note: there are three qu of Yili, Tacheng, and Altay under the Yili Kazak zizhi zhou. For the population distributions in these shi, zhou, and qu, see Liu, Xinjiang tongji nianjian 1997, 50-53, tables 3-5.
29. Liu, Xinjiang tongji nianjian 1997, 49, 52-53.
30. For detailed ethnic population distribution by administration, see ibid., 49-53.
31. Referring to the railway linking Lianyungang, the port-city in Jiangsu, and Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
32. Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 72.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., 2-3.
35. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 11.
36. Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 84.
37. Ibid., 111.
38. Ibid., 112.
39. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 157.
40. Ibid., 155, 157.
41. Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 91-92.
42. Ibid., 89, 91, 99; Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 155.
43. Ibid., 89, 91, 99; Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 155.
44. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 185.
45. Sun Jingzhi, Bashi niandai Zhongguo renkou biandong fenxi (Analysis of demographic changes in China in the 1980s) (Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe, 1996), 231.
46. The region's TFR is a low 1.12. See Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 155.
47. Ibid., 333.
48. Ibid., 312-13, 335.
49. Ibid., 316.
50. Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 191; Wang Ning, "Urbanization in Xinjiang: The Trend and the Future," Xinjiang caijing, 1992, no. 2:14.
51. Zhou, Zhongguo renkou: Xinjiang fence, 191; Wang Ning, "Urbanization in Xinjiang: The Trend and the Future," Xinjiang caijing, 1992, no. 2:14.
52. Liu, Xinjiang tongji nianjian 1997, 77.
53. Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), July 9, 1998.
54. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 252. This does not include the floating population.
55. Jiang Qingfang, Ku'erle shizhi (A history of Korlar City) (Urumqi: Xinjiang renmin chubanshe, 1995), 94-97.
56. Huang Denglai, ed., Shihezi zhi (A history of Shihezi) (Urumqi: Xinjiang renmin chubanshe, 1994), 682-83.
57. Wang Shuming, ed., Zhongguo shixian jingji fazhan gaikuang (Development of city-county economy in China) (Beijing: Jingji kexue chubanshe, 1989), vol. 3:757.
58. Zhang Youde and Fang Yingkai, "The Development of the [Production and Construction] Corps: A Perspective from Land Reclamation in Xinjiang in the Past," Xinjiang jingji yanjiu (Studies of Xinjiang's Economy), 1990, no. 3:53.
59. After a slow start, Xinjiang has experienced vigorous economic growth since 1990. In the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the economic growth rate of Xinjiang surpassed the average level of the entire country: its GDP increased at an average rate of 12.5 percent a year and its financial revenue maintained a growth rate of more than 15 percent every year. Xinjiang ribao (Xinjiang Daily), August 28 and September 18, 1997.
60. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 266.
61. "Laborers Rush to the Northwest," Beijing Review 40, no. 5 (1997): 6.
62. In December 1997, the XUAR Public Security Department and Labor Bureau edited a book Xinjiang liudong renkou guanli yu fuwu shouce (The floating population in Xinjiang: Management and service handbook), which announced that there are about a million people in Xinjiang who have had temporary household registration every year for the last few years. See Xinjiang ribao, December 16, 1997. Some of 1.37 million people may fall under the category of intra-regional movement.
63. In December 1997, the XUAR Public Security Department and Labor Bureau edited a book Xinjiang liudong renkou guanli yu fuwu shouce (The floating population in Xinjiang: Management and service handbook), which announced that there are about a million people in Xinjiang who have had temporary household registration every year for the last few years. See Xinjiang ribao, December 16, 1997. Some of 1.37 million people may fall under the category of intra-regional movement.
64. Xinjiang ribao, October 10, 1997.
65. See David Wang, "Black and White Strategy: Petroleum and Cotton - Two Pillars of Xinjiang's Economy in the Twenty-first Century" (forthcoming).
66. Telephone interview with Mao Yongfu, director of the Policy Research Office, the XUAR CCP Committee, February 8, 1998.
67. Interview with Liang Digang, deputy director of the Tarim Petroleum and Natural Gas Exploration and Exploitation Headquarters, Korlar, Xinjiang, August 27, 1997. Regarding the oil industry hi Xinjiang, see David Wang, "Will Xinjiang Become a Chinese Texas in the Twenty-first Century? - Petroleum Industry in Xinjiang: An Opportunity to Prosperity" (forthcoming).
68. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 261, 271.
69. Wang Yao, "Imbalances in Xinjiang's Economic Development and Solutions," Xinjiang caijing, 1988, no. 2:12-13.
70. "Xinjiang Economic Upsurge," Xinhua English Newswire, March 22, 1996, AN XNHN9608300488, Dow Jones News/Retrieval, April 1, 1998.
71. "Xinjiang Economic Upsurge," Xinhua English Newswire, March 22, 1996, AN XNHN9608300488, Dow Jones News/Retrieval, April 1, 1998.
72. From 6 million to 21.6 million with an annual growth rate of 3.1 percent as shown in Wang Zhen et al., Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou: Neimenggu juan (China's population toward the twenty-first century: Inner Mongolia) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1994), 16, 21.
73. Ma Rong, Xizang de renkou yu shehui (Population and society in Tibet) (Beijing: Tongxin chubanshe, 1996), 48. This does not include the Tibetans living outside the Tibetan Autonomous Region.
74. Ibid., 65.
75. Ibid., 63.
76. Ibid., 66-67.
77. See note 65 above.
78. The actual percentages that Mongolians make up of the total population in Inner Mongolia in 1947, 1974, 1982, and 1984 are 14.8, 10.7, 12.9, and 13.5 percent, respectively. See Song Digong, Zhongguo renkou: Neimenggu fence (China's population: Inner Mongolia) (Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe, 1987), 342.
79. Meng and zizhi zhou are equivalent in administrative delimitation. However, unlike zizhi zhou, meng do not have the right of autonomy.
80. Song, Zhongguo renkou: Neimenggu fence, 351.
81. In 1990, the TFR for Han and Mongolian women were 1.92 and 2.31, respectively. Wang, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou: Neimenggu juan, 261.
82. Inner Mongolian illiteracy rates in 1990 were 22.5 for Han people and 18.84 for the Mongolians. Ibid., 282.
83. In 1982, the rate of university graduates per 100,000 people was 0.46 for Han nationalities and 0.61 for the Mongolians. The rates for senior high school were 8.3 and 9.6. Song, Zhongguo renkou: Neimenggu fence, 363.
84. In 1990, the death rate for Han people in Tibet was 1.49, compared to 8.68 for Tibetans. Life expectancy in Tibet is the lowest in China. Ma, Xizang de renkou yu shehui, 111-13. The TFR in Tibet in 1981 was 3.55, which was higher than the national level of 2.63. Liu Rui, Zhongguo renkou: Xizang fence (China's population: Tibet) (Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe, 1988), 92. In terms of illiteracy and semi-illiteracy, Tibet has the highest rate among the five autonomous regions at 69.34 percent (in 1990). As for the proportion of university and high school graduates, Tibet is also at the bottom of the list. Duojie Ouzhu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou: Xizang juan (China's population toward the twenty-first century: Tibet) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1994), 78.
85. In 1990, the death rate for Han people in Tibet was 1.49, compared to 8.68 for Tibetans. Life expectancy in Tibet is the lowest in China. Ma, Xizang de renkou yu shehui, 111-13. The TFR in Tibet in 1981 was 3.55, which was higher than the national level of 2.63. Liu Rui, Zhongguo renkou: Xizang fence (China's population: Tibet) (Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe, 1988), 92. In terms of illiteracy and semi-illiteracy, Tibet has the highest rate among the five autonomous regions at 69.34 percent (in 1990). As for the proportion of university and high school graduates, Tibet is also at the bottom of the list. Duojie Ouzhu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou: Xizang juan (China's population toward the twenty-first century: Tibet) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1994), 78.
86. In 1990, the death rate for Han people in Tibet was 1.49, compared to 8.68 for Tibetans. Life expectancy in Tibet is the lowest in China. Ma, Xizang de renkou yu shehui, 111-13. The TFR in Tibet in 1981 was 3.55, which was higher than the national level of 2.63. Liu Rui, Zhongguo renkou: Xizang fence (China's population: Tibet) (Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe, 1988), 92. In terms of illiteracy and semi-illiteracy, Tibet has the highest rate among the five autonomous regions at 69.34 percent (in 1990). As for the proportion of university and high school graduates, Tibet is also at the bottom of the list. Duojie Ouzhu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou: Xizang juan (China's population toward the twenty-first century: Tibet) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1994), 78.
87. See note 2 above.
88. Wang Ning, "Characteristics of the Oasis Population in Xinjiang," Xinjiang jingji yanjiu, 1990, no. 6:48.
89. According to Qiu Yuanyao, by 2020, the growth rate of the Man population in Xinjiang will be zero. The negative growth rate of the Han population from 2020 will bring down the proportion of the Han population in Xinjiang to 23.97 percent by 2030. Qiu, Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou, 417-18.