Lord Acton and "the Insanity of Nationality"

Journal of the History of Ideas

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 129-149

  Lang, Timothy ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0345807574     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654261     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
2. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
3. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
4. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
5. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
6. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
7. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
8. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
9. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
10. Acton's story has been told many times before. See David Mathew, Acton: The Formative Years (London, 1946); Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics (Chicago, 1952); Lionel Kochan, Acton on History (London, 1954); Josef L. Altholz, The Liberal Catholic Movement in England: The "Rambler" and Its Contributors 1848-1864 (London, 1962); Hugh A. MacDougall, The Acton-Newman Relations: The Dilemma of Christian Liberalism (New York, 1962); David Mathew, Lord Acton and His Times (University, Ala., 1968); Robert L. Scheuttinger, Lord Acton: Historian of Liberty (La Salle, Ill., 1976). Hugh Tulloch, Acton (New York, 1988). Owen Chadwick, Acton and History (Cambridge, 1998); and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, 2000).
11. Acton, "Nationality," Home and Foreign Review, 1 (July 1862), 1-25. Acton's bibliography poses something of a problem for scholars. Because much of his work was anonymous or collaborative journalism, it is almost impossible at times to determine which contributions Acton wrote and which, though containing his ideas, were written by others. In general, I follow the attributions listed in Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824-1900 (Toronto, 1966- 89). On a few occasions, when part of a collaborative effort seems to contain ideas and language that are unmistakably Acton's, I have considered the passage a genuine expression of his point of view.
12. Acton, "Nationality," Home and Foreign Review, 1 (July 1862), 1-25. Acton's bibliography poses something of a problem for scholars. Because much of his work was anonymous or collaborative journalism, it is almost impossible at times to determine which contributions Acton wrote and which, though containing his ideas, were written by others. In general, I follow the attributions listed in Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824-1900 (Toronto, 1966-89). On a few occasions, when part of a collaborative effort seems to contain ideas and language that are unmistakably Acton's, I have considered the passage a genuine expression of his point of view.
13. Acton to Simpson, 7 June 1861, The Correspondence of Lord Acton and Richard Simpson, ed. Josef L. Altholz, Damian McElrath, and James C. Holland (3 vols.; Cambridge, 1971-75), II, 149.
14. "Nationality," 2-4, 6.
15. According to Tulloch, Acton 8-9, there was a tendency following World War II to regard Acton as a prophet who foresaw that the nineteenth century's pursuit of socialism and nationalism would lead to totalitarianism. See Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago, 1944) 13; G. E. Fasnacht, Acton's Political Philosophy: An Analysis (New York, 1953), 126, 131-34; and even Hill, Lord Acton, 410-12.
16. According to Tulloch, Acton 8-9, there was a tendency following World War II to regard Acton as a prophet who foresaw that the nineteenth century's pursuit of socialism and nationalism would lead to totalitarianism. See Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago, 1944) 13; G. E. Fasnacht, Acton's Political Philosophy: An Analysis (New York, 1953), 126, 131-34; and even Hill, Lord Acton, 410-12.
17. According to Tulloch, Acton 8-9, there was a tendency following World War II to regard Acton as a prophet who foresaw that the nineteenth century's pursuit of socialism and nationalism would lead to totalitarianism. See Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago, 1944) 13; G. E. Fasnacht, Acton's Political Philosophy: An Analysis (New York, 1953), 126, 131-34; and even Hill, Lord Acton, 410-12.
18. Acton, "Contemporary Events," Rambler, 2, 3rd series (January 1860), 265.
19. Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859-60 (London, 1961); C.T. McIntire, England Against the Papacy: Tories, Liberals and the Overthrow of Papal Temporal Power during the Italian Risorgimento (Cambridge, 1983); E. D. Steele, Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855-1865 (Cambridge, 1991), 87-89, 254-74; Eugenio F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge, 1992), 46-50; and Margot C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1993), 188-225.
20. Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859-60 (London, 1961); C.T. McIntire, England Against the Papacy: Tories, Liberals and the Overthrow of Papal Temporal Power during the Italian Risorgimento (Cambridge, 1983); E. D. Steele, Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855-1865 (Cambridge, 1991), 87-89, 254-74; Eugenio F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge, 1992), 46-50; and Margot C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1993), 188-225.
21. Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859-60 (London, 1961); C.T. McIntire, England Against the Papacy: Tories, Liberals and the Overthrow of Papal Temporal Power during the Italian Risorgimento (Cambridge, 1983); E. D. Steele, Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855-1865 (Cambridge, 1991), 87-89, 254-74; Eugenio F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge, 1992), 46-50; and Margot C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1993), 188-225.
22. Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859-60 (London, 1961); C.T. McIntire, England Against the Papacy: Tories, Liberals and the Overthrow of Papal Temporal Power during the Italian Risorgimento (Cambridge, 1983); E. D. Steele, Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855-1865 (Cambridge, 1991), 87-89, 254-74; Eugenio F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge, 1992), 46-50; and Margot C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1993), 188-225.
23. Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859-60 (London, 1961); C.T. McIntire, England Against the Papacy: Tories, Liberals and the Overthrow of Papal Temporal Power during the Italian Risorgimento (Cambridge, 1983); E. D. Steele, Palmerston and Liberalism, 1855-1865 (Cambridge, 1991), 87-89, 254-74; Eugenio F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge, 1992), 46-50; and Margot C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1993), 188-225.
24. Acton, "National Defense," Rambler, 3, 3rd series (September 1860), 300.
25. Acton, "The Roman Question," Rambler, 2, 3rd series (January 1860), 144, 147. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 261-62.
26. Acton, "The Roman Question," Rambler, 2, 3rd series (January 1860), 144, 147. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 261-62.
27. Alain Plessis, De la fête impériale au mur des fédérés, 1852-1871 (Paris, 1979), 20-24, 33-36.
28. "The Roman Question," 142.
29. Acton, "Mr. Goldwin Smith's Irish History," Rambler, 6, 3rd Series (January 1862), 215-18.
30. Acton, "Cavour," Rambler, 5, 3rd series (July 1861), 148.
31. Acton, "Contemporary Events," Rambler, 1, 3rd Series (July 1859), 274-75.
32. Acton to Simpson, 7 December 1859, Correspondence, II, 37.
33. Acton to John Henry Newman, 20? August [1859], The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, ed. Charles Stephen Dessain (31 vols.; London, 1961-84), XIX, 198, 200.
34. Acton to Simpson, 14 June 1862, Correspondence, II, 326.
35. Acton to Simpson, 30 April 1862, Correspondence, II, 291-92.
36. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 264. See also Acton to Simpson, 7 October 1859, Correspondence, II, 11-12.
37. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 264. See also Acton to Simpson, 7 October 1859, Correspondence, II, 11-12.
38. "The Roman Question," 142. "Cavour," 148-49.
39. "The Roman Question," 142. "Cavour," 148-49.
40. Acton to Simpson, 30 April 1862, Correspondence, II, 291-92.
41. rd series (March 1861), 428. "Cavour," 152-53.
42. rd series (March 1861), 428. "Cavour," 152-53.
43. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 247.
44. "Cavour," 162-63.
45. "The Roman Question," 137, 141-43.
46. "The Roman Question," 149.
47. rd series (March 1860), 291-323.
48. rd series (March 1860), 291-323.
49. "The Roman Question," 143-49.
50. rd series (May 1861), 133-36.
51. rd series (November 1861), 56.
52. "Döllinger on the Temporal Power," 17-18.
53. Ibid., 16.
54. Ibid., 21.
55. Ibid., 18-19.
56. rd series (March 1862), 319-20.
57. rd series (March 1862), 319-20.
58. rd series (March 1862), 319-20.
59. rd series (March 1862), 319-20.
60. nd series (January 1859), 41-44. "Mr. Goldwin Smith's Irish History," 200-201.
61. nd series (January 1859), 41- 44. "Mr. Goldwin Smith's Irish History," 200-201.
62. nd series (December 1858), 422.
63. "Mr. Goldwin Smith's Irish History," 207.
64. "Nationality," 5-6.
65. Ibid., 6-7.
66. Ibid., 6-10.
67. "Nationality," 11-14.
68. "Current Events" (March 1861), 427.
69. "Nationality," 16-17.
70. "Nationality," 16-17.
71. Ibid., 17-18.
72. "Nationality," 10-11.
73. Paul Bödy, Joseph Eötvös and the Modernization of Hungary, 1840-1870: A Study of Ideas of Individuality and Social Pluralism in Modern Politics (Boulder, Col., 1985), and Steven Bela Vardy, Baron Joseph Eötvös (1813-1871): A Literary Biography (Boulder, Col., 1987).
74. Paul Bödy, Joseph Eötvös and the Modernization of Hungary, 1840-1870: A Study of Ideas of Individuality and Social Pluralism in Modern Politics (Boulder, Col., 1985), and Steven Bela Vardy, Baron Joseph Eötvös (1813-1871): A Literary Biography (Boulder, Col., 1987).
75. rd series (September 1861), 416.
76. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 265, 269. "Current Events" (September 1861), 412-13.
77. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 265, 269. "Current Events" (September 1861), 412-13.
78. "Current Events" (September 1861), 413-14, 423.
79. József Eötvös, The Dominant Ideas of the Nineteenth Century and Their Impact on the State, tr. and ed. D. Mervyn Jones (Boulder, Col., 1998), II, 299-305.
80. Eötvös, Dominant Ideas, II, 311.
81. Eötvös, Dominant Ideas, II, 375-81.
82. Eötvös, Dominant Ideas, II, 476-77, 482-84.
83. nd series (April 1858), 270; Acton to Simpson, 4 February 1859, and 16 February 1858, Correspondence, I, 149, 7; and "Mr. Goldwin Smith's Irish History," 197.
84. nd series (April 1858), 270; Acton to Simpson, 4 February 1859, and 16 February 1858, Correspondence, I, 149, 7; and "Mr. Goldwin Smith's Irish History," 197.
85. nd series (April 1858), 270; Acton to Simpson, 4 February 1859, and 16 February 1858, Correspondence, I, 149, 7; and "Mr. Goldwin Smith's Irish History," 197.
86. "Political Thoughts on the Church," 48-49. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 247-52.
87. "Political Thoughts on the Church," 48-49. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 247-52.
88. "Contemporary Events" (January 1860), 249.
89. National Defense," 290-91. "Current Events" (March 1861), 425-27.
90. National Defense," 290-91. "Current Events" (March 1861), 425-27.